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1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013
GDP Growth (%) Mauritius
St. Vincent and the GrenadinesAntigua and Barbuda
Dominica
Grenada
Jamaica
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
Linear (St. Lucia)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009 1990 2009
Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Grenada St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines
St. Kitts and Nevis
Sectoral Contribution to GDP
Services (% of GDP) Manufacturing (% of GDP) Industry (% of GDP) Agriculture (% of GDP)
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Gro
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rate
-N
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(200
6-20
09)
-40%-30%-20%-10%
0%10%20%30%40%50%
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Growth in Tourism's Contribution to GDP (%) 2006-2010
Services?
Construction (10 – 13% of GDP)? Limited by growth in tourism (hotels, golf courses and condos)
Other business services – in the short term, constraints are a high rate of emigration, skills and absence of a critical mass (small population)
Longer term – scope but no short cut to longer term investments in skills
Constraints:Preferential trade agreements on banana and
sugar endedVolatile ecosystems; hurricane beltStructural barriers in agriculture:
• small domestic markets, high production costs, old technologies
High transport costsRegional competitors - similar products TOO MANY CONSTRAINTS
Too many constraints – cannot resolve all at once –doomed to choose
Smart industrial policy- necessary factors:• (1) comparative advantage• (2) competition (NO subsidies)• (3) role of government – facilitator or provider of
public goodsRegional integration strategy – targeting sectors in
which 3 or more regional partners have a stake – no losers, at least 3 winners
Analytical framework based on the global competitiveness of countries – draws on experience of all countries’ trade in all products
(1) Import substitution - to increase intraregional trade
(2) Export cooperation - to access world markets
Both channels need (a) economies of scale (b) greater intraregional trade (c) regional integration
Specialization through input pooling. Example: pool fresh fruit to produce jams and juices for large scale export
Specialization through final output pooling. Example: pool fresh flower or vegetable products to achieve critical mass needed for import substitution or export to rest of the world [example -China’s trading companies; Uganda’s rose exports to the EU; India’s table grape exports to the EU]
Hausmann-Klinger MIT Lab
Source: Hausmann-Klinger, MIT Lab
Hausmann-Klinger MIT Lab
Hausmann-Klinger MIT Lab
Source: World Bank Tourism Linkages Survey 2008
Tourism sector’s food imports are only 20-25% of total agricultural imports
80% of total imports are for local consumption; large scope for IS in OECS
OECS agricultural imports are greater than exports Most agricultural imports are processed and semi-
processed goods while local production is mostly unprocessed
Most manufactured imports are not hi-tech – large window of opportunity
Distance between two products measures:
The similarity in inputs required to produce products including everything from natural factors, skills, institutions, infrastructural requirements, to technological capabilities
Likelihood of exporting a new product competitively if you are already competitive in one (Hausmann –Klinger concept)
Distances between products map into a forest where each product is a tree
Forest has a core and periphery - fruitier trees in the core
Producers want to jump to trees in the core but most likely jump is to neighboring trees
There are only 25 products (out of 800) in which at least 3 OECS countries are globally competitive
Can become the starting point of a regional integration strategy of economic specialization for export diversification
Regional cooperation required to achieve the scale economies necessary for import substitution and export to the rest of the world
Product Complexity Index - measures the level of difficulty countries face in exporting a product in a globally integrated market (Hausmann and Hidalgo, 2012)
Average product complexity is 0 (oil exports)Product complexity of many OECS imports is
below 0. Example, foods and agricultural goods .
Current productive structure determines the future productive structure in a country
Density - a country’s capability to produce a new product is related with its capabilities to produce other products. The more products it currently produces, the easier it is to become competitive in the new product.
Higher density is better
OECS country-specific Densities for Imports
Code Product
imports (1000
Antig &Barbu
Dominica GrenadaSt. Kitts & Nevis
St. LuciaSt.Vincent &
114 Poultry -dead/edible 120259 0.16 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05721 Cocoa beans 119857 0.16 0.16 0.12 0.05 0.10 0.09
5417 Medicaments 85657 0.18 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.051110 Non-Alco.beverages 73150 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.10
980 Edible products 67936 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.095530 Perfume/cosmetics 52298 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.07
484 Bakery Products 49502 0.18 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.08224 Milk.cream preservat 47477 0.21 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.07
5542 Org.chemicals 44644 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.07460 Meals and flour 43847 0.18 0.14 0.11 0.06 0.09 0.11
1124 Spirits,liqueurs 41263 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.09