Review

What type of Macromolecule is shown below?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Lipid

C. Protein

D. Nucleic Acid

Review

What type of Macromolecule is shown below?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Lipid

C. Protein

D. Nucleic Acid

Review

What type of Macromolecule is shown below?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Lipid

C. Protein

D. Nucleic Acid

Bring it Home

Macromolecule Building Block Function Elements

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Quick Energy C1H2O1

Protein Amino Acid Structural &

Enzymes

CHON

Lipid Triglyceride Long-term

Energy;

Insulation

CHO

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store Genetic

Information

CHONP

Bring it Home

Macromolecule Reagent + Color Test

Simple Carbohydrate

#Sugar

Benedict Burnt Orange to

Reddish

Complex Carb

#Starch

Lugol’s Iodine Dark Purple to Black

Protein Biuret Lavender to Purple

Lipid Sudan III Red

Objective

• Learn the steps of how energy is

transformed from sunlight to usable ATP

(energy) and glucose

Why is Photosynthesis important?

Makes organic molecules (glucose) out

of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide

and water).

It begins all food chains/webs. Thus

all life is supported by this process.

It also makes oxygen gas!!

Photosynthesis-starts to ecological food webs!

Plants use sunlight to turn water

and carbon dioxide into glucose.

Glucose is a kind of sugar.

Plants use glucose as food for

energy and as a building block for

growing.

Autotrophs make glucose and

heterotrophs are consumers of it.

Photo-synthesismeans "putting together with light."

10

Photosynthesis: Autotrophic Process

• Uses light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and Sugar (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches

How do we know that plants make

carbohydrates from just carbon dioxide

water and light energy?

• For example:

Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a

willow branch weighing 5 pounds into 200

pounds of soil and then after 4 years the tree

weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still

nearly 200 lbs.

Experiments!

12

The Photosynthesis Equation

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

sunlight

absorbed by chlorophyll

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

As can be seen from the equation for photosynthesis, the

wood, bark, and root came from water and carbon

dioxide.

Check it!

Plants in Action

What is the

process

that uses

the sun’s

energy to

make

simple

sugars?

The photograph below is an elodea leaf X 400.

Individual cells are clearly visible. The tiny

green structures within the cells are

chloroplasts

this is where

photosynthesis

happens.

Chloroplasts make the sugars!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN

CHLOROPLASTS

= sac-like

photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids

membranes

inside chloroplast

THYLAKOIDSGRANUM (pl. grana)

SPACESTHYLAKOID

SPACESTROMA

cytoplasm

Gel-filled space

Inside the

thylakoid

sac

Gel-filled space inside

chloroplast surrounding

thylakoid sac

Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN

CHLOROPLASTS

Proteins that are part of the thylakoid

membrane house

________________________________ into

clusters called Photosystems

_____________________

Light absorbing PIGMENTS

20

Pigments• In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments

• Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs

• Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts

Chloroplasts

make the

oxygen too!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Absorbing Light Energy to make chemical

energy: glucose!

• Pigments: Absorb different colors of white light

(ROY G BIV)

• Main pigment: Chlorophyll a

• Accessory pigments: Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids

• These pigments absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT

green!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Why do we see green?

• Green color from white light

reflected NOT absorbed

• Chloroplast: organelle

responsible for photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll: located within

Chloroplast

• Green pigment

Visible light is only

a small part of the

electromagnetic

spectrum (all forms

of light).

EQUATION FOR

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

6CO2 + 6H2O +ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2

CARBON

DIOXIDE

WATER

GLUCOSE

OXYGEN

Time to Dig Deep!!!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• 2 Phases

• Light-dependent reaction

• Light-independent reaction aka Calvin Cycle

• Light-dependent: converts light energy into chemical energy; produces ATP molecules to be used to fuel light-independent reaction

• Light-independent: uses ATP produced to make simple sugars.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light-Dependent

Reaction

Light-Independent

Reactions

Light &

Water

Oxygen

ATP

NADPH

Light Dep. Reaction

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light-Dependent

Reaction

Light-Independent

Reactions

CALVIN CYCLE

Light &

WaterOxygen

ATP

NADPH

Carbon

Dioxide Glucose

Calvin Cycle

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)

• Does not require light

• Calvin Cycle

• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast

• Requires CO2

• Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run

• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen

Check it!

1. The process that uses the sun’s energy to

make simple sugars is _____________.

A. Cellular respiration

B. Glycolysis

C. Photosynthesis

D. Photolysis

Check it!

2. The function accomplished by the light-

dependent reactions is ______________.

A. Energy storage

B. Sugar production

C. Carbon fixation

D. Conversion of sugar

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis____________________

Water is one of the raw materials needed, so

A shortage of water can ________________

photosynthesis

AMOUNT OF WATER

http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Desert plants and conifers

that live in dry conditions

have a waxy coating on

their leaves to prevent

water loss.

slow or stop

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C

At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop

Conifers in winter may carry out

photosynthesis only occasionally

TEMPERATURE

http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.

Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC

or TOO HOT cause proteins

to unwind or _________

pH temperature

DENATURE

http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpghttp://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

REMEMBER CELL BIO

Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work

Image

from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html

HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

____________________

More light increases rate of photosynthesis

up to a certain level until plant reaches its

maximum rate of photosynthesis

LIGHT INTENSITY

See effect of

light experiment

http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm

THE BIG PICTURE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides

the _____________ we breathe

and the __________

heterotrophs (like us)

consume to survive

_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Carbon

dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen

OXYGEN

sugars

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Concept Map

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Calvin cycle

Thylakoidmembranes

Stroma NADPHATPEnergy fromSunlight & water

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Glucose

Concept Map