[ppt]cellular respiration harvesting chemical energy · web viewcellular respiration is a...
TRANSCRIPT
6H2O + 6CO2 + ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical
Energy
Recycling of Molecules for energy production
OVER VIEW OF CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Glycolysis Pyruvate
Oxidation
Krebs Cycle
ETC
2 ATP 2 NADH 2 NADH
6 NADH
2 FAD
2 ATP
34 ATP
IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN
Where do the reactants and products go?
c6H12O6 + 6O2 38 ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2
Glucose Cut up in glycolysisOxygen Reactant in ETCWater Product of ETCCO2 Product of Krebs Cycle38 ATP Product from Glycolysis (2), Krebs(2),
ETC(34)
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Chemical Structure of ATP
3 Phosphates Ribose
Sugar
Adenine Base
What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
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By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP Copyright Cmassengale
How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
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What is the Process Called?
H2O
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The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP-aseATP Synthetase
Cellular respiration is a Redox reaction as the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another occurs
Oxidation is the loss of electronsReduction is the addition of electrons.Because the electron transfer requires a
donor and an acceptor, oxidation and reduction always go together.
REDOX Reactions
The breakdown of glucose is exergonic. This means that the products store less energy than the reactants
The basic purpose of respiration
6H2O + 6CO2 + ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy released
Energy re-captured
So where does this released energy go?
Electrons are shuffled around and passed through several cycles to eventually be used to bond ADP and Pi to form ATP
The basic version of how it works…
Where do the electrons from Glucose go??
NAD+ (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts as the energy carrier
NAD+ is a coenzyme
It’s Reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion
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Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
YES! Another Coenzyme!
FAD+ (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Reduced to FADH2
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Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
Process is also Catabolic because larger Glucose breaks into smaller molecules
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Direct Phosphorylation
Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s
C6H12O6 + 6O2
YIELDS
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Four Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis – cutting glucose to make pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation – cutting pyruvate to make CoA
Krebs Cycle - making NADH and FADH
Electron Transport – Converting to ATP
Glycolysis
Splits a glucosemolecule into 2 - 3 Carbon molecules calledPYRUVATE.
Input: C6H12O6, (2ADP, 2Pi, 2NAD)products: 2H2O, 2 pyruvate, (2 ATP, 2NADH )
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
The pyruvate looses acarbon leaving the 2 carbon molecule Acetyl CoA
CC
CO2
Input: Pyruvate + O2
products: CO2, Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
C-C-C + O2 ------ > C-C + CO2
Glycolysis SummaryTakes place in the CytoplasmAnaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic AcidRequires input of 2 ATPProduces 2 NADH and 4 ATPPyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO2 is removed
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Glycolysis Diagram
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BANK BALANCEATP NADH FAD
Glycolysis + Pyruvate oxidation
2 4 0
The Krebs Cycle “a bit of chemical magic happens”
Inputs: Acetyl CoA, H2O, (FAD, NAD, ADP, Pi)Products: CO2 ATP, NADH, FADH
Krebs Cycle SummaryRequires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that
give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose moleculeProduces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
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Krebs Cycle SummaryEach turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
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BANK BALANCEATP NADH FAD
Glycolysis + Pyruvate oxidation
2 4 0
Krebs cycle
2 6 2
Electron Transport
The mitochondria hastwo membranes--theouter one and the innermembrane which isconvoluted. The H+ which are brought tomitochondria accumulatebetween these two membranes.
matrix
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+H+
outer membrane
inner membrane( ATP synthetase)
The matrix is a protein rich solution which contain theenzymes which run electron transport.
ATP SYNTHETASE is the enzyme which is responsible formaking ATP.
MitochondriaH+
H+NADH+
Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP ProducedH2O ProducedOccurs Across Inner Mitochondrial
membraneUses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to
accept e- from glucose1 x NADH can create 3 ATP’s1 x FADH2 can create 2 ATP’s
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ANIMATION
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html
The electrons are passedback and forth across themembrane where their energyis gradually decreased and usedto transport H+ through the membrane. Oxygen is the finalelectron acceptor and it joins withthe H+ to produce H2O.
If there is no oxygen, the electron chain cannot continuebecause there is no way to release electrons (nothing to accept the H+ atoms the cross the membranes)
electrons
Inputs: NADH, FADH, H+, ADP, Pi, O2
Outputs: NAD+, ATP, FAD, H2O
INPUT AND OUTPUT OF ETC
Products of the Electron Transport Chain
34 ATP
Water
+
BANK BALANCEATP NADH FADH
Glycolysis + Pyruvate oxidation
+ 2 +4 0
Krebs cycle
+ 2 + 6 + 2
ETC +34 - 10 - 2
Total +38 0 0
The ETC withdraws NADH and FADH 8 NADH to create 24 ATP 2 FADH to create 4 ATP
glycolysis
NADH carries electrons to ETC
prep
Krebs Electron Transport
chain
ATP
2 2 NADH
2 NADH
What happens when there is no oxygen to accept the electrons?
Only the process of glycolysis is carried out and lacticacid is produced in the muscles. The body cannottolerate much lactic acid and it must eventually be converted in the liver to pyruvate.
results in muscle soreness
Alcoholic FermentationSome organisms carry out alcoholic fermentation. This wasdiscovered by Louis Pasteur in his study of the chemistryof wines. Yeasts break down the sugars in the juice topyruvate by glycolysis, then the pyruvate is dismantled toyeild CO2 and ETHANOL. If the fermentation continuesuntil all the sugar is used, a dry wine is produced. Iffermentation is stopped before all the sugar is used, thena sweet wine is produced.
Same process, different products