1. By:Practical ConsiderationsMara MendozaandLady Sanjur

2. A. PREPARATION Begin by identifying theprime or intended readerof the translation. To analyze the function ofthe text you aretranslating: Is it essentiallyexpressive, informational or communicative? Spend a few minutesanalyzing the way theoriginal text works. Consider what kind oftranslation is actuallyneeded. Read the whole of theoriginal before youbegging to translate it. Check to see whetherfiles a translation of asimilar document. Assemble thenecessary referencetools. Read aloud the draftof the translation. 3. B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINESIn the typeoftranslationyou arelikely to bedoing, remember to1. WHAT NOT TRANSLATELeave unchanged: NAMES OF INDIVIDUALSS.L: Guillermo Rodrigo de La Nuez, notarioT.L: Guillermo Rodrigo de La Nuez, notary NAMES OF STREