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Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1 The Diversity of Cells in the Human Body
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The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Figure 3.2
Label:1. Cilia2. Centriole3. Mitochondrion4. Rough ER5. Smooth ER6. Cytosol7. Ribosomes8. Golgi9. Chromatin10. Lysosome
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• A cell is surrounded by extracellular fluid. This fluid is called interstitial fluid.
• A cell contains intracellular fluid. This fluid is called cytosol (not cytoplasm; cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles).
• The solute contents and concentrations of interstitial fluids differ from those of cytosol.
• The concentration differences are due primarily to the cell membrane, which acts as a barrier and transporter.
• Name three molecules or atoms that you think would differ between the cytosol and interstitial fluid. In which solution do you think they would be more concentrated? Why?
Inside and Outside are not the same
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The Cell Membrane
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• Physical isolation• Regulation of exchange with the
environment• Structural support
Cell membrane functions include:
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• The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
Figure 3.3 The Cell Membrane
Figure 3.3
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• Integral proteins• Peripheral proteins• Anchoring proteins• Recognition proteins• Receptor proteins• Carrier proteins• Channels
Membrane proteins include:
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Figure 3.2 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell
Figure 3.2
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• Microfilaments• Intermediate filaments• Microtubules • Thick filaments
Microvilli increase surface area
Cytoskeleton provides strength and flexibility
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Figure 3.5 The Cytoskeleton
Figure 3.5
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• Direct the movement of chromosomes during cell division
• Organize the cytoskeleton• Cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles is
the centrosome
Centrioles
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• Is anchored by a basal body• Beats rhythmically to move fluids across
cell surface
Cilia
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Figure 3.6 Centrioles and Cilia
Figure 3.6
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Figure 3.7 Ribosomes
Figure 3.7
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• Are responsible for manufacturing proteins
• Are composed of a large and a small ribosomal subunit
• Contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA)• Can be free or fixed ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Figure 3.8 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 3.8
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• Intracellular membranes involved in synthesis, storage, transportation and detoxification
• Forms cisternae• Rough ER (RER) contains ribosomes
• Forms transport vesicles• Smooth ER (SER)
• Involved in lipid synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Figure 3.9 The Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.9
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• Forms secretory vesicles• Discharged by exocytosis
• Forms new membrane components• Packages lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
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Figure 3.10 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.10
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• Lysosomes are• Filled with digestive enzymes• Responsible for autolysis of injured
cells• Peroxisomes
• Carry enzymes that neutralize toxins
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
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Figure 3.11 Lysosome Functions
Figure 3.11
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• Continuous movement and recycling of membranes • ER• Vesicles• Golgi apparatus• Cell membrane
Membrane flow
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• Responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration
• Matrix = fluid contents of mitochondria• Cristae = folds in inner membrane
Mitochondria
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Figure 3.13 The Nucleus
Figure 3.13
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Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed,ear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Slide 26
• Chapter 02: Neurons and Glia
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Slide 27 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction
• “Neurophilosophy”• Brain is the origin of mental abilities
• Glia and Neurons• Glia: Insulates, supports, and nourishes
neurons• Neurons
• Process information• Sense environmental changes • Communicate changes to other neurons
• Command body response
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Slide 28 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Neuron Doctrine
• Histology• Study of tissue
structure• The Nissl Stain
• Facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS
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Slide 29 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 30 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Neuron Doctrine
• Golgi-stain shows two parts of neurons:• Soma and perikaryon• Neurites: Axons and dendrites
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Slide 31 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 32 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 33 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Neuron Doctrine
• Cajal’s Contribution• Neural circuitry• Neurons
communicate by contact, not continuity
• Neuron doctrine• Neurons adhere to cell theory
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Slide 34 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• Neuronal membrane• The Soma
• Cytosol: Watery fluid inside the cell• Organelles: Membrane-enclosed structures within the soma
• Cytoplasm: Contents within a cell membrane (e.g., organelles, excluding the nucleus)
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Slide 35 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Soma• Gene expression• Protein synthesis• RNA splicing• Molecular biology
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Slide 36 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Soma• Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)• Major site for protein synthesis
• Free ribosomes• Polyribosomes
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Slide 37 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 38 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Soma• Rough ER
• Protein synthesis in neurons
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Slide 39 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Soma• Smooth ER and Golgi Apparatus
• Sites for preparing/sorting proteins for delivery to different cell regions (trafficking) and regulating substances
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Slide 40 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 41 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 42 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Soma• Mitochondrion
• Site of cellular respiration (inhale and exhale)
• Krebs cycle• ATP- cell’s energy source
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Slide 43 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Neuronal Membrane• Barrier that encloses cytoplasm• ~5 nm thick• Protein concentration in membrane
varies• Structure of discrete membrane regions
influences neuronal function
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Slide 44 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 45 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 46 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 47 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 48 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Cytoskeleton• Not static• Internal scaffolding
of neuronal membrane
• Three “bones”• Microtubules• Microfilaments• Neurofilaments
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Slide 49 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Slide 50 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Axon• Axon hillock
(beginning)• Axon proper (middle)• Axon terminal (end)
• Differences between axon and soma• ER does not extend
into axon• Protein composition:
Unique
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Slide 51 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Axon• The Axon Terminal
• Differences between the cytoplasm of axon terminal and axon
• No microtubules in terminal• Presence of synaptic vesicles• Abundance of membrane proteins• Large number of mitochondria
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Slide 52 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Axon• Synapse
• Synaptic transmission
• Electrical-to-chemical-to-electrical transformation
• Synaptic transmission dysfunction
• Mental disorders
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Slide 53 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• The Axon• Axoplasmic transport• Anterograde (soma to terminal) vs.
Retrograde (terminal to soma) transport
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Slide 54 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Prototypical Neuron
• Dendrites• “Antennae” of
neurons• Dendritic tree• Synapse -
receptors• Dendritic spines
• Postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal)
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Slide 55 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Classifying Neurons
• Classification Based on the Number of Neurites • Single neurite
• Unipolar• Two or more
neurites • Bipolar- two• Multipolar- more than two
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Slide 56 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Classifying Neurons
• Classification Based on Dendritic and Somatic Morphologies • Stellate cells (star-
shaped) and pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped)
• Spiny or aspinous
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Slide 57 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Classifying Neurons
• Further Classification• By connections within the CNS
• Primary sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
• Based on axonal length• Golgi Type I• Golgi Type II
• Based on neurotransmitter type• e.g., – Cholinergic = Acetycholine at synapses
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Slide 58 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Glia
• Function of Glia • Supports neuronal
functions • Astrocytes
• Most numerous glia in the brain
• Fill spaces between neurons
• Influence neurite growth
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Slide 59 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Glia
• Myelinating Glia• Oligodendroglia (in
CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS)• Insulate axons
• Node of Ranvier• Region where the axonal membrane is exposed
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Slide 60 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Glia
• Myelinating Glia (Cont’d)• Oligodendrog
lial cells• Node of
Ranvier• Other Non-
Neuronal Cells• Microglia as
phagocytes (immune)
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Slide 61 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso
Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Concluding Remarks
Structural characteristics of a neuron tell us
about its function
NEURONSSomaAxons
DendritesSynapse
Elaborate structure of
dendritic tree = receiver
e.g., Dense Nissl stain = protein;
suggests specialization
Structure Correlates with Function