•Exam #1 W 9/26at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A(bring cheat sheet)

•Review T 9/25 at 5pm in WRW 102 and in class 9/26

Fig 8.11

DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins.

Protein

• Alternative splicing produces related but distinct protein isoforms

Fig 9.20

Luciferase Gene (from fireflies) Expressed in a Plant

4.7% 0.34% 0.22%100%

A processed mRNA ready for translation

Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome

Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm

5’ untranslatedregion

3’ untranslatedregion

Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

The Genetic Code:64 codons20 amino acids1 start codon3 stop codons

Fig 9.6

Fig 8.11

Translation involves different RNA’s

Protein

• rRNA folds up by intramolecular base pairing

Fig 9.12

• Ribosomes are made of both RNA and protein

Fig 9.11

• On the ribosome, the mRNA, tRNA’s, and growing polypeptide come together

Fig 9.13

• The structure of transfer RNA Fig 9.7

Fig 9.14

Translation initiation sequences along with the start codon signals the start of translation

• Translation initiation in eukaryotes

Fig 9.16

The poly-A tail and 5’ cap are involved in translation initiation

The Genetic Code:64 codons20 amino acids1 start codon3 stop codons

Fig 9.6

Fig 9.10Redundancy in codons means that some tRNAs bind to the codon via wobble

mRNAs are usually translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously

In bacteria, transcription and translation occur simultaneously

• Termination of translation by binding of release factor (a protein) to the stop codon

Fig 9.18

• All protein interactions in an organism (C. elegans) compose the interactome

Fig 9.22

Fig 14.1

post-translational modifications:

activation, inactivation,

destruction, and translocation

Protein

RNA synthesis

What makes us who we are?

Nature and Nurture

Imprinting:exposure to movement sets “mother”

Fig 4.4

X/Y chromosomes in humans:genes = traits

Human Chromosomes

Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there

are some caveats.

Correlation of weight (BMI) %Biological siblings 34Parents and children living together 26Identical twins reared together 80Identical twins reared apart 72Fraternal twins reared together 43Adopted children and parents 4Unrelated children living together 1

*But food preference shows little genetic correlation

Correlation of weight and relatedness

The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)