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TRANSCRIPT
2/9/2012
1
Growing Fruit in the
Albuquerque Area
Joran Viers County Agriculture Agent/Program Director Bernalillo County Cooperative Extension Service
Fruit That Grow Well Here Trees:
• Apple
• Apricot
• Cherry
• Fig
• Jujube
• Peach
• Pear
• Plum
• Asian Pear?
• Japanese
Persimmon?
Small Fruit:
• Blackberry
• Grape
• Raspberry
• Strawberry
Poor choices:
blueberry,
citrus, kiwi.
This is mostly
due to soil
chemistry and
temperature
ranges.
Apple (Malus pumila; Rosaceae)
• Cross-pollinating, so more
than one variety needed;
• Rootstock controls size –
– fully dwarf needs staking but
is very precocious and
productive;
– semi-dwarf is free-standing,
but not too tall to work;
– full size too big to work
easily but can be good shade,
landscape tree.
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Apple
• Train to central leader or
modified central leader;
• Bear on fruiting spurs;
• Thin to 6” between while
fruit is small;
• Fertilizer formula:
Age of tree (years) x 5 = lbs fertilzer/tree
% of N in Fertilizer
Example: 15 yrs old x 5 = 75/2% =
2% (manure)
Melrose apple; image by Stephen Shirley
Apple
Amount of N recommended for apple trees:
Age (years) N per tree or per acre
1 None*
2 1/4 lb/tree if growth is
poor
3–5 1/4–1/3 lb/tree
6–7 1/2 lb/tree
over 7 150–200 lb/acre
* When leaves have appeared and young trees
are growing vigorously, broadcast
monthly applications of N at the rate of
0.05 lb N per tree (0.25 lb ammonium
sulfate).
• Varieties:
– Ginger Gold; Gala;
Honeycrisp; Golden
Supreme; Golden
Delicious; Fuji; Arkansas
Black; Melrose; King
Edward VII; Rome
• Later-blooming varieties
are more reliable fruiters.
Apple Pests Codling moth:
• Pheromone traps at full
bloom, keep active for > 16
weeks;
• “fruit socks” on each fruit;
• Spinosad or Intrepid sprayed
starting 2-weeks after petal
fall, repeat every 10-14 days
for 3 sprays;
• Degree day monitoring more
effective but complicated.
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Apricot (Prunus armeniaca; Rosaceae)
• Self-fertile; one tree will
do;
• Semi-dwarfing rootstock
not drought tolerant –
very regular watering;
• Full-size tree 15’-25’ tall,
smaller with summer
pruning.
• Fertilize like apples, or
less.
Apricot • Like all stone fruits, can
get peach tree borer and
cystospora;
• Early bloomer! Goldcot,
Harglow are later
varieties;
• Open vase structure,
good small shade tree;
• Blooms on small spurs
on 2-year old wood;
• Usually not thinned.
Cherry (Prunus avium; Rosaceae)
• Some varieties self-
fertile, some cross-
pollinated;
• Dwarfing rootstock is
available (Geissen);
• Full size is 35’ + tall!
• Peach tree borer,
cytospora;
• NOT drought tolerant!
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Cherry
• Open vase pruning;
• Net to keep birds off;
• As with all trees, mulch
deeply with organic mulch
(chipped/shredded trees) or
grow an under-story;
• Sour cherries, Nanking
cherries, choke cherries…
Varieties:
• WhiteGold;
• Stella;
• Lapins;
• BlackGold (later bloom);
• Balanton (sour)
• Danube (sour)
• Montmorency (sour)
Fig (Ficus carica; Moraceae)
• Cold-sensitive, so grow
in warm microclimate;
• Small trees, to 12’ tall;
• Drought tolerant;
• Most varieties should do
well here;
• Low fertilization
requirements (< ½ of
apple needs)
Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba; Rhamnaceae)
• Small, spiny, drought
tolerant tree;
• Fruit dry-ish when ripe,
mildly sweet, date-like
taste;
• Low fertility needs;
• Li and Lang are two
common varieties, need
one of each.
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Peach (Prunus persica; Rosaceae)
• Small tree, relatively short-
lived;
• Self-fertile, blooms on last
year’s wood;
• Open vase or “Y” pruning;
• Peach tree borer,
cytospora;
• Typically up to 15’ tall,
Pumi rootstock is dwarfing
but needs staking.
Pear (Pyrus communis; Rosaceae)
• Most varieties need cross
pollinating;
• Bear on spurs, need little
if any thinning;
• Train to central leader,
eliminate weak crotches;
• Fertilize like apple;
• Harvest before ripe to
avoid grittiness.
Pear
• Fire blight may
damage young
tips and leaves,
especially in a
“wet” spring;
• Prune out,
sanitize pruners
in between cuts
with rubbing
alcohol.
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Pear
Varieties:
• Bartlett
• Duchess
• Eldorado
• Harrow Delight
• Keiffer
• Moonglow
Plum (Prunus X domestica.; Rosaceae)
• Small, short-lived trees;
• Mostly self-fertile,
though additional
varieties may increase
fruit set;
• Open vase training;
• Thin as needed to
reduce limb breakage;
• Peach tree borer &
cystospora.
