ppt chapter002
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology
Chapter 02-Administration of Drugs
Copyright © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
IntroductionIntroduction
• Drug administration
• Understand basic concepts
• Nurse’s role:
– Monitor the therapeutic response
– Report adverse reactions
– Teach the patient and family members
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The Five +1 Rights of Drug AdministrationThe Five +1 Rights of Drug Administration
• Right patient: Check patient’s wristband; ask patient to identify himself
• Right drug: Compare medication; container label; medication record
• Right dose
• Right route : Obtain written order
• Right time
• Right documentation: Record immediately
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Considerations in Drug Administrations Considerations in Drug Administrations
• General principles of drug administration
– Factual knowledge of each drug given: Reasons for use; general action; common adverse reactions; special precautions in administration; normal dose ranges
– Check current and approved references for all drug information
– Consider before administering a drug: Patient’s allergy history; previous adverse reactions; patient comments; change in patient condition
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d) Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)
• The medication order: To administer medication a physician’s order is essential
– Common orders: Standing; single; PRN; STAT
• Once-a-Week drug: Doses designed to replace daily doses of drugs; beneficial for those experiencing mild adverse reactions
– Example: Alendronate (Fosamax) - Treat osteoporosis
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)
• Guidelines for preparing a drug for administration
– Check health care provider’s written orders and compare label of the drug with MAR
– Wash hands and do not let hands touch capsules or tablets
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)• Guidelines for preparing a drug for
administration (cont’d)
– Never remove a drug from: An unlabeled container; a package with an illegible label
– Never crush tablets or open capsules or administer a drug prepared by someone else
– Alert: Drugs with similar names
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)
• Guidelines for preparing a drug for administration (cont’d)
– Return drugs requiring special storage to the storage area immediately after they are prepared for administration
– Unit dose: Remove wrappings when the drug reaches the patient; chart immediately after administering the drug
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)• Each time a drug is prepared and
administered: Follow the 5+1 rights
• Precautions taken by the nurse: Confirm any questionable orders; verify calculations with another nurse; listen to the patient; concentrate on only one task at a time
• Most common occurrence of errors: Insulin and heparin
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)• Drug Errors - patient receives:
– The wrong dose
– The wrong drug
– An incorrect dosage of the drug
– A drug by the wrong route
– A drug given at the incorrect time
• Nurses: Last defense against detecting drug errors; if error occurs, report immediately
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)
• National Patient Safety Goals
-Accrediting body for hospitals: JCAHO
-Approve National Patient Safety Goals yearly
• Institute for Safe Medication Practices
-Medication Errors Reporting Program
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Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)Considerations in Drug Administrations (cont’d)
• Drug dispensing system
– Computerized Dispensing System
– Unit Dose System
– Bar Code Scanner
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Administration of Drugs by Oral RouteAdministration of Drugs by Oral Route
• Most frequent route of drug administration
• Oral Drug Forms: Tablets; capsules; liquids
• Sustained-release drugs
• Nursing responsibilities: Verify the drug; identify the patient; assess; keep water readily available; instruct; never leave a drug at the patient’s bedside to be taken later
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral RouteAdministration of Drugs by Parenteral Route
• Parenteral drug administration routes: Subcutaneous (SC); intramuscular (IM); intravenous (IV); intradermal route; intralesional; intra-arterial; intracardiac; intra-articular
• Nursing responsibilities: Wear gloves; use standard precautions; cleanse skin
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by subcutaneous
route: Places the drug into the tissues between the skin and the muscle
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Volume of injection: Single/multiple sites
– SC injection sites: Upper arms; upper abdomen; upper back
– Needle length and angle of insertion: Obese/thin patients
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by intramuscular
route: Administration into a muscle
• Nursing responsibilities: 22-gauge needle
– Volume of injection: Single/multiple sites
– Injection sites, needle length and angle of insertion: Deltoid muscle; ventrogluteal or dorsogluteal sites; vastus lateralis
• Z-Track technique: Prevents backflow of drug into the SC tissue
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Drug administration- intravenous route: Directly
into blood; needle inserted into a vein
• Methods of administration: Slow; rapid; piggyback infusions; existing IV line; using intermittent venous access device; added to an IV solution; venipuncture
• Intravenous infusion controllers, pumps: Detectors, alarms alert the nurse
– Possible problems: Air in line; occlusion; low battery; completion of infusion; inability to deliver preset rate
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by intravenous route
(cont’d)
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Record type of IV fluid and drug added to the IV solution after start of infusion; check infusion rate and inspect needle site
– Swelling around the needle: Extravasation or infiltration
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Drug administration- intradermal route:
Sensitivity tests - Tuberculin; skin allergy
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Injection sites: Inner part of forearm; upper back; hairless; avoid areas near moles, scars, or pigmented skin
– 1-mL syringe; 25- to 27-gauge needle; 1⁄4 to 5⁄8 inch
– Needle insertion: 15-degree angle; do not aspirate syringe or massage the area
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Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)Administration of Drugs by Parenteral Route (cont’d)• Other parenteral routes of drug
administration: Intracardial; intralesional; intra-arterial; intra-articular
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Prepare drug for administration; Ask primary care provider
– Venous access ports: For chemotherapy or long-term therapy
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Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous MembranesAdministration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes• Application to the skin and mucous
membranes
• Several routes
– Topical
– Transdermal
– Inhaled through the membranes of the upper respiratory tract
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Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by the topical route
– Act on the skin; not absorbed through the skin
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Follow special instructions: Drug action may depend on correct administration of the drug
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Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by the transdermal
route
– Readily absorbed from the skin
– Drug dosages: Implanted in a small patch-type bandage
– Drug system maintains: Constant blood concentration; reduces the possibility of toxicity
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Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)• Administration of drugs by the transdermal
route (cont’d)
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Wear gloves; apply patch on clean, dry, nonhairy areas of intact skin; apply next dose to new site: Remove old patch
– Commonly used sites: Chest, flank, and upper arm
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Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)Administration of Drugs Through the Skin and Mucous Membranes (cont’d)• Administration of drugs through inhalation
– Drug droplets, vapor, or gas: Through mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
– Use face mask, nebulizer, or positive-pressure breathing machine
• Nursing responsibilities:
– Provide proper instructions
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Nursing Responsibilities after Drug AdministrationNursing Responsibilities after Drug Administration• Record: Administration of the drug; IV flow
rate, site used for parenteral administration; problems with administration; vital signs taken immediately before administration
• Evaluate and record: Patient’s response to the drug
• Observe and record: Adverse reactions and frequency
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Administration of Drugs in the HomeAdministration of Drugs in the Home• Home setting caregivers: Patient or family
members
• Ensure: Patient or caregiver understands the treatment regimen
• Home care checklist: For administering drugs safely in the home
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End of Presentation