powerpoint presentation · 06/06/2019 11 1680: english apothecary, thomas sydenham, introduces...
TRANSCRIPT
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Conor Mc Donnell MD MB
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
The Hospital for Sick Children
Toronto, Canada
Medicine + Commerce does not = Art
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Homer mentions the poppy in The Iliad & The Oddysey
as a drug which Helen adds to Telemachus’ wine to …
help him forget his grief
The Argoanutica (third century BC epic poem by Appolinius Rhodius) describes poppies growing in the garden of Hekatê near Kolchis
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c3400 BC: opium poppy cultivated in Mesopotamia
The art of ‘poppy-culling’ passes from Sumerians through Assyrians to Babylonians and Egyptians
c1300BC … Thebes, the opium trade flourishes under pharaohs such as Tutankhamen
and trade routes move across the Mediterranean to Greece, Carthage & Europe
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c1100BC … In Cyprus,
‘surgical-quality’ culling
knives are crafted to
harvest opium, which is
cultivated & traded in the
lead up to the Fall of Troy
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c800BC: Hesiod describes a city named Mekone (‘poppy-town’)
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c460BC: Hippocrates dismisses opium’s magical attributes but acknowledges...
"its usefulness as a narcotic and styptic in treating internal diseases, diseases of women and epidemics"
c460BC: Hippocrates dismisses opium’s magical attributes but acknowledges...
"its usefulness as a narcotic and styptic in treating internal diseases, diseases of women, and epidemics"
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c330 BC: Alexander the Great introduces opium to Persia & India
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Alexander’s
Pendantdiscovered atBiban-el-Molouk
c330 BC: Alexander the Great introduces opium to Persia & India
AD 400: moves from the Elysian fields to the Egyptian fields of Thebes, where Opium Thebaicum is
first introduced to China by traders
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In the 1300s, opium disappears from European historical records ...
1500: The Portuguese, trading along the East China Sea, initiate the smoking of opium, a practice the Chinese considered barbaric / subversive
1527: Paracelsus reintroduces opium to Reformation literature as Laudanum
'Black pills' or 'Stones of Immortality' weremade of opium thebaicum, citrus juice &quintessence of gold, and were prescribedas painkillers
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1600s: Residents in Persia & India begin to eat and drink opium mixtures recreationally
Portuguese merchants carrying cargoes of Indian opium through Macao direct its trade flow toward and into China
1606: Ships are chartered by Elizabeth I to procure and transport opium to England ...
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1680: English apothecary, Thomas Sydenham, introduces Sydenham’s Laudanum, a compound of opium, sherry wine and herbs
1700: The Dutch introduce the practice of smoking opium through tobacco pipes to China
1729: In China, Emperor Yung Cheng issues an edict prohibiting the smoking of opium and its domestic sale except under licence as a medicine
1753: Linnaeus, the father of Botany, first classifies the poppy, Papaver Somniferum
as sleep-inducing’
1750: The British East India Trading Company assumes control of Bengal and Bihar, opium-growing districts of India. British shipping now dominates the opium trade out of Calcutta to China
1767: BEI Trading Company now importing 2,000 chests of opium a year to China
1793: BEI Trading Company’s monopoly on opium trade now established, all poppy growers in India are forbidden to sell to competitor trading companies
1799: Emperor Kia King of China bans opium completely, making trade and cultivation of poppies illegal
1800: British Levant Company purchases 50% of all opium coming out of Turkey for importation to Europe and United States
1803: Friedrich Sertuerner discovers the active ingredient of opium, the alkaloid of morphine...
… and physicians now believe opium "to be finally tamed and perfected"
Morphine is hailed as "God's own medicine" for its reliability, long-lasting effects
and safety
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1803: Charles Cabot, a Boston smuggler tries to purchase opium from the British to smuggle into China
1812: John Cushing, under Perkins Company of Boston, amasses a fortune from smuggling Turkish opium to Canton, China
1816: Samuel Coleridge publishes Kubla Khan
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1819: John Keats and other Romantic poets begin to experiment recreationally …
1821: Thomas De Quincey publishes ‘Confessions of an English Opium-eater’
The ‘Black Drop’
In 1823, Byron referred to it in his poem Don Juan:
" . . . for Cupid's cupWith the first draught intoxicates apace,A quintessential laudanum or 'black drop',Which makes one drunk at once . . ."
