power reactor -2016

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Mechanical Power Eng. Dept. Academic year: 2015-2016

Faculty of Engineering Academic term: 2

nd

Term

Minoufiya University Academic level: 4

nd

Mech Power.

Title: Design and Operation of Thermal Power Plants

Code Symbol : MPE 423B

Lecture Tutorial Laboratory Total

3 2 1 6

Dr- Ashraf Amin


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TopicNo.

General Topics Weeks

1st Types of thermal power stations 1st

2nd Design of combined gas-steam cycle 2t to 3t

3rd Types of nuclear reactor 4t

and 5t

4th Types power plants 6th

, and 7th

5th General layout of a nuclear power plant 8th

6th Steam power plant piping system 9th, and 10th

7thEmission of power plants 11

t, and

12th

8thOperation of thermal power stations 13

t, and

14th

Course Topics.

Humaniti

es and

Social

Science

Math.

and

Basic

Sciences

Basic

Eng.

Science

Applied

Eng.

and Design

Compute

r

applicatio

n and

ICT

Projects

and

practice

Discretiona

ry subjects

Tota

l

0% 0% 15% 75% 0% 10% 0%100

%

Course Sub ject Area


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- L ist of references:

1- Essential books (text books)

-Murry R.L., " Nuclar Energy", Raleigh, North Carolina, 2000.

- Alexander Lyzerovich " Wet steam turbines for nuclear power plants",

2005.

- Hashemain H. M., " Maintance of process Instrumentatio in Nuclear

Power Plant", 2006.

2- Recommended books

-"Steam: its generation and Use", Babcock& Wilcox Comp., New Yourk,

1965.


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- Introduction

I-Conventional Electrical Thermal Energy Generation

Over 65 of the world's electrical energy used today is

generated by steam/gas turbine generators burning fossil

fuels as their source of energy


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a Rankine cycle

b Cas cycle


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Gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC)

technology is widely viewed as the way

forward. In GTCC both the gas turbine and

the steam turbine generate electricity.

Initially, the gas turbine generates electricity

by natural gas combustion. Then, the steam

turbine generates electricity by using high-

temperature steam recovered from the heat

in exhaust gas emitted by the gas turbine.

c Combined cycle


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II-Non-Conventional Electrical Thermal Energy Generation

a Nuclear Power Plants


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In parabolic trough collector, long, U-curved mirrors focus the rays of the sun into an

absorber pipe. The mirrors track the sun on one linear axis from north to south during

the day. The pipe is seated above the mirror in the center along the focal line and has a

heat-absorbent medium (mineral oil, synthetic oil, molten salt etc.) running in it. The

sun’s energy heats up the oil, which carries the energy to the water in a boiler heat

exchanger, reaching a temperature of about 400°C. The heat is transferred into the

water, producing steam to drive turbine.

b Solar Thermal Power Plants


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c Geothermal Power Plants

The center of the Earth is around 7000 oC easily hot enough to melt rock. In general, the temperature

rises one degree Celsius for every 30 - 50 meters you go down, but this does vary depending on location.

Pr ince Piero Ginor i Cont i tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904 in Italy. It

successfully lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal power plant

was built there. Italy was the world's only industrial producer of geothermal electricity until 1958. In

1958, New Zealand became the second major industrial producer of geothermal electricity. In 1960,

Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power plant in the

United States at The Geysers in California.

Worldwide, 11,400 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online in 24 countries in 2012

.


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- Nuclear Power Station


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Introduction to nuclear power

• Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, and

named after the planet Uranus.

• The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was

developed from 1895 to 1945, much of it in the last six of those years

• Over 1939-45, most development was focused on the atomic bomb

• From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled

fashion for naval propulsion and for making electricity

• Since 1956 the prime focus has been on the technological evolution of reliable

nuclear power plants.


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Economic Advantages

• The energy in one pound of highly enriched Uranium is comparable to

that of one million gallons of gasoline.

• One million times as much energy in one pound of Uranium as in one

pound of coal.

• Nuclear energy annually prevents 5.1 million tons of sulfur 2.4 million

tons of nitrogen oxide 164 metric tons of carbon

• First commercial power plant, England 1956

• 17% of world’s electricity is from nuclear power


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Nuclear Reactions

•

Nuclear reactions deal with interactions between the nuclei of atomsincluding of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

• Both fission and fusion processes deal with matter and energy

• Fission is the process of splitting of a nucleus into two "daughter"

nuclei leading to energy being released

• Fusion is the process of two "parent" nuclei fuse into one daughter

nucleus leading to energy being released


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14

In nuclear f is sion ,

a large nucleus is bombarded with a small particle

the nucleus splits into smaller nuclei and several neutrons large amounts of energy are released

Nuclear Fission

an unstable nucleus of U-

236 forms and

undergoes fission

(splits) smaller nuclei

are produced such asKr-91 and Ba-142

neutrons are released

to bombard more 235U

When a neutron b ombards U-235,


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15

Chain Reaction

A chain reaction occurs

when a critical mass of

uranium undergoes

fission

releasing a large

amount of heat and

energy that produces

an atomic explosion


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Fusion Reactions• A classic example of a fusion reaction is that of deuterium(heavy hydrogen) and tritium which is converted to Helium

and release energy.

p + p He + n + .42 MeV


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17

Nuclear Power Plants

In nuclear power plants, fission is used to produce energy

control rods in the reactor absorb neutrons to slow

and control the chain reactions of fission


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Energy Released

The energy released can be calculated using the equation

E = mc2

Where:

E = energy released (J)m = mass difference (gram)

c = speed of light in a vacuum (3 x 108 ms-1)

E

m c2


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- Nuclear Fission


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Enrichment is a process that increases the capacity

of uranium to fuel a nuclear chain reaction, either

for use in nuclear power plants or for nuclear

weapons.

