ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Security in Network Layer Implementing security in application layer
provides flexibility in security policy and key management
Problem is need to implement security mechanism in every application individually
To reduce the overhead, implement security in network layer to provide security for all applications between selected pair of computers
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IPSec Two protocols
Authentication Header (AH) Encasulating Security Payload (ESP)
Provide general security services for IP Authentication Confidentiality Anti-replay Key management
Applicable to use over LANs, across public and private WANs, and for the Internet
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Scenario of IPSec Uses
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Benefits of IPSec Provide strong security to all traffic
crossing the perimeter if installed in a firewall/router
Resistant to bypass IPSec is below transport layer, hence
transparent to applications Can be transparent to end users Can provide security for individual users
if desired
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IP Security Architecture
specification is quite complex defined in numerous RFC’s
incl. RFC 2401/2402/2406/2408 many others, grouped by category
mandatory in IPv6, optional in IPv4
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Security Association (SA) A unidirectional relationship between
sender and receiver that affords security for traffic flow
Each IPSec computer maintains a database of SA’s
Defined by 3 parameters Security Parameters Index (SPI) IP Destination Address Security Protocol Identifier
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SA Parameters
Sequence Number Counter Sequence Number Overflow Anti-Replay Window AH and ESP information Lifetime IPSec Protocol Mode Path MTU
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Authentication Header (AH) Provide support for data integrity and
authentication of IP packets end system/router can authenticate
user/app prevent address spoofing attacks by
tracking sequence numbers Based on use of a MAC
HMAC-MD5-96 or HMAC-SHA-1-96 Parties must share a secret key
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Authentication Header
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End-to-End vs End-to-Intermediate Authentication
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Scope of AH Authentication
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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Provide message content confidentiality and limited traffic flow confidentiality
Can optionally provide the same authentication services as AH
Support range of ciphers, modes, padding DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc CBC most common pad to meet blocksize, for traffic flow
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Encapsulating Security Payload
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Transport vs Tunnel Mode ESP Transport mode is used to encrypt and
optionally authenticate IP data data protected but header left in clear can do traffic analysis but is efficient good for ESP host to host traffic
Tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet add new header for next hop good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security
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Scope of ESP Encryption and Authentication
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Combining Security Associations
SA’s can implement either AH or ESP
To implement both, need to combine SA’s form a security bundle
Have 4 cases
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Combining Security Associations
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Key Management Handle key generation and distribution Typically need 2 pairs of keys
2 per direction for AH & ESP Manual key management
sysadmin manually configures every system Automated key management
automated system for on demand creation of keys for SA’s in large systems
Oakley and ISAKMP
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OAKLEY A key exchange protocol Based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange Add features to address weaknesses of
Diffie-Hellman cookies, groups (global parameters),
nonces, DH key exchange with authentication
Can use arithmetic in prime fields or elliptic curve fields
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ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol Provide framework for key management Define procedures and packet formats
to establish, negotiate, modify, and delete SAs
Independent of key exchange protocol, encryption algorithm, and authentication method
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ISAKMP
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Next Class
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack Hop Integrity