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‚Power-to-X‘ – efficient Harnessing of Renewables

Rüdiger-A. Eichel

IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry Chair for Energy Conversion & StorageInstitute of Energy and Climate Research Institute of Physical ChemistryForschungszentrum Jülich RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany

DTU | 24. 8. 2017

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 2

Kopernikus-project: „Power-to-X – Exploration, Validation and Implementation of P2X Concepts“

coordination:Rüdiger-A. Eichel (FZ Jülich)

Walter Leitner (RWTH Aachen)Kurt Wagemann (DECHEMA)

total budget for 1st funding period (3 years):38.3 Million €

17 research institutes26 partners from industry

3 civil society organizations 64 working groups

8.3 Million € contribution from industry

synergetic effects & contributions from partners through established infrastructures and

associated projects

coordination

Academia

IndustrySocio-economics

funding

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 3

InterfaceInterface

Fields of actionFields of action

Fields of application

Sustainability

Energy

Transportation

Chemistry

Catalysis

Electrolysis

System integration

Material-and

process-design

Technology Society

technological objectives:

significant CO2-reduction at maximum added value

integration of decentral and autonomous solutions

economic objectives:

scalability and modularization

export ability

societal objectives:

civil acceptance & needs

guiding concept linking the fields of action and application

Kopernikus-project: „Power-to-X – Exploration, Validation and Implementation of P2X Concepts“

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 4

Kopernikus P2X – Advisory Boards

Civil Advisory Board Technology Advisory Board

Dr. Tony van Osselaer (Vors.)

Prof. Peter Eilts

Dr. Adelbert Goede

Prof. Anke Hagen

Prof. Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus

Prof. Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser

Prof. Martin Muhler

Prof. Thomas J. Schmidt

Prof. Reinhard Schomäcker

Prof. Kai Sundmacher

(non-governmental organizations, labor unions, industrial associations, ...) (experts from academia and industry)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 5

Sustainable Energy Future

decarbonization / defossilizationscenarios

transition of the energy system(‚Energiewende‘)

* transition of the energy system

** fossil fuels

*

**

status-quo: transition of the energy and electrification sector

future objective: transition of other sectors to reduce CO2-emissions

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 6source: Craig Morris, Martin Pehnt (2012)

- 6 -

main objectives of the German Energy Transition (‘Energiewende’)

nu

clea

r p

has

e o

ut

(20

22

)

5 M

io E

Vs

(20

30

)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 7

‚Power-to-Gas‘ – Transition of the Energy System

Objectives for Chemical Energy Storage:

intermittent Energy supply & consumption

reliable Energy Supply with Renewables

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 8

Intermittent Power Generation by Renewables

power balance of a wind-rich weekin winter (2011, KW3)

power balance of a sun-rich weekin spring (2011, KW14)

power balance of a wind- and sun-poor week in winter (2011, KW50)

battery storage chemical energy storage

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 9

Power-to-Gas – Long-Term / Large-Scale Storage Option

capacity

power density, cycle efficiency

available Energy Storage Technologiespower- & energy management(Kosten einer ausgespeicherten Kilowattstunde)

Greenpeace Windgasstudie 2015

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 10

Power-to-Gas-to-Power – Round Trip Efficiency

𝜼𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟑𝟓%

re-electrificationstorageconversion(methanization)

conversion(H2O-electrolysis)

high potential of improvement:efficient electrolysis

high potential of improvement:efficient fuel cells(i.e. reversible electrolysis)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 11

‘Power-to-Fuels’ – Traffic & Transportation Sector

Objectives for Synfuels:

reduced CO2- & NOx-emissions

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 12

Energy Density of Synfuels

CompressedNatural Gas

range, power

...

