ppf: a tool to study solar irradiation and illuminance in urban areas raphal compagnon (september...
DESCRIPTION
[Urban Solar and Daylight Availability] = [Sky] [Urban form] [Final Energy] = [Urban Solar and Daylight Availability] [Utilisation Factors]TRANSCRIPT
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PPF: a tool to study solar irradiation and illuminance in
urban areasRaphaël Compagnon
(September 2002)
Developed in the framework of the European project:PRECis: Assessing the Potential for Renewable Energy in Cities
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• A method to quantify the potential for solar (passive+active ) and daylighting applications in urban areas
• Focus mainly on vertical surfaces (buildings facades)
• Goal: helping thedesign of “Solar Cities”
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[Urban Solar and Daylight Availability]
=[Sky]
[Urban form]
[Final Energy] =
[Urban Solar and Daylight Availability]
[Utilisation Factors]
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Sky model
Year Heating season 8h–18h
radiance values[W/m2/sr]
radiance values[W/m2/sr]
luminance values[lm/m2/sr]
Active solar applications
Passive solar Daylighting
Hourly sky models generated by gendaylit usingclimatic data from METEONORM
Averaging process to obtain «average sky models » for specific applications
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Average radiometric sky model computed over the whole year (4330 hours):
Average radiometric sky model computed over the heating season (2299 hours):
False colour radiance scale:
Radiometric average skiy models(solar applications)
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Photometric average sky model(Daylighting)
Average photometric sky model computed over the whole year (4330 hours):
False colour luminance scale:
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3D buildings modelGeometric data:•Buildings footprints at ground level•Top heightsNumeric data:•Number of storeys
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Simulations Using Radiance backward ray-tracing program
Sky vault
“virtual” pyranometer or luxmeter
Sky componentReflected component (1st order & 2nd order)
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PPF structure
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Threshold for PV facades systems
Global solar irradiation distributions
Irradiation in [kWh/m2]
Facades % with PV potential =
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Global solar irradiation (heating season)
Threshold for passive solar
Irradiation in [kWh/m2]
Facades % with passive solar
potential =
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Illuminance distributions
Threshold for daylighting
Facades % with daylighting potential
=
Mean illuminance (8h-18h) [klx]
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Case study site in Fribourg (CH)
Perolles area
Plot ratio = 1.2
Facades fractions:
• for PV = 6.5 %
• for passive solar = 52 %
• for daylighting = 54 %
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Hypothetical urban forms (plot ratio=2.0)
• PV = 10 %
• passive solar = 84 %
• daylighting = 83 %
• PV = 15 %
• passive solar = 80 %
• daylighting = 82 %
• PV = 21 %
• passive solar = 100 %
• daylighting = 100 %
Towers (15 storeys)
Courtyards (4 & 8 storeys)
Comb (6 storeys)
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Climatically independent characteristics
Outdoor daylight factors (CIE overcast sky) Sky view factors (SVF)
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How to define the “orientation” of an urban area ?
• Count SVF-weighted facades areas facing every directions
Perolles areaFribourg (CH)
Plaka areaAthens (GR)
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Visualisations
Gray level aerial view showing annual irradiation levels on a part of the PATHSIA area in Athens
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Visualisations
Falsecolour aerial view showing roof areas suitable for PV modules on a part of the PATHSIA area in Athens
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Conclusions• PPF allows to compute irradiation and
illuminance distributions over large urban areas
• Already used for several case studies
• PPF used as a tool for ongoing projects in collaboration with EPFL
• New extensions planned for urban open space analysis