powerpoint slides to accompany applied behavior analysis for teachers seventh edition paul a....
TRANSCRIPT
PowerPoint Slidesto Accompany
Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers
Seventh Edition
Paul A. AlbertoAnne C. Troutman
ISBN: 0-13-172203-4
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Chapter 5
Single-Subject Designs
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Chapter Outline
• Variables and Functional Relationships• Basic Categories of Designs• AB Design• Reversal Design• Changing Criterion Design• Multiple Baseline Design• Alternating Treatments Design• Changing Conditions Design• Evaluating Single-Subject Designs
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Dependent and Independent Variables
Dependent Variable:
• “The behavior targeted for change.”
Independent Variable:
• “The intervention being used to change behavior.”
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?
1. To increase compliance in vocational settings by implementing a token reinforcement system.
2. Use picture prompts with students with severe disabilities to increase instruction-following skills.
3. Students will increase their organizational skills by outlining their daily activities on a schedule checklist for six weeks.
4. The use of graduated guidance will enable the student to eventually feed himself.
5. Increase reading skills by two grade levels following instruction using the “I’m A Better Reader” program in combination with time delay.
6. Implement a response cost system for verbal outbursts.7. Give the puppy a treat when he follows his master’s commands.8. Marty writes his name in the appropriate space in order to obtain
teacher approval.9. When students correctly complete their homework assignments,
they earn free time using the computer.10. Mrs. Hoffman uses differential reinforcement of incompatible
behaviors to increase in seat behaviors.Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Research Designs
• AB Design
• Reversal Design
• Changing Criterion Design
• Multiple Baseline Design
• Alternating Treatments Design
• Changing Conditions Design
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Baseline Intervention
Sessions
AB Design
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
AB Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Simple to use
• Cannot be used to make a confident assumption of a functional relationship.
• Does not provide for replication
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Baseline Intervention Baseline 2 Intervention 2
Reversal Design
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
ABAB design is most desirable of reversal designs because it allows us to see the effects of the independent variable on the natural rate of occurrence of the target behavior
Use this design:When a clear functional relationship between independent
and dependent variable needs to be demonstratedWhen the nature of the target behavior is such that it can
be reversed when the treatment is withdrawnWhen the nature of the treatment is such that its effects are
not present on the target behavior after it is withdrawnWhen withdrawal of treatment does not compromise ethics
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Do not use this design:
When the target behavior is not reversible
When the treatment effects will continue after the treatment is withdrawn
When it is not educationally or clinically desirable for the behavior to return to baseline levels
When the target behavior is such that withdrawal of effective treatment would be unethical
Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Changing Criterion Design
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Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Changing Criterion Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Helpful when working on behaviors that are being shaped
• Helpful when the terminal goal that is set takes a long time to reach
• The treatment does not have to be withdrawn to show its requisite functional relationship with the target behavior
• Not appropriate when behavior must occur immediately
• It may not be appropriate to “hold back” an individual and his/her behavior change
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Multiple Baseline Design Across Students
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages
Use this design:
When withdrawal designs are not feasible due to ethical concerns
When there is more than one target behavior, setting, or individual in need of treatment
When the effects of the independent variable cannot be withdrawn or reversed
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages
Do not use this design:When selected target behaviors are not
functionally similar nor independent of one another
If there is only one individual/setting/behavior selected for treatment
When more than one intervention phase is desirable to demonstrate a functional relationship
When constraints on resources make implementation impossible
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Baseline Intervention 1 Intervention 2
Changing Conditions Design
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Changing Conditions Design:Advantages and Disadvantages
• Used to investigate the effect of two or more treatments on the behavior of a student
• Cannot be used to determine the effects of a functional relationship between the dependent variable and any of the tested independent variables
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
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Alternating Treatments Design
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Alternating Treatments Design:Advantages and Disadvantages
Use this design:When you want to determine the relative effectiveness of
more than one treatment on a given behaviorWhen baseline data are either unavailable or might be
unstableWhen the treatments are sufficiently different from each
otherWhen the subjects can discriminate the treatment
conditionsWhen the effects of sequencing the interventions might
obscure the results
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Alternating Treatments Design:Advantages and Disadvantages
Avoid this design:When the treatments might interact, thus
obscuring the resultsWhen the subjects cannot discriminate the
treatment conditionsWhen the treatments typically produce slow
behavior changesWhen the treatments need to be administered over
a continuous period of time to be effectiveWhen it becomes difficult to counterbalance the
various aspects of the study
Alberto & TroutmanApplied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.