AUDIENCEThey could be your classmates

These are the person or people who will read your work.

Teachers

Friends

Strangers

Or perhaps a public you have written to

Example:

A “No Durians” signs at the MRT station

Audience: People who travel on the MRT

Activity #4

Identify the audience for the following writings;

A radio play

“Under One Roof”, a local situational comedy on television

A letter of thanks for good service

A political speech

A story about a frightening experience

If your audience is not your teacher, classmate or examiner , you need to ask these questions;

AUDIENCE

What is the purpose of writing?

Who is my audience?

How old are they?

Formal or informal?

What are their interests?

Are they men, childr

en or women?

FORMForm means the kind of writing you do: a

composition, a letter, a poem, or a report.

Types of Texts:

Narrative / Personal Recount / Exposition

Factual Recount / Procedure / Explanation

Information Report

Types of Letter

Types of Poem

Types of Report

Exercise: A) In which of these extracts is the wrong form and

why? ( Activity #2 )

B)For each of the following, indicate the form and the likely audience. ( Activity #3 )

Read the situations and then decide what form of writing you will use. ( Activity #4 )

STYLE Your writing style will depend very much upon who

your audience is:

when you are writing to a friend , you should use an informal style.

When your audience is someone in authority – a teacher, for instance- you should use a more formal style.

The form of writing which you use will also affect your style;

describing how to use something (for example, a video camera) will need a very clear yet technical style. The language should be carefully chosen to help a person do something.

A ghost story , oh the other hand, will need a style that builds up tension, helping the reader picture the scene vividly in his or her mind.

When arguing for or against a subject ( for example, using animals in scientific experiments), you will need carefully constructed arguments to try to persuade your reader that your ideas are right ( and probably showing why the opposing ideas are wrong )

Giving someone information about a place will need a clear, factual style with some description and a careful choice of details.

PURPOSE PURPOSE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO AUDIENCE

AND FORM

IT MEANS UNDERSTANDING THE REASON(S) WHY YOU ARE WRITING

Whenever you write , remember why you are doing so, what are the results that you want.

REMEMBER:

Your purpose can be obviously important, like getting a job

It may be a public statement with the hope of attracting attention and getting a good response from people

Getting good marks in class or in an examination is also a purpose and also the enjoyment and satisfaction that can come from writing may also be important to you.

MAIN PURPOSES OF WRITING EXPRESING YOUR IMAGINATIVE

THOUGHTS

GIVING INFORMATION

TELLING PEOPLE HOW TO DO THINGS

TRYING TO PERSUADE PEOPLE

Here are some examples of writing. Decide what the main purpose of each is? ( Activity #5 )

Identifying the type of a composition ( Activity #6 )

It is your turn to write. ( Activity #7 )

What am I

going to write???

?

??

1) GETTING IDEASBrainstorming

Clustering

Asking WH- questions

Making Lists

2) BRAINSTORMING It enables you to work very freely

Helps you overcome the fear that you do not know anything about a subject

It triggers association in the mind

Throws up a lot of useful material, but also encourages you to cut down when certain ideas are not useful in this way you learn the important skill of selecting ( pass examples of brainstorming )

Activity #8: Brainstorming

3) CLUSTERING It is more structured than brainstorming

You can often use clustering as a second step in getting ideas, helping them become more focused. It helps you develop your ideas about a subject very clearly.

It is a great way to help you get rid of “writer’s block”, that horrible state where you simply cannot think of anything to write. ( distribute examples of clustering )

Activity # 9 ( Clustering )

4) WH - Questions When you are writing a narrative essay, WH –

questions are a great way to get your story clear in mind.

They help you remember the main points and stop you from losing track of what your story is all about

Every news report, short story or novel is basically asking these same five WH questions

What is it about?

Who is it about?

Where did it take place?

Why did things turn out as they did?

When did it take place?

a short story , novel or news

report

5) MAKING LISTSMaking lists under particular headings is very

useful way to organise your thoughts

Lists are really helpful when you have to look at the good and bad sides of a subject, such as doing co –curricular activities or having to sit for many examinations

List help you see both sides of an argument and enable your writing to be more balanced.

Activity #10

( Sample list will be distributed)

THE WRITING PROCESS

Planning

Drafting and Revising

Editing Publication