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Kelp farming in British Columbia: ecophysiology, genetics and technology
Louis DruehlBamfield Marine Sciences Centre
Canadian Kelp Resources
“First of all, let me say yes, you are getting enough kelp.”
NEW YORKER, September 24, 1990
PowerPoint Design: Hana Kucera
Postels & Ruprecht 1840
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Druehlia fistulosa, Dragon Kelp
Merrill and Gillingham 1991: NCRI‐T‐91‐011
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Farmed Saccharina latissima (Sugar Kelp): 8kg kelp/meter rope
Canadian Kelp Resources Kelp Farm
Applying seed string to cultivation line
Long-line snap
Seed spool
Cultivation line
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Saccharina harvested in situ
Feeding Farmed Kelp to Sea UrchinsFeeding Farmed Kelp to Sea Urchins
Urchin Barrens with Farmed Kelp
Before Fed To Urchins
After Fed To UrchinsTransport To Barrens
Replant
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Hanging Cultivation Line To Dry
Stages of Farming
Seed Spool
Seed Planting
Mature Kelp
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Nereocystis leutkeana
Saccharina latissima
Macrocystis integrifolia
Alaria marginata
Young Farmed KelpYoung Farmed Kelp
World kelp production numbers
Species Per meter of rope
Reference
Nereocystis leutkeana (Bull Kelp) 5‐22 wet kg Merrill & Gillingham
Saccharina latissima (Sugar Kelp) 8‐29 wet kg Kain, Druehl
Saccharina groenlandica (Tangle) 9‐24 wet kg Druehl
Saccharina japonica (Kombu) 8‐24 wet kg Kawashima
Alaria esculenta (Winged Kelp) 7‐12 wet kg Kain
Alaria hybrid (Winged Kelp) 45 wet kg Kraan
Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) 5‐10 wet kg Akiyama & Kurogi
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Saccharina farm production
Detritus production during growth 320 MT/ha Mann 1973. Sci. 182: 945
Harvested wet weight 80 MT/ha
Total wet tissue produced 400 MT/ha
Carbon production 1870 g/m2/yr
Puerto Rico alfalfa Carbon production 2100 g/m2/yr Mann 1973.
Harvested dry weight (18 % wet) 14.4 MT/ha Bird & Benson 1987. Devel. Aqua. & Fish. Sci 16:285‐303
Harvested volatile solids (74 % dry) 10.7 MT/ha
CH4 production (0.27 SCM/kg VS) 2889 SCM/ha
Fucoxanthin production, shallow growth 0.202 g/wet kg
Scaled to 1 hectare, 4000 m cultivation linesSaccharina latissima (Sugar Kelp) at 20 wet kg/m cultivation rope
Manipulating Farmed KelpManipulating Farmed KelpSeed ProductionSorus InductionGametogenesisForced Cultivation
Farm Grow-OutProductivityPigmentationNO3 EnrichmentProtein/Carbohydrate RatioSubstantiality
PhotoperiodBlue Light ExclusionPlant Trauma (hole punch)
Time of PlantingDepth of PlantingTime of Harvesting
MethodsMethods
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Nitrate Nitrate Conditions at Conditions at Kelp Bay Farm SiteKelp Bay Farm Site
Average Monthly Nitrate Concentrations
Month
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ug N
O3/
L
0
2468
101214161820
147
Depth (m)
Saccharina latissimaSaccharina latissima Growth vs. DepthGrowth vs. Depth
S. latissima grown at 2 m depth. June 11, 2003.
(N=4-9)
Sept 12July 30July8June 11May 7
Cum
ulat
ive
Gro
wth
in L
engt
h (c
m)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
2m
4m
6m
lost
S. latissima grown at 6 m depth. June 11, 2003.
(Start)
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S. latissimaS. latissima Luxury Uptake of Nitrate Through SubmergenceLuxury Uptake of Nitrate Through Submergence
Control. O hr submergence.
24 hr submergence.
96 hr submergence.
10 cm
10 cm
July 30July 17July 9
Cum
ulat
ive
Gro
wth
in L
engt
h (c
m)
30
20
10
0
0 hr
96 hr
10 cm
(Start)
Duration of Submergence (hr)
9648240
uG
NO
3/10
0cm
2
120
100
80
60
40
20
Growth vs Duration of Submergence
(N=2-5)
Tissue Nitrate vs Duration of Submergence
(N=2)
S. latissima S. latissima Harvest Harvest vsvs UnharvestUnharvest
Harvest vs Unharvest. Start May 7, 2003.
Harvest vs Unharvest. July 30, 2003.
Harvest
Unharvest
Unharvest
.
Date
14-Oct12-Sep
7-Aug8-Jul
10-Jun7 May
Cum
ulat
ive
Gro
wth
in L
engt
h (c
m)
200
150
100
50
0
Harvest
Unharvest
Cumulative growth in centimetres
Harvest (7-May, 2003)
Harvest
(Start)
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Phenolics to tanninsNatural UV radiation
Alaria marginata
Other possible chemical manipulations
• Fucoxanthin (depth/nitrate)
• Phenolics (depth/UV light)
• Fucoidans (depth/nitrate)
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids (?)
• Phlorotannins (?)
• Melatonin (?)
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Accelerated Sorus Production in Accelerated Sorus Production in Saccharina latissimaSaccharina latissima
Seed for Forced Cultivation
Out‐plant Oct‐Nov
1st Year PlantApril‐May
10 cm
10cm
2nd year Plant 1. Luning, Wagner and Bucholz. 2000. J. Phycology. 36:1129‐1134.2. Hasegawa, Y. 1971. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp. 7:391‐393.
5 cm
1
2
5 cm
Sorus Induction
Magnification
Sorus
Seed Production in September
Farmed
Spore Collection
Red Light IncubationDelayed Gametogenesis
White Light Incubation
Ice Free
Seed Production Grow-Out
Delayed Delayed Laminaria Laminaria longicrurislongicruris Seed Production for Seed Production for Arctic CultivationArctic Cultivation
Ice Covered
Whale Cove DatesSorus collected August 1993Seed planted July 1994Photo of farmed L.longicruris July 1995
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Cloning Kelp Gametophytes
Female Saccharina gametophyte
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Experimental Protocol
W8 Lid Rong
W8 800 cm 1300 cm 700 cm
Lid 700 1100 600
Rong 900 800 1100
Strain selection in Saccharina japonica from cloned gametophytes
(Li et al. 1999. Hydrobiologia 398/399:473-476)
Average length of sporophytes from different crossing combinations.
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Nereocystis/ Macrocystis
Maternal inheritance
Macrocystis Normal Nereocystis Normal
Macrocystis/ Nereocystis
Kelp in art, recreation, leisure, and contemplation
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Canadian Kelp Resources Sea Vegetables
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Kelp chips
Macro Sushi
With apologies to Denmark's Sushi Sensei, Ole Mouritsen
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The Kelp Swizzle Stickthat justifies that second vodka
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Bull Kelp Slinky
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True North Brass
Girl with Costaria costata
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Ja Whitcombe creation, photo Billy Pipe
Breakfast at Tiffany’s
Macrocystis dress with Fucus accessories
Bull Kelp — beach accessories
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Find your kelp
www.canadiankelp.com