Uranium primarily occurs naturally as two isotopes:

99.3% is Uranium-238 and 0.7% is Uranium-235.

Their atoms are identical except for the number of

neutrons in the nucleus: Uranium-238 has three

more and this makes it less able to fission. Uranium

enrichment is used to increase the percentage of the

fissile U-235. Nuclear reactors typically require

uranium fuel enriched to about 3% to 5% U-235.

Nuclear bombs typically use ‘Highly Enriched

Uranium’, enriched to 90% U-235, although lower

levels of enrichment can be used.

Uranium enrichment

Gaseous Diffusion

Gas Centrifuge


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- Power Reactor


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Principle parts of a nuclear reactor:

i- Core : the nuclear fission process takes place inside this part,

ii- Moderator: this reduces the speed of fast moving neutrons.

Most moderators are graphite, water or heavy water.


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What is the difference between moderator and control roads ?


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- Types o f Reactors in

Thermal Power Stat ions

a- Boiling Water

Reactor

b- Pressurized Water

Reactor


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- Boiling Water Reactor (B.W.R)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BoilingWaterReactor.gif


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- Boiling Water Reactor (B.W.R)


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- Pressurized Water Reactor (P.W.R)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PressurizedWaterReactor.gif


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- Pressurized Water Reactor (P.W.R)

The pressur izing tank keeps the

water pressure > 80 bar

gauge ……….

Why ?

How ?

What about the circulating pump?


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- Nuclear Power Station

a- Single-circuit b- Two-circuits c- Three-circuits


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- Types of NPS steam Boi lers

- Based on components - Based on position

a- steam generating plant with steam

superheater and water economizer

b- steam generating plant without steam

superheater and witout water economizer

c- steam generating plant without steam

superheater and with water economizer

a- Vertical

b- Horizontal


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- Steam Boiler of Nuclear Power Station (NPS)

Reactor

Pump

t/cool

t//cool

tfw

tshsuperheater

evaporator

economizer

a- steam generating plant with steam superheater

and water economizer

t/cool

t//

cool

tsh

tsat

tfw

t

Q

tmi

tmax

Qecon. QH.E.. Qs.h.


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Reactor

Pump

t/cool

t//cool

tfw

tsatevaporator

b- steam generating plant without steam superheater

and witout water economizer

t/cool

t//cool

tsat

t

Q

tmax

tmin

QH.E..


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c- steam generating plant without steam superheater

and with water economizer

Reactor

Pump

t/cool

t//cool

tfw

tsat

evaporator

economizer

t/cool

t//cool

tsat

tfw

t

Q

tmax

tmin

Qecon.

QH.E..


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- Inverted U-tube steam generator (Westinghouse)Vert ical bo i ler


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-Horizontal shell natural-circulation steamgenerator designs used PWRs constructed in

USSR.


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Steam-generating Plant of The

First Unit of The Beloyarsk

Nuclear Power Station

B ili t t (BWR)


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Boiling water reactor (BWR)Saturated steam

to turbinem

g

mf

.

.

Chimney

Feed water

md.

Recirculation

watermi.

Internal BWR


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. . . . . ......

Condenser

Core

Water-steam

mixture

x e

Steam

separator

Saturation steam mg.

mi.

md.

mf .

Turbine

Load

Cooling

Condensate

pumpFeedwater

pump

Downcomerrecirculation

water (saturated)

External BWR

Saturation s team mg.


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- Mass balance:

igf gge m/m)mm/(mx

e

if

i

i

g

f

g

f

x

mm

m

m*

m

m

m

mR

e

e

dif

x

x1R mmm

. . . . . ......

Condenser

Core

Water-steam

mixture

x e

Steam

separator

mi.

md.

mf .

Turbine

Load

Cooling

Condensate

pumpFeedwater

pump

Downcomer

recirculation

water (saturated)

-Recirculation ratio ( R ):

-Average exit quality

(dryness fraction)

H t b l t i i i t f i l t d t


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Divid ing eqn by m i

ddf f ii hmhmhm

def ei

e

i

d

e

i

f

d

i

d

f

i

f

i

hxh)x1(h

xm

m

andx1m

m

hm

mh

m

mh

. . . . . ......

Condenser

Core

Water-steam

mixture

x e

Steam

separator

Saturation steam mg.

mi.

md.

mf .

Turbine

Load

Coolin

Condensate

pumpFeedwater

pump

Downcomer

recirculation

water (saturated)

-Heat balance at mixing point of recirculated water

at constant (core) pressure:

BWR l i l fl h (j )


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BWR reactor vessel internal flow path (jet pump)

power reactor -2016

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