practical beef nutrition and ration formulation dan loy 301 kildee [email protected]

Practical Beef Nutrition Practical Beef Nutrition and Ration Formulationand Ration Formulation

Dan LoyDan Loy

301 Kildee301 Kildee

[email protected]

Basic OutlineBasic Outline

Nutrient Requirements of ImportanceNutrient Requirements of Importance Adjustments to Requirements (beef cows)Adjustments to Requirements (beef cows) Heifer developmentHeifer development Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot)Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot) Introduction to BRANDSIntroduction to BRANDS Common Nutritional “problems” (time Common Nutritional “problems” (time

permitting)permitting)

Nutrient Requirements of Nutrient Requirements of ImportanceImportance

EnergyEnergy ProteinProtein Major MineralsMajor Minerals Minor Minerals and VitaminsMinor Minerals and Vitamins

PARTITIONING OF PARTITIONING OF ENERGYENERGY

Gross Energy (GE)

Digestible Energy (DE)

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Net Energy (NE)

Digestion loss (fecal)

Urine lossCombustible gases (CH4)

Heat increment (HI)-heat of fermentation-heat of nutrient metabolism

NEm-basal metabolism-activity at maintenance-sustaining body temp

NEg-retained energy

Net Energy for ProductionNet Energy for Production

Weight GainWeight Gain Lean vs. FatLean vs. Fat

Body Condition gainBody Condition gain Fetal GrowthFetal Growth Milk ProductionMilk Production

Net Energy for MaintenanceNet Energy for Maintenance

Basal MetabolismBasal Metabolism Environmental adjustmentsEnvironmental adjustments

Metabolizable ProteinMetabolizable Protein

CPCPUIPUIP

DIP (ammonia)DIP (ammonia)

bypassbypass

energy (TDN)energy (TDN)

MCPMCPMPMP

Effect of Weight and ADG on Effect of Weight and ADG on Protein RequirementsProtein Requirements

0100200300400500600700800900

1.1 ADG 2.2 ADG 3.3 ADG 4.4 ADG

Average Daily Gain, lb

MP

Req

uir

ed,

g

550 lb

900 lb

Major MineralsMajor Minerals

CalciumCalcium Required for milk production and growthRequired for milk production and growth Grains are low in Ca, Forages are high in CaGrains are low in Ca, Forages are high in Ca

PhosphorousPhosphorous Required for milk production and growthRequired for milk production and growth Grains and corn coproducts are high in P, and low Grains and corn coproducts are high in P, and low

in Cain Ca Ca:P may be important in steers because of urinary Ca:P may be important in steers because of urinary

calculicalculi

Major Minerals cont’Major Minerals cont’

MagnesiumMagnesium Low in lush spring grass—Grass Tetany is a Low in lush spring grass—Grass Tetany is a

common deficiencycommon deficiency SaltSalt

Sodium requirement, most feeds are low in sodiumSodium requirement, most feeds are low in sodium PotassiumPotassium

High in forages, low in grains.High in forages, low in grains. SulfurSulfur

Needed when urea is added. Toxicity is concernNeeded when urea is added. Toxicity is concern

Trace Minerals and VitaminsTrace Minerals and Vitamins

Trace Minerals for Beef CattleTrace Minerals for Beef Cattle Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, ZnCo, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn Should be part of sound mineral supplementation Should be part of sound mineral supplementation

programprogram Regional differencesRegional differences

Vitamin RequirementsVitamin Requirements Vitamin A, D, E. Some B vitamins may be needed Vitamin A, D, E. Some B vitamins may be needed

for stressed calves.for stressed calves.

Adjustments to Requirements (cows)Adjustments to Requirements (cows)

Stage of ProductionStage of Production Environmental AdjustmentsEnvironmental Adjustments Cow size and breedCow size and breed Body Condition ScoringBody Condition Scoring

Seasonal Beef Cow Energy Seasonal Beef Cow Energy RequirementsRequirements

4042

4446

485052

5456

5860

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month After Calving

Ene

rgy

Req

uire

men

t %

TD

N

Seasonal Beef Cow Protein Seasonal Beef Cow Protein RequirementsRequirements

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month After Calving

Pro

tein

Req

uire

men

t, %

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON ON

ENERGY REQUIREMENTSENERGY REQUIREMENTS

EFFECTIVE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

THERMONEUTRALZONE

Low High

Heat StressCold stress

OptimumforPerformanceand Health

LowerCriticalTemperature

UpperCriticalTemperature

Lower Critical Lower Critical TemperatureTemperature

•Coat DescriptionCoat Description LCTLCT•Summer or wetSummer or wet 5959•Fall Fall 4545•WinterWinter 3232•Heavy winterHeavy winter 1818

Effective Effective TemperatureTemperature

TemperatureWind Speed -10 0 10 20 30Calm -10 0 10 20 305 -16 -6 3 13 2315 -25 -15 -5 4 1430 -46 -36 -26 -16 -6

*Maintenance Requirements increase .7% for each degreeof cold stress.

