powerpoint to accompany hole’s human anatomy and ...region right lumbar region right iliac region...

1

Chapter 01

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Anatomy & Physiology Revealed Images

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1.1: Introduction

2

• Questions and observations that have led to

knowledge.

• Knowledge about structure and function of the

human body.

1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

3

• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body

• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body

“The complementarity of structure and function.”

1.3: Levels of Organization

4

• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons

• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

• Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, adipose tissue, etc.

• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.

• Organism – the human

Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism


1.1 Clinical Application

6

• Ultrasound (US)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ultrasound and MRI

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

8

• Movement – change in position; motion

• Responsiveness – reaction to a change

• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape

• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;

releasing energy from foods

• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler

forms

Characteristics of Life Continued

9

• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids

• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids

• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into

chemically different forms

• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions

Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are

largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an

organism that support life).

1.5: Maintenance of Life

10

• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

• Water

• Food

• Oxygen

• Heat

• Pressure

Requirements of Organisms

11

• Water

- most abundant substance in body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

• Food

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

- supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms

12

• Oxygen (gas)

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

• Heat

- form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

• Pressure

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

Homeostasis*

13

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the

internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within

limits. There are three (3) parts:

• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

14

Stimulus

(Change occurs

in internal

environment.) Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors

(muscles or glands)

Control center

(set point)

(Change is compared

to the set point.)


15


Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

too high

too low

Normal body

temperature

37°C (98.6°F)

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs.

Control center

The hypothalamus

detects the deviation

from the set point and

signals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,

control center signals

muscles to contract

Involuntarily.

Stimulus

Body temperature

rises above normal.

Effectors

Skin blood vessels

dilate and sweat glands

secrete.

Response

Body heat is lost to

surroundings, temperature

drops toward normal.

Receptors

Thermoreceptors

send signals to the

control center.

Effectors

Skin blood

vessels constrict

and sweat glands

remain inactive.

Stimulus

Body temperature

drops below normal.

Effectors

Muscle

activity

generates

body heat.

Response

Body heat is conserved,

temperature rises toward normal.


16

• There are two (2) types:

• Negative feedback mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms


17

Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation,

pH of Blood, O2 & CO2 levels



18

Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

• Short-lived

• Do not require continuous adjustments

• Examples: blood clotting and child birth

19

Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization

of the Human Body

20

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Abdominopelvic

cavity

Abdominal

cavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleural

cavityMediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardial

cavityDiaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(b)

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Canal

1.6: Organization of the Human BodyThoracic Cavity

Diaphragm

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity Pelvic CavityMediastinum Pulmonary Cavity

Thoracic & Abdominal

Serous Membranes

23

Thoracic Membranes

• Visceral pleura

• Parietal pleura

• Visceral pericardium

• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ

• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes

• Parietal peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum

Serous Membranes

24


Vertebra

Azygos v.

Aorta

Esophagus

Right lung

Right atrium

of heart

Right ventricle

of heart

Visceral pleura

Pleural cavity

Parietal pleura

Sternum

Anterior

Spinal cord

Plane of

section

Mediastinum

Left lung

Rib

Left ventricle

of heart

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

Vertebra

Right kidney

Aorta

Inferior

vena cava

Pancreas

Large

intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity

Parietal peritoneumAnterior

Stomach

Costal cartilage

Rib

Large intestine

Small intestine

Spleen

Left

kidney

Spinal cordPlane of

section

Pleural Membranes

Visceral pleura Parietal pleura

Pleural cavity

Pericardium

Visceral pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Parietal pericardium

Peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

Peritonealcavity

Lesseromentum

Mesenteryof small intestine

Greateromentum

Peritoneum

Organ Systems

28Skeletal system Muscular system


Integumentary system

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Organ Systems

32Nervous system Endocrine system


Nervous System

Endocrine System

Organ Systems

35Cardiovascular system

Lymphatic system


Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Organ Systems

38

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system


Digestive System

Respiratory System

Urinary System

Organ Systems

42

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system


Reproductive System

1.7: Lifespan Changes

44

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

45

Anatomical Position – standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs

at the sides, palms facing forward

and thumbs out

Integumentary system


Anatomical Position

Relative Positions (1)add to your list

• Supine = on back

• Prone = on belly

Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

48

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

Superior (above)/Inferior (below)

Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal ( toward

the back)

Medial (toward the midline)/Lateral (to the sides)

Bilateral (paired structures)

Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)

Proximal (close to point of attachment)/Distal (farther from poin of

attachment)

Superficial (close to body surface)/Deep (more internal)

Superior Inferior

Anterior Posterior(Ventral) (Dorsal)

Medial Lateral

Proximal Distal

Deep Superficial

Human / Cat Clarifications• Anterior = front, Ventral = belly

– mean the same in humans but in the cat anterior is forward and ventral faces the ground

• Posterior = rear/behind, Dorsal = back– mean the same in humans but in the cat posterior is rear and dorsal faces up

• Cranial = toward the head– which is Superior in humans, but superior is dorsal in cats

• Caudal = towards the tail– which is Inferior in humans, but inferior is ventral in cats

Body Sections or Planes

55

• Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions

• Mid-sagittal/Median – divides body into equal left and

right portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and

inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior

portions

Body Sections

56

A section along a frontal

plane

A section along a transverse

plane

A section along the

median plane

Transverse

(horizontal)

plane

Frontal

(coronal)

plane

Parasagittal

plane

Median

(midsagittal)

plane

Body Sections

Sagittal Plane

Midsagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

Coronal Plane

Oblique Plane

Body Sections

63

(a) (b) (c)

Other Body Sections

64

(a) (b) (c)

Cross-section

L

o

n

g

i

t

u

d

i

n

a

l

s

e

c

t

i

o

n

Abdominal Subdivisions

65

Right

hypochondriac

region

Right

lumbar

region

Right

iliac

region

Epigastric

region

Umbilical

region

Hypogastric

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Left

lumbar

region

Left

iliac

region

Right upper

quadrant

(RUQ)

Left upper

quadrant

(LUQ)

Right lower

quadrant

(RLQ)

Left lower

quadrant

(LLQ)

Rt. HypochondriacEpigastric

Lt. Hypochondriac

Rt. Lumbar Lt.Lumbar

Umbilical

Rt. Iliac Lt. IliacPelvic

Body

Regions

Nine Abdominal Regions

Rt. Hypochondriac Lt. Hypochondriac

Rt. LumbarLt. Lumbar

Rt. Iliac Lt. Iliac

Epigastric

Umbilical

Pelvic

Abdominal Quadrants

Upper Right Lower Right Upper Left Lower Left

Abdominal Quadrants

Upper Right

Lower Right

Upper Left

Lower Left

Body Regions

70

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial

(arm)

Antecubital

(front of elbow)

Antebrachial

(forearm)

Genital

(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral

(chest)

Inguinal

(groin)

Coxal

(hip)

Umbilical

(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital

(back of head)

Acromial

(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar

(front of knee)

Vertebral

(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar

(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


Abdominopelvic Region

Back

Back Scapular region

Triangle of auscultation

Vertebral region

Sacral region

Lumbar region

Frontal

Mental

Nasal

Oral

Orbital

Occipital

Parietal

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Otic Facial

Cephalic

Head

Regions

Lower Limb RegionFemoral

Patellar

Crural

Tarsal PedalDorsum of foot Digits

Calcaneal

Popliteal

Gluteal

Coxal

Popliteal

Sural

Neck (Cervical) Region Anterior cervical

Lateralcervical

Posterior cervical

Sternocleidomastoid

Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed

76

1.1: Introduction

Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding

of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy and Physiology

Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.

1.3: Levels of Organization

List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of

each.

1.4: Characteristics of Life

List and describe the major characteristics of life.

Give examples of metabolism.

Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

77

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

78

Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Identify changes related to aging, from the microscopic to the whole-body

level.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

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