MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY ANDAND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IAGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY I

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THE SCOPE OF THE SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY

DEFINITIODEFINITIONN

Azospirillum

Fungi

algae

protozoa

virus

CELLCELL

Cell is the basic structural unit of life

Characteristic of biological Characteristic of biological systemsystem

History of History of CellCell

1665 Robert Hooke Honeycomblike (ruang rumah madu) structure in a thin slice of cork (gabus)

1707-1778

Linnaeus Biology classification: plant and animal

1765 – 1877

Controversion on GENERATIO SPONTANEA (ABIOGENESIS)

1838-1839

Schleiden & Schwann

Similar structure of cellsBasic structural & functional unit of organism

1837 – 1897

L Pasteur Fermentation

1866 Haeckel Proposed 3rd Kingdom: Protista (setelah tanaman dan hewan)Lower protist: Bacteria Higher protist: algae, fungi, protozoa

1876 Koch Germ Theory: Koch postulat

Protoplasm Living material of a cell

1940s Electron microscope

Reveal intracellular organization; membrane bound structures Procaryotic & eucayotic

1941 – 1985

Molecular genetics

Distinguishing procaryotic & Distinguishing procaryotic & eucaryoticeucaryoticFeatures Procaryotic EucaryoticSize range 1-2 x 1-4 µm > 5 µm

Genetic system

Location Nucleoid, chromatin body, or nuclear material

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Structure of nucleus Not bound by nuclear membrane One circular chromosomeNucleolus absent

Bounded by nuclear membraneMore than one chromosomeNucleolus present

Sexuality Zygote nature is partial diploid Zygote is diploid

Outer cellstructures

Cytoplasmic membrane Sterol -; part of respiratory & photosynthetic apparatus

Sterol +; no respiratory & photosynthetic apparatus

Cell wall Peptidoglycan + Peptidoglycan -

Locomotor organelle Simple fibril Multifibrilled with microtubules

Metabolic mechanism Anaerobic reaction; fix nitrogen gas; accumulate poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate

Anaerobic reaction (glycolysis)

DNA base ratio (guanine+cytosine)

28-73 + 40

Distinguishing procaryotic & Distinguishing procaryotic & eucaryoticeucaryotic

continuedcontinued

Features Procaryotic Eucaryotic

Cytoplasmic nature and structure

Cytoplasmic Streaming (aliran sitoplasma)

- +

Gas vacuoles +/- -

Mesosome + -

Ribosome's 70S 80S

Mitochondria - +

Chloroplasts - In Some Cells

Golgi structure - +

Endoplasmic Reticulum - +

Membrane-bound vacuoles - +

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGYAPPLIED MICROBIOLOGYField Applied Areas

Medical Microbiology

Causative agents of disease, diagnostic procedures, preventive measures

Aquatic Microbiology

Water purification, microbiological examination, biological degradation of waste, ecology

Aeromicrobiology

Contamination and spoilage; dissemination of disease

Food Microbiology

Food preservation & preparation; foodborne disease and prevention

Agricultural Microbiology

Soil fertility; plant and animal disease

Industrial Microbiology

Production of medical products: antibiotics, vaccine; fermented beverages; industrial chemicals; genetic enginering: production of proteins & hormones

Exomicrobiology

Exploration for life in outer space

Geochemical Microbiology

Coal, mineral & gas formation; prospecting for deposits of coal, mineral & gas; recovery of minerals from low grade ores

THE HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGYMICROBIOLOGY

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGYHISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

SPONTANEUS GENERATION SPONTANEUS GENERATION VS VS BIOGENESISBIOGENESIS

Pasteur1864: flask with narrow gooseneck opening: yield no microbes

Pouchet: 1859

Gooseneck: leher angsaBees: kumbangMaggot: belatung

MICROBIOLOGY BEYOND THE BASICSMICROBIOLOGY BEYOND THE BASICS

TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURETECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURE

APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGYAPPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN BIOLOGY: MOLECULAR MODERN BIOLOGY: MOLECULAR BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY AND SOCIETYMICROBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Production of :• new substance: insulin

• improved agriculture crops

IDENTIFICATION OF IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMMICROORGANISM

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMMICROORGANISM

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMMICROORGANISM

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMMICROORGANISM

TAXONOMIC GROUPTAXONOMIC GROUP

CLASSIFICATION METHODSCLASSIFICATION METHODS

PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION: reflect the ancestral relationshipDivided into:1.Eubacteria: traditional group2.Archaeobacteria: methane producers; extreme halophiles; thermoacidophiles

NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE

One organism has only ONE OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED NAME

According to the rules set down in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria◦ Each distinct kind of organism is designated as a

species◦ Binomial with Latin grammar:

First: genus name, capitalized Second: specific ephitet, not capitalized

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.

IDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATION

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