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 13

Ruß

em

issio

ne

n (

Sch

wa

rzra

uch

za

hl) /

-0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Stickoxidemissionen (NOx) / g/kWh

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

EN590 Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Rapsmethylester (Biodiesel) OME1

Emission Characteristics of Synfuels

D. Deutsch, D. Oestreich, L. Lautenschütz, P. Haltenort, U. Arnold, J. SauerChemie Ingenieur Technik 2017, 89, 486–489.

OMEx (1; 3 < x < 6)

(volatile organiccompounds)

fuel rich operation (more fuel / less oxygen):➞ pro: high power operation for vehicle➞ con: low fuel efficiency (more pollutants)

fuel lean operation (less fuel / more oxygen):➞ pro: more complete combustion (fewer pollutants)➞ con: less power operation for vehicle (more Nox at high temp.)

combustion process emissions synfuel emissions (Oxymethylene ether, OME)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 14

‘Power-to-Chemicals’ – CO2 as Chemical Feedstock

Objectives for CO2 as Chemical Feedstock:

Chemical Production using CO2, Water and Renewables

CO2 (and Biomass) as sole Carbon Source for Chemical Industry

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 15

power-to-chemicals – CO2 as chemical feedstock

sustainable value chain

CO2 as feedstock sustainable chemicals

electrocatalysis

remark: no intermediate hydrogen

synthesis of high-value chemicals(market price and volume)

ethylene (C2H4)

formic acidmethane(CH4)

1,000 EUR/t141 Mt/a 0.7 Mt/a

100 - 150 EUR/t>2,400 Mt/a

carbonmonoxide (CO)

alcoholesC2 – C3

650 EUR/t (+H2 > Naphtha)>210,000 Mt/a

electrochemical conversion

CO2 from fossil power plants

power from renewables

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 16

carbon cycles – sources & sinks

atmospheric CO2

positive CO2 emission

carbon source

negative CO2 emission

carbon sink

CO2 neutral

carbon cylce

anthropogenic CO2

combustion

biomass

photosynthesis

hydrocarbons

(co-) electrolysis

CO2 valorization

chemicalssynfuels

biofuelsfossil fuels

L.G.J. de Haart, R.-A. Eichel (2017)

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 17

CO2 as Chemical Feedstock – CO2-Valorization

S. Foit, I.C. Vinke, L.G.J. de Haart, R.-A. Eichel,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 5402 – 5411

fuel electrode reactions:

H2O + 2𝑒− ⟶ H2 + O

2− (water splitting)

CO2 + 2𝑒− ⟶ CO + O2− (CO2 activation)

CO2 + H2 ⇌ CO + H2O (RWGS)

oxygen anode reaction:

2O2− ⟶ O2 + 4𝑒− (oxygen oxidation)

Sustainable Value Chain – ‚green‘ syngas chemistryKey Enabling Technology – Co-Electrolysis

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 18

Roadmap for Implementation – High-Value Chemicals

1.000.000 €

100.000 €

10.000 €

1.000 €

10 €

10 t 100 t 1 kt 10 kt 100 kt 1 Mt 10 Mt 100 Mt

liquidfuels

pri

ce p

er

ton

world production p.a.

products mainlyproduced from

oil & gas

bulkchemicals

primary building blocks & plastics

colors & pigments

medicine

taste & aromas

specialty chemicals ‘bulk’ chemicals ‘green’ synfuels

medium market: 1-100 Mt/a

medium product prizes

≈ 10 MW system size

➞mid-term realization

(developing mature

technologies, scale-up)

large market: ≫ 10 Mt/a

low product prizes

≈ GW system size

➞ long-term realization

(market entry with large-scale

plants; favorable market conditions

mandatory)

small market: ≪ 1 Mt/a

high product prizes

≪ 1 MW system size

➞ short-term realization

(gaining experience about

technologies and prozesses)

➞ Eine Einführung im kleinen Maßstab heute führt zu neuen Geschäftsmöglichkeiten morgen

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 19

Power-to-X as enabler for ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenarios

Objectives for ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenarios (‘Sektorkopplung’):

reduction of GHG emissions by input of renewables into the sectors Chemical Industry, Heat, Traffic & Transportation

CO2-conversion as chemical Storage Option

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 20

Power-to-X as enabling Technology for Integrated Energy

electrolysis

fuel cell

energy sector

chemistry sector

traffic sector

heat sector

renewables

Power-to-Gas

Po

we

r-to-H

eat

heat storagefuel storage

gas storage

Reduction of industrial carbon footprint

Sustainable value generation

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 21

Distribution of CO2-Emissions & Availability of Sources

CO2 source CO2 emissions [Mt] number of plants

power plants 333.8 1070

steel & iron 29.6 50

refineries 23.6 24

cement 19.1 37

limestone / calcination 9.2 65

bulk chemicals 8.0 122

paper 5.2 147

ammonia 4.4 5

glass 3.8 86

coking 3.7 4

ferrous metals 3.4 72

non-ferrous metals (aluminum etc.)

3.0 41

hydrogen & syngas 3.0 16

ceramics 2.0 154

N. Assen, L. Müller, P. Voll, A. Bardow, Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016) 1093–1101.

◼ NGC power plant ◼ cement◼ coal power plant ◼ refineries and steam cracker◼ IGCC power plant ◼ ammonia◼ hydrogen plant ◼ ethylene oxide◼ pulp and paper ◼ gas processing◼ steel and iron ◼ power

CO2-Emissions in Germany (2011) CO2-Sources in Germany (2014)

source: European Union Transaction Log

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 22

‘Surplus Energy’ vs. ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenario

‘Surplus Energy’ scenario(Power-to-Gas-to-Power as storage option)

‘Integrated Energy’ scenario(Power-to-Chemicals as CO2-valorization option)

Transition of the Energy System(Intermittent Power Supply by Renewables)

RL

SP

RL – residual loadSP – surplus power generation

at 80% renewables in the grid: RL ≈ SP

➞ sufficient storage capacity

➞ electricity grid upgrade

➞ demand site management

integration of renewables into the chemistry sector

➞ significant (further) upgrade of renewables (min. factor 1.5 compared to IEA projection)

continuous upgrade of renewables in the energy & electrification sector

2050: 80% renewables installed

2012

2050

residual load ≡ PV + wind – consumption

po

wer

gen

era

tio

n

hours a year hours a year hours a year

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 23

Availability of Renewables – Case Study ‚Synfuels‘

1 TWh (@ 550 MW rated power)

➞ ca. 40.000 t annual synfuel production

0.242 TWh (@ 60 MW rated power)

➞ ca. 10.000 t annual synfuel production

‚Worldscale‘-Facility Alpha Ventus(45 km north Borkum)

‚Worldscale‘-Facility Topaz Solar Farm(California, USA)

Foto: NASA Foto: Deutsche Offshore-Testfeld und Infrastruktur GmbH & Co. KG Oldenburg

assumption: 25 TWh ≡ 1 Mio. t trad. fuel

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 24

Recommended Course of Action

political approach:carbon tax

scientific approach:technology readiness levels

technology:

Electrochemistry is Key Enabling Technology

economy:

capital cost (invest): minimum number of process steps

operating cost: maximum energy efficiency

Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 25

acknowledgements

team High-Temperature P2X:

Dr. Lambertus G.J. de Haart

Dr. Isaak C. Vinke

Dr. Hans Kungl

M.Sc. Severin Foit

M.Sc. Lucy Dittrich

M.Sc. Markus Nohl

M.Sc. Kevin Schiemann

M.Sc. Trutz Theuer

et al. ...

funding:

team Low-Temperature P2X:

Prof. Josef Granwehr

Dr. Hermann Tempel

Dr. Peter Jakes

M.Sc. Jörg Ackermann

M.Sc. Sven Jovanovic

M.Sc. Ansgar Kretzschmar

et al. …