Coleridge also initially welcomed the black drop’s relief from pain, but later would say his "eyes had been opened to the true nature of the habit into which I had been ignorantly deluded by the seeming magic effects of opium”
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1827: Merck begins manufacture of commercial morphine
1830: 22,000 pounds of opium are imported from Turkey & India to Great Britain
1840: New Englanders bring 24,000 pounds of opium into the US, upon which a massive duty fee is slapped on the shipment
1839: Lin Tse-Hun, imperial Chinese commissioner, orders all foreign traders to surrender opium
1839: The British send warships to the Coast of China triggering the First Opium War
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1841: China defeated by Great Britain, Hong Kong is ceded to the British
1843: In Edinburgh, Dr. Alexander Wood discovers a new method of administering morphine, injection by syringe
1856: British and French renew hostilities against China in the Second Opium War. China is again forced to pay a large indemnity; importation of opium is legalized; opium production increases along the highlands of Southeast Asia
1858: Harper’s Weekly reports 300,000 lbs of opium imported to US annually, 90% of which is used recreationally...
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In 1874, English researcher CR Wright first synthesizes diacetylmorphine, i.e. Heroin, by boiling morphine over a stove
you set fire to stuff and see what happens
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1874: San Francisco … smoking opium in city limits is banned and confined to neighboring ‘Chinatowns’ and the opium dens to be found within …
1878: Britain passes the Opium Act hoping to reduce opium consumption. The selling of opium is restricted to registered Chinese opium smokers and Indian opium eaters
1886: Britain acquires Burma’s Northeast region, Shan. Production and smuggling along lower regions of Burma thrives despite British attempts to maintain strict monopolies masquerading as …legalization (hello, Canada, oh Canada)
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1890: US Congress imposes tax on opium and morphine, its earliest law-enforcement legislation on narcotics
1890: William Randolph Hearst’s tabloids publish stories of white women being seduced by Chinese men – an attempt to invoke fear disguised as an ‘anti-drug’ campaign
1895: Bayer employee Heinrich Dreser successfully perfects the synthesis of Heroin by diluting morphine with acetyls to produce a drug without the common side-effects of morphine
1898: Heroin is introduced commercially
1900s: Saint James Society mounts campaign to supply free samples of heroin through the mail to morphine addicts trying to kick their habit
1901: Efforts by British & French to control opium production in South East Asia are 'successful', however, this area (known as the Golden Triangle) will re-emerge as a major player in the 1940s
1902: Physicians publish discussions of the side effects of using heroin as a morphine step-down cure. Other physicians argue heroin withdrawal comparable to morphine withdrawal
1903: Heroin addiction hits alarming levels (three times higher than the 1990s)
1905: US Congress bans opium
1906: US Congress passes the Pure Food & Drug Act requiring contents labelling on patent medicines by pharmaceutical companies
1909: The first federal drug prohibition passes in the US outlawing the importation of opium. Likely passed in preparation for the Shanghai Conference, at which the US pressed for legislation aimed at suppressing the sale of opium to China
1910: After 150 years of 'failing to rid the country of opium', China is finally successful in convincing Britain to dismantle the India-China opium trade
1914: Harrison Narcotics Act passes in US. This aims to curb drug abuse and addiction (cocaine as well as heroin). It requires doctors, pharmacists and others who prescribe narcotics to register and pay a tax.
1925: A thriving black market did not emerge from New York's Chinatown
1930s: Illegal heroin was not smuggled to the US from China after refinement in Shanghai and Tietsin
1940s: During WWII, opium trade routes were not blocked off and fearful of losing their monopoly on the 'opium trade' France did not encourage Hmong farmers to expand and increase local opium production
1945: Burma's independence from Britain did not bring a new player to the table
1950s: US efforts to curb spread of Communism did not involve alliances with tribal warlords in the Golden Triangle. The US and France did not supply drug warlords and their troops with ammunition, arms and air transport for the protection, production, safe passage and sale of opium...this did not directly lead to an explosion in the availability and illegal flow of Heroin into the US … but on the bright side
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Corsican gangsters working with local organized crime flooded and dominated
US market with raw opium from Turkey refined in laboratories in Marseille, because
these are both just movies, right?
The CIA did not set up a charter airline, Air America, to transport raw opium from Burma & Laos...
Meanwhile, at home in the US
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“written in long, loose couplets,
this poem is at once meditative
and shocking, juxtaposing the
harsh realities of lives lived within
a cold, harsh, industrial economy
long since gone bust, the aftermath
of a culture in which workers are
piss-tested and expendable, just
meat, with only the escape of
drugs, in this case opioids, available”
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