Plum
Varieties:
• Earliblue;
• Castleton;
• Stanley;
• Kirke’s Blue;
• French Petit;
• Victoria;
• Santa Rosa.
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Peach Tree Borer • Attacks stone fruits in lower
trunk area;
• Moths emerge in late
spring/early summer;
• Eggs hatch in mid-summer;
• Trap with pheromone traps;
• Spray lower trunk with
pesticide July – August;
– Spinosad
– Bt (repeat often!)
Cytospora
• Airborne fungus;
• Drought stress increases
danger;
• Attacks through exposed
wood;
• Plugs up vascular system;
• Gummosis in branches is
symptomatic;
• Untreatable! Prevention is
the key.
Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia & P. ussuriensis;
Rosaceae) • Listed for our zones…
• Cross pollination greatly
increases production, including
with European pear;
• Harvest fully ripe;
• Has crisp texture like an apple;
• Fertilize like apple;
• Varieties: Chojuro, Hosui,
Kikusui, Seuri, Shinko, ,
Yoinashi, etc.
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Japanese Persimmon (Diospyros kaki;
Ebenaceae)
• Listed for our zones…
• Late blooming!
• Non-astringent can be
eaten firm, astringent
need to “blet”;
• Train to modified central
leader;
• Few pests;
• Fertilize less than apples.
Blackberry (Rubus spp.; Rosaceae) • Best bramble for our area;
• Good thornless varieties;
• Need trellising;
• Do well on drip irrigation;
• Fruit on 2-year canes;
• After fruiting, cut out old
canes;
• 1-year canes should be topped
above trellis wire to induce
more branching and fruiting.
Varieties:
•Triple Crown
•Chester
•Ouchita
•Natchez
Blackberry
• Moderate fertilization,
like OM-amended soil.
• Plant 24”-36” apart in
rows;
• Woven plastic weed mat
is good mulch over drip
irrigation;
• Water regularly.
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Grape (Vitis spp. & X; Vitaceae)
• Seedless table or wine;
• Prefer sandier soils, not
too much water or
fertility;
• Trellis on strong system;
• Cane prune table grapes,
spur prune wine grapes;
• Prune in early April.
Grape
• Seedless varieties:
– Blue/black: Glenora,
Mars, Venus, Jupiter
– Red: Reliance
– White: Thompson
Seedless, Himrod
– Many others, I’m sure!
• Wine varities:
– Regent, Leon Millot,
Vidal Blanc, etc.
Cane Pruning Grapes
First winter
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Cane Pruning Grapes
Second growing season (double lines show
pruning cuts)
Cane Pruning Grapes
Second winter
Cane Pruning Grapes
Third growing season
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Cane Pruning Grapes
Third winter, before pruning
Cane Pruning Grapes
Third winter, after pruning
Raspberry (Rubus ideaus; Rosaceae) • Everbearing varieties do
better here:
– Polana; Caroline,
Heritage, Redwing,
Autumn Bliss…
• Plant in a row, train to a
hedge;
• Rich soil, regular water;
• Fertilize with compost,
or light synthetic N.
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Raspberry
• With everbearing
varieties, cut to ground
once dormant in the
fall/winter;
• New canes will arise in
spring;
• Lose some early fruit
for more later fruit.
• Drip irrigation is ideal
for raspberry production;
• Mulch with old leaves,
wood chips, compost,
etc.
Strawberry (Fragaria X annunsa;
Rosaceae) • Can do well here, but
drought stresses easily;
• Spring-bearing
varieties: Chandler,
Honeoye, Seqouia,
Surecrop;
• Day-neutral varieties:
Tribute, Seascape,
Tristar.
Strawberry
• Amend soil well with
compost;
• Drip irrigation under
fabric mulch is ideal;
• Fertigate or use foliar
feeding;
• Watch out for soil salts;
• Protect early blooms
from late frosts.
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Stay away from:
• Asian plums: bloom too early;
• Blueberries: like acid soil, ours is alkaline;
• Citrus: winters are too cold;
• Early-blooming varieties: likelihood of late
frost is good;
• Poorly grown stock: pot-bound and circling
roots, shoot/branch damage and/or dieback.
Resources: • The Backyard Orchardist,
and The Backyard Berry
Book, by Stello Otto;
• NMSU Extension pubs:
– Raspberries, strawberries,
blackberries, grapes, apples,
other horticultural topics;
– Go to:
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/
or call our office: 243-1386
for a hardcopy.
• Internet searches for
publications from
Extension Services in
other states;
• NM Apple Council:
http://nmapples.com
• Master Gardener hotline:
292-7144 daily 9:30 –
2:30, Feb1 – Oct 31.
Thank You
Joran Viers
County Program Director
Agriculture Agent
Bernalillo County
Cooperative Extension
Service
1510 Menaul NW, 87107
243-1386