Environmental Adjustments NRCEnvironmental Adjustments NRC

Added are:Added are: Internal insulation factors (body condition or Internal insulation factors (body condition or

fatness)fatness) Hide thicknessHide thickness Heat production from feedHeat production from feed

Effect of Breed on Energy Requirements

90%100%

120%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Bosindicus

Bos taurus Dairybreeds

Rel

ativ

e N

Em

Req

uir

ed

Effect of Lactation on Energy Requirements

100%

120%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Non-lactating

Lactating

Rel

ativ

e N

Em

Req

uir

ed,

% o

f B

asal

Body Condition ScoringBody Condition Scoring

Management tool for adjusting energy Management tool for adjusting energy requirement of beef cowsrequirement of beef cows

Also used to evaluate previous nutrition of Also used to evaluate previous nutrition of feeder cattlefeeder cattle

Thin CowsThin Cows

• 1 Severely emaciated; starving and weak; no palpable fat detectable over back, hips or ribs; tailhead and individual ribs prominently visible; all skeletal structures are visible and sharp to the touch; animals are usually disease stricken. Under normal production systems cattle in this condition score are rare.

• 2 Emaciated; similar to BCS 1, but not weakened; little visible muscle tissue; tailhead and ribs less prominent.

• 3 Very thin; no fat over ribs or in brisket; backbone easily visible, slight increase in muscling over BCS

Borderline and OptimumBorderline and Optimum

• borderline• 4 Borderline; individual ribs noticeable but overall fat cover is

lacking; increased musculature through shoulders and hindquarters; hips and backbone slightly rounded versus sharp appearance of BCS 3.

• optimum• 5 Moderate; increased fat cover over ribs, generally only 12th

and 13th ribs are individually distinguishable; tailhead full, but not rounded.

• 6 Good; back, ribs, and tailhead slightly rounded and spongy when palpated; slight fat deposition in brisket.

Fat ConditionFat Condition

• 7 Fat; cow appears fleshy and carries fat over the back, tailhead, and brisket; ribs are not visible; area of vulva and external rectum contain moderate fat deposits; may have slight fat in udder.

• 8 Very fat; squared appearance due to excess fat over back, tailhead, and hindquarters; extreme fat deposition in brisket and throughout ribs; excessive fat around vulva and rectum, and within udder; mobility may begin to be restricted.

• 9 Obese; similar to BCS 8, but to a greater degree; majority of fat deposited in udder limits effective lactation. Under normal production systems cattle in this condition score are rare.

Condition Score 3Condition Score 3



Pictures from NDSU factsheet AS-1026

Condition Scoring ExamplesCondition Scoring Examples

Condition Scoring of CowsCondition Scoring of Cows

Optimum is condition 5-6 at calvingOptimum is condition 5-6 at calving Each condition score it 80 to 150 pounds Each condition score it 80 to 150 pounds

depending on cow sizedepending on cow size It is best to condition score cows in the fall to It is best to condition score cows in the fall to

allow sufficient time for condition score gainallow sufficient time for condition score gain

Heifer DevelopmentHeifer Development

Target Weight ConceptTarget Weight Concept Heifers should be 60% of mature weight at Heifers should be 60% of mature weight at

breeding and 85% of mature weight at calvingbreeding and 85% of mature weight at calving Sets target weights and rate of gainSets target weights and rate of gain

1400 mature size should weigh: 840 at breeding 1400 mature size should weigh: 840 at breeding and 1190 at calving. If fall weight is 500 lb., in and 1190 at calving. If fall weight is 500 lb., in November (210 days before breeding), then ADG November (210 days before breeding), then ADG needs to be 1.6 to breeding. needs to be 1.6 to breeding.

Adjustments to Requirements Adjustments to Requirements (feedlot)(feedlot)

Frame sizeFrame size ImplantsImplants Feed additivesFeed additives Step up programsStep up programs Bunk Management/Monitoring Bunk Management/Monitoring

Frame SizeFrame Size

Weight at 28% Body FatWeight at 28% Body Fat

Frame SizeFrame Size

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99

SteerSteer 882882 954954 10291029 11021102 11751175 12501250 13221322 13951395 14701470

HeiferHeifer 705705 763763 824824 882882 939939 10011001 10581058 11151115 11771177

The Normal Growth CurveThe Normal Growth Curve

Managementfor more rapidgrowth changesthe shape

Muscle GrowthMuscle Growth

Fat GrowthFat Growth

Methods of Increasing GrainMethods of Increasing Grain

Ration Step

Increasing GrainDays

Days

DaysDays

Days

Days

X

X

=

=

%Concentrate

%Concentrate

FeedIntake

FeedIntake

ConcentrateIntake

ConcentrateIntake

Feed Additives for Feedlot CattleFeed Additives for Feedlot Cattle

IonophoresIonophores MGA MGA OptaflexxOptaflexx Broad spectrum antibioticsBroad spectrum antibiotics CoccidiostatsCoccidiostats

Adapting cattle to grainAdapting cattle to grain

Two partsTwo parts Manage feed consumptionManage feed consumption Adjust rumen microbes to new substrateAdjust rumen microbes to new substrate Each may take 2-3 weeks with calvesEach may take 2-3 weeks with calves May only take 4 weeks with previously adapted May only take 4 weeks with previously adapted

yearlingsyearlings Thumb rule for initial grain consumptionThumb rule for initial grain consumption

.5 to 1% of bodyweight.5 to 1% of bodyweight

Developing a Starting Program Developing a Starting Program (some examples)(some examples)

determine expected intakedetermine expected intake determine eventual rationdetermine eventual ration determine beginning concentrate levelsdetermine beginning concentrate levels

Sample starting program - Long Sample starting program - Long hauled calves ( 400 lb.)hauled calves ( 400 lb.)

Conc., lb Feed Intake % Conc.

Week 1 3 4 75

Week 2 5.5 8 75

Week 3 7 10 75

Week 4 8.5 12 75

Final ration 8.5 14 60

Sample starting program - precon or Sample starting program - precon or low stress calves (400 lb.)low stress calves (400 lb.)


Week 1 4 8 60

Week 2 6.6 11 60

Week 3 7.5 12.5 60

Week 4 8.4 14 60

Final ration 8.5 14 60

Sample starting program - Sample starting program - Backgrounded yearlings (800 lb.)Backgrounded yearlings (800 lb.)


Week 1 6 15 40

Week 2 10 17 60

Week 3 14 20 70

Week 4 17 23 74

Final ration 20 25 80

Goal of Feedbunk ManagementGoal of Feedbunk Management Deliver a consistent, nutritious, fresh ration in Deliver a consistent, nutritious, fresh ration in

a manner that maximizes feed intake and a manner that maximizes feed intake and minimizes waste and spoilage.minimizes waste and spoilage.

Some Items a Good Bunk Sheet Some Items a Good Bunk Sheet Should ContainShould Contain

Pen NumberPen Number Lot NumberLot Number Head CountHead Count In WeightIn Weight Current WeightCurrent Weight Days on FeedDays on Feed Days on RationDays on Ration

Indication of Slick Indication of Slick BunksBunks

Indication of When Indication of When Bunks Last CleanedBunks Last Cleaned

Amount of Feed Fed Amount of Feed Fed Last 5-7 DaysLast 5-7 Days

From Horton (1990)

SDSU Bunk Scoring SystemSDSU Bunk Scoring System Developed to improve feed deliveries in a Developed to improve feed deliveries in a

University Research FeedlotUniversity Research Feedlot Improved efficiencyImproved efficiency Uses a 4-Point Bunk Scoring SystemUses a 4-Point Bunk Scoring System

From Pritchard (1993)

SDSU 4-Point Bunk Scoring SDSU 4-Point Bunk Scoring SystemSystem

Score Description0 No feed remaining in bunk.1/2 Scattered feed present. Most of bottom of

bunk exposed1 Thin uniform layer of feed across bottom of

bunk.Typically about 1 kernal deep.

2 25-50% of previous feed remaining.3 Crown of feed is thoroughly disturbed. >50%

of feed remaining.4 Feed is virtually untouched. Crown of feed

still noticeable.

Bunk Score 0 to 1/2Bunk Score 0 to 1/2

Bunk score 1 and 2Bunk score 1 and 2

Example Bunk SheetExample Bunk Sheet

Feedlot:_________________

Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Pen#

Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______ Pen Crashed13 249 2 201 2 2011/ 2 207 0 207 1/ 2 207 0 213 0Pen#

Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______Consistent15 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2 303 1/ 2Pen#

Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______Right on track32 255 1/ 2 255 1/ 2 255 0 255 1/ 2- 255 1/ 2 255 0 258 0Pen#

Days on Feed ________ Ration Number_______I ncreasing DMI35 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 237 1/ 2 240 0 246 0

Making Feed CallsMaking Feed Calls Cattle AggressivenessCattle Aggressiveness

25-50-25 Rule25-50-25 Rule WeatherWeather

HeatHeat MudMud RainRain ColdCold

Storm Rations?Storm Rations?

Other Bunk Mgmt FactorsOther Bunk Mgmt Factors Feed presentationFeed presentation

MixingMixing Processing (particle size)Processing (particle size) Fines (conditioners)Fines (conditioners)

Nutritional AdequacyNutritional Adequacy

Bunk Management PhilosophyBunk Management PhilosophyRhodes Pen 4 (1997)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101

105

109

113

117

121

125

129

133

Days on Feed

Dry

Mat

ter

Inta

ke

ADG - 3.59F/G - 6.34

Bunk Management PhilosophyBunk Management PhilosophyPrivate Lot (1984)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106

113

120

127

134

141

148

155

162

169

176

183

190

197

204

211

Days on Feed

Dry

Mat

ter

Inta

ke

Cumulative Performance of Cumulative Performance of Prescription Fed CattlePrescription Fed Cattle

Treatment Item Prescription Ad libitumCumulative (121 days) BW 1328 1331 ADG 3.84 3.85 DMI 23.57 26.39 F/G 6.15 6.90 Frequency of slick 69.3 39.7 bunks, %

Pritchard, 1997

Beef Nutrition via the Beef Nutrition via the BRANDS Software BRANDS Software

PackagePackageDrs. Daryl Strohbehn and Dan LoyDrs. Daryl Strohbehn and Dan Loy

Extension Beef SpecialistsExtension Beef Specialists

Beef Ration and NutritionDecisions Software

What is BRANDS?What is BRANDS?

BRANDS is a series of spreadsheet programs BRANDS is a series of spreadsheet programs which work in conjunction with Microsoft® which work in conjunction with Microsoft® Excel to assist producers and beef Excel to assist producers and beef professionals in balancing rations for all types professionals in balancing rations for all types of cattle.of cattle.

BRANDS features 5 ration modules.BRANDS features 5 ration modules.

FeedlotFeedlot Beef CowBeef Cow HeiferHeifer Growing BullGrowing Bull Breeding BullBreeding Bull


programmed usingprogrammed using

“Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle”

Seventh Revised Edition Update 2000


Comes in two different types of packagesComes in two different types of packages

Standard Edition ModulesStandard Edition ModulesFor the beginner (Excel 5.0 & beyond)For the beginner (Excel 5.0 & beyond)

Professional EditionProfessional EditionFor the experienced nutritionist that has For the experienced nutritionist that has

multiple clients (Excel 2000 & beyond)multiple clients (Excel 2000 & beyond)


Introduction Screen-BRANDS Professional

Feed Library Worksheet

Cow Module- Professional Edition Input Screen

Mature Cow Weight (lbs)

small 1100 1100

medium 1350 1350large 1600 1600

Ration Balancing ScreenRation Balancing ScreenRation composition Ration evaluation

Balanced for (head) 1 yes

% % of Total Feed delivered corresponds with mature cow.

lbs./day waste TMR mix Ration DM Balance 1st calf 2nd calf Mature cow

Alfalfa/Brome 12.00 2 35.1% Dry matter intake 23.4 25.6 27.5CornSilage-mat 45.00 2 x 64.2% Estimated DMI 22.1 23.7 25.0

cow mineral1 0.18 2 h 0.6% Consumption 106% 108% 110%

Salt 0.05 2 x 0.2% Net energy rqmt. 109% 114% 124%

x Met. protein rqmt. 144% 135% 147%x

x Vitamin A rqmt. 74% 74% 74%

x Calcium rqmt. 268% 285% 315%x Phosphorus rqmt. 189% 198% 213%

x CP DIP DIP+R eNDf %Conc. Ca:Px 11.0% 95.6% 100.0% 38 33 2.53x

x Projected performancex 30 day BCS change 0.43 0.56 0.77

x Desired ADG 0.85 0.82 0.60

Cow wt.gain (lb) 1.29 1.60 1.90

Feed delivered: lbs. Excess prot.-NE adj.

Feed consumed: lbs. Feed cost/group/day $7.76 $8.49 $38.02Feed cost for selected groups $54.26 Feed cost/hd/day $0.65 $0.71 $0.76

Supplement energy

56.08

57.23

Scale Intake?

CornSilage-mat

Feedyard Module- Professional Edition Input Screen

Heifer Module-

Professional Edition Input

Screen

Calendarized Heifer Development Screen

Nutritional Problems in Beef CattleNutritional Problems in Beef Cattle

Grass TetanyGrass Tetany Urinary CalculiUrinary Calculi Sulfur Toxicity (polioencephalamalacia)Sulfur Toxicity (polioencephalamalacia) Se deficiencySe deficiency Acidosis and BloatAcidosis and Bloat Nitrate and urea toxicosisNitrate and urea toxicosis Molds and mycotoxinsMolds and mycotoxins

practical beef nutrition and ration formulation dan loy 301 kildee [email protected]

Documents

energy requirementssheet

energynet energy

beef cattleco

condition score

practical beef nutrition

vitaminstrace minerals

concerntrace minerals

individual ribs