RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION

TRAINNING FROM 21 MAY 2012 TO 19 JUNE 2012

Submitted To

Rajinish Sir (EE Department)

Submitted By

Rakesh Kumawat

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION : RAWATBHATA, KOTA

SOURCE OF WATER: RANA PRATAP SAGAR DAM

FUEL TYPE : URANIUM-235

SOURCE OF FUEL : JADUGURA, JHARKHAND

• The station consists of SIX reactors - (RAPS 1&2) -100MWe & 200MWe, (RAPS 3&4) - 235MWe each (RAPS 5 & 6) - 235MWe each & (RAPS 7&8) - 700MWe each are under construction.

• Year of construction Unit 1 - Aug,1972 Unit 2 -Apirl,1981. RAPS 3&4 - 1999 RAPS 5&6 - 2009 RAPS 7&8 - by 2016.

UNIT-1&2

UNIT-3&4

WHY NUCLEAR?

Reserves of fossil fuels like coal, oil, etc. are depleting very fast.

Cheapest non-hydro electric power source in India.

Fuel requirement is small as compared to thermal power plant.

1kg of U-235 gives energy equivalent to 3000 tonnes of high grade coal.

WAYS OF RELEASING ENERGY

• FUSION• FISSION

FUSION

Process of formation of heavier nuclei due to bombardment of high energy lighter nuclei.

FUSION REACTION

NUCLEAR FISSION

Splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei when bombarded by neutrons.

This results into emission of free neutrons, , two or more lighter nuclei with kinetic energy and gamma radiation.

These released neutrons may be absorbed by other fissile material to constitute a chain reaction.

“NEUTRONS” are most suitable for fission.Chain reaction is controlled in a nuclear reactor to

produce energy.

NUCLEAR FISSION PROCESS

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION

• The energy released in the fission process generates heat which is used to boil water to produce pressurised steam which will then drive a steam turbine that generates electricity by the generator

MAIN PARTS OF THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

• NUCLEAR REACTOR• HEAT EXCHANGER• STEAM TURBINE• GENERATOR

NUCLEAR REACTOR

A apparatus in which nuclear reactions are initiated, controlled and sustained at a steady rate.

It consists of Calandria (“HEART” of the reactor) Nuclear fuel (U-235) bundles Moderator and Coolant Control Rods

CALANDRIA “HEART” of the reactor.

Contains fuel and moderator.

Made up of Austentic Stainless steel and contains 306 calandria tubes.

Calandria tubes are made up of Nickel-free-Zircalloy.

It contains 12 fuel bundles, thus making a total of 3672 fuel bundles (12x306).

In the middle it has pipeing connection for moderator outlet and inlet.

NUCLEAR FUEL

• Fuel used is natural Uranium dioxide (UO2).• Having low content of fissile material (0.72 %

Uranium-235)• Half life of Uranium-235 is 7.04 x 108 years.• Nuclear fuels are inserted to reactor core in

form of fuel bundles.

MODERATOR AND COOLANTS “HEAVY WATER” (D2O) is used as moderator at RAPS.

It is circulated through the Calandria to remove the heat dissipated by neutrons.

High chemical purity and low radioactivity level of moderator is maintained through moderator purification system.

PRIMARY HEAT TRANSPORT (PHT) SYSTEM This is a system, which circulates pressurized coolant

through the fuel channels to remove the heat generated in fuel and to obtain high pressurised steam.

CONTROL RODS

•Control rods are used to control nuclear fission rate by absorbing the neutrons.

•Without this the reactor will be a ATOMIC BOMB.

Material used in RAPP as control rods is Cobalt-59 (a isotope of Cobalt)

Reaction involved in reactor with control rods is:

Half life of Cobalt-60 is 5.27 years.

Natural Decay of Cobalt-60 emits• β-particle : 0.31 MeV• γ-ray : 1.17 MeV• γ-ray : 1.33 MeV

STEAM TURBINE

• A steam turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy and drives the generator.

• Standard speed of steam turbine is 3000 rpm.

• Hydraulic mechanism is used to maintain turbine speed constant when load changes.

GENERATOR

• It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• In India, generator works at 50 Hz.• Output of generator is delivered through

transformers to different places.

PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTOR

“HEAVY WATER” under pressure, used as both coolant and moderator, is contained in a large stainless steel tank (calandria).

Boiling water is prevented as water is pressurized to about 150 atmosphere.

Heavy water moderator is maintained at standard atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of about 70°C.

Heavy water coolant is maintained at 78 atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of about 300°C.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT Operation of a nuclear power plant leads to

the production of radioactive wastes. Nuclear power plants are surrounded by a

protective zone to minimize the risk of radiation.

These are divided into 3 categories:-1. Solid radioactive waste2. Liquid radioactive waste3. Gaseous radioactive waste

1.SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE

It includes waste which arise from used filters, contaminated metal parts, pieces of discarded fuel element cans, etc.

Ion exchange resins also forms a part of solid waste. They can be disposed in shielded storage drums. These drums can be then stored in deep salt mines. Deep salt mines are suggested as they indicate that

there has been no ground water in the vicinity for thousands of years.

2.LIQUID RADIOACTIVE WASTE

It includes radioactive waste from laundry active floor drains, decontamination centre, chemical laboratories, etc.

Can be stored underground in liquid form in suitable tanks or reduction to clinker.

Formation of clinkers reduces volume of waste and improves the protection.

3.GASEOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE

Air from reactor building, decontamination centre, storage area, loss of carbondioxide are examples of gaseous radioactive wastes.

An extensive ventilation system is provided to collect these air particulates.

Filtration facilities are provided for active particulates, iodine, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE-CLASS OF

FIRESOURCE OF FIRE BEST EXTINGUISER

A wood, paper, ordinary combustibles Soda, acid, water

B Oil,paints,grease,disel,petrol Foam, co2

C Fire in gaseous substances(H2) Co2

D Fire in chemicals, metals Co2

E Electrical fire Co2

FIRE SECTION

CONTROL ROOM

ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY LABORATERY:

(1)OBJECTIVES OF E.S.L. LAB AT RAWATBHATA-

Measurements of concentration of radio nuclides in various environmental matrices collected from the environment of rawatbhata nuclear site. ATMOSPHERIC TERRESTRIAL AQUATIC Air tritium Soil Water Rain water Grass Silt Air particulate Cereals Weed Pulses Fish Milk Meat Egg Goat thyroid Vegetables

•Measurement of internal contamination due to gamma emitting radio nuclides by whole body counting of RAPS radiation workers.

•Measurement of direct radiation exposure using environmental thermo luminescent dosimeters.

•Monitoring of effluents from RAPS & HWP(K).

•Measurement of sulphide concentration in ambient air and water samples collected around HWP(K).

•Monitoring of drinking water quality and sewage effluent samples for public health criteria.

•Special monitoring of rawatbhata site during emergency situation

(2) RADIATION DOSES TO PUBLIC-

•The index of radiological impact on population is indicated by the radiation dose received by the members of public during their life time due to intake of radio nuclides through food, water and air.

•International commission on radiological protection has set annual dose limit of 1000 micro sievert for members of public from man made sources. The same has been endorsed by Indian Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.

VIEW OF DIFFERENT STATIONS

RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION-1&2

RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER STATION-3&4

RAJASTHAN ATOMIC POWER PROJECT-5&6

THANK YOU

QUERIES??