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Gender equality in agriculture and rural development: Challenges and opportunities around women’s access to land and rural women’s advancement Prepared by Chiara Brunelli and Clara Mi Young Park Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

Sex-disaggregated data for the SDG indicators in Asia and the Pacific: What and how?

25-27 May 2016, UNCC, Bangkok, Thailand

Women, on average, comprise 43% of the

agricultural labour force in developing countries

79% of women who are economically

active in least developed countries have agriculture as their primary source of livelihood.

The share of female land holders in developing

regions varies from 2% to 30% for

their respective region

Moreover, women who hold land generally have smaller plots, of an inferior quality and with less secure rights, receive less credit then men, are less well represented in land administration and decision-making institutions than men.

Source: FAO, 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture. Women in Agriculture. Closing the gender gap for development

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Guiding principles

Women’s contribution in agriculture and rural economies

Closing the gender gap in agriculture will not only benefit women, but also agriculture, rural sectors and society as a whole (SOFA, 2010)

Guiding principles

Individual holders of agricultural land

Source: FAO Gender and Land Rights Database http://www.fao.org/gender/landrights/home/en/

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Guiding principles

Women’s access to land

Source: FAO, 2011. Source: FAO Gender and Land Rights Database F

Guiding principles

SDG 5: Target 5.a

5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

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Guiding principles

Approved indicators 5.a.1 and 5.a.2

5.a.1 (a) Percentage of people with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land (out of total agricultural population), by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure

5.a.2 Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control

SDG indicator 5.a.1

(a) Percentage of people with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land (out of total agricultural population), by sex;

(b) Share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure

Part (a) measures the incidence of people with ownership or secure rights over land

No. of agricultural people that own land

No. of agricultural people*100

Part (b) focuses on the gender parity and the extent to which women are disadvantaged in ownership or rights over agricultural land

No. of women that own ag. land

No. of agricultural people that own ag. land*100

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Guiding principles

Making sense of the indicator

Focus is on agricultural land because it is a key productive resource in developing countries where poverty reduction strategies are necessarily linked to agricultural development

Target is the total agricultural population because ownership or right-security over agricultural land is particularly relevant for people engaged in agriculture

Indicator should embrace: Documented ownership: presence of title, certificate, or deed

Reported ownership: relevant if a formal registration system is not in place

Rights over land: Collected through proxies able to capture individuals’ capability to control and take decisions over the land (e.g., right to sell, bequeath or decide how to use the land)

SDG indicator 5.a.2

Rationale: Target 5.a requires states to “undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources, in accordance with national laws”

5.a.2 monitors reforms that give women equal rights to economic resources, ownership and control over land. Namely, the adoption of women-specific measures to promote women’s de facto secure rights to land

Indicator 5a.2. relies on a “process approach” that breaks down the different stages of implementation of policy and legal reforms

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The indicator captures the following proxies:

Does the legal framework provide for the establishment of a fund to increase women’s access to land and/or access to productive resources and services?

Does the law require the consent of the spouse/partner prior to the sale or transfer of landed property?

Is joint titling of private property compulsory or encouraged through economic incentives for married or unmarried couples, in accordance with national law?

In recognised customary tenure systems, does the law facilitate the recording of all interested stakeholders?

What does the indicator tell us

The indicator captures the following proxies:

Does the legal framework provide for the establishment of a fund to increase women’s access to land and/or access to productive resources and services?

Does the law require the consent of the spouse/partner prior to the sale or transfer of landed property?

Is joint titling of private property compulsory or encouraged through economic incentives for married or unmarried couples, in accordance with national law?

In recognised customary tenure systems, does the law facilitate the recording of all interested stakeholders?

What does the indicator tell us

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FAO developed a short questionnaire and guideline that

will enable the Ministries of Justices to review and assess the presence of these proxies in the legal instruments of their countries

The methodology has already been applied to more than 20 countries. The Results are available in the Gender and Land Rights Database

Progress to date

http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/legislation-assessment-tool/indicators/en/?sta_id=964

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Guiding principles

Possible sources

National Household Surveys

Integrated Income Household Surveys

Living Standard Measurement Surveys

Multi-purpose Household Surveys

Agricultural Surveys and Censuses

Administrative data if:

The system is updated

Registers collect additional information – ie., land use, owner’s occupation, etc.

National laws and policies (through an expert content analysis)

Sex disaggregated data (SDD) on land ownership disclose the situation of women’s legal security in relation to agricultural land

Disaggregation by type of tenure helps prioritise the tenure arrangements where the widest gaps are found

Therefore, National Statistics Offices should collaborate with the overseeing body tasked with the monitoring of legal framework to determine whether or not special measures should be discontinued, adjusted or prolonged to better address the disparities on the ground

At country level, the link between the use of temporary special measures and the collection of data on land ownership or secure rights over agricultural land needs to be better acknowledged and better integrated into policy-making processes

Outcome indicator

Legal indicator

Indicators 5a.1 and 5.a.2 are strictly interconnected

Summary

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Guiding principles

Questions

Is disaggregated data on land ownership/access to land being collected, analyzed and used (how and by whom)?

Does the legal framework guarantee women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control? Is the information captured (where and by whom)?

Thank you!