POWERPOINT 5POWERPOINT 5

Wars for Independence,

1764 - 1783

Realignments in the Spanish Realignments in the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands Britain gains Florida after Seven Years’ War Spain retains Louisiana and port city of New

Orleans General Alexander O’Reilly

Spanish forts in Southwest grow in number, Spain faces more threats from Apaches and Comanches

The British Colonies Resist Imperial The British Colonies Resist Imperial ReformReform Sugar Act attempts to end smuggling by lowering

tariffs Writs of assistance Currency Act forbids colonists from producing

paper money Stamp Act angers colonists and leads to

formation of Sons of Liberty Patrick Henry

Colonists in lower South are unhappy with both Parliament and their own colonial elite

Imperial Reform Imperial Reform (cont.’d)(cont.’d)

Townshend Revenue Act worsens feelings Raises revenue without representation Results in Letters from a Farmer in

Pennsylvania, uniting colonists Result is series of nonimportation agreements

Boston becomes center of conflict Boston Massacre John Adams

Burning of Gaspée and formation of Committees of Correspondence indicate colonial unrest

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party of 1773 demonstrates colonial defiance Tea Act designed to protect British East India Company

by removing duties on its tea Bostonians dump tea to protest manipulation Britain responds with Coercive Acts, designed to get

Boston under control Quebec Act Coercive Acts First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia

in fall of 1774

Resistance Becomes a War for Resistance Becomes a War for IndependenceIndependence First shots fired in April 1775, at Lexington and

Concord British losses 73 dead, 200 wounded Boston losses 49 dead, 43 wounded

Green Mountain Boys capture Fort Ticonderoga Second Continental Congress meets in May,

selecting George Washington to command the new Continental Army

Battle of Bunker Hill leads George III to declare colonies in rebellion Olive Branch Petition

Battles in Eastern Massachusetts

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Taking SidesTaking Sides

Colonists find themselves having to choose sides Loyalists usually wealthy African American support ill received by Whigs Patriots resort to conscription Women support cause in many ways

Continental Congress ratifies Declaration of Independence in July 4, 1776 Thomas Jefferson

In mid-July, adopted Articles of Confederation Confederation of sovereign states Congress conducted foreign affairs Congress had no power to tax or raise troops

The War in the North, 1776-1779The War in the North, 1776-1779

Britain invades New York Battle of Brooklyn Heights British dominate war Continentals use guerilla tactics

British occupy Philadelphia during winter of 1777-1778

Washington turns troops into effective army at Valley Forge Baron von Steuben

Battle of Saratoga brings French into war on side of colonists

Patriots continue to suffer from economic problems

Northern Campaigns, 1776-1778

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The War Moves West and SouthThe War Moves West and South

Fighting intensifies on frontier Natives attacked on entire frontier Fort Vincennes

Iroquois and Delaware ally with British Continental forces devastated Native Americans Britain invades South, seeking Loyalist support

there, but plan backfires British force to retreat North Lord Cornwallis surrenders to Washington at

Yorktown, October 1781

Southern Campaigns, 1778-1781

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Virginia and the Yorktown Campaign

Peace SettlementPeace Settlement

Treaty of Paris (1782) ends hostilities but leaves problems New nation extends from Atlantic coast to Mississippi

River, and from Canada to 31st parallel Britain agrees to remove troops promptly, then fails to

do so Loyalists are assured of protection, but many face

discrimination and leave country 20,000 slaves freed by British left with them, over

protest of Americans War of Independence was a success, but left many

unresolved issues

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Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Why were Americans unwilling to support the

various “acts” put forth by Britain to raise revenue from the colonies?

What were the causes of the American Revolution? What advantages and disadvantages did each side have?

What role did natives and African Americans play in the Revolution?

How did the Revolution help establish a national identity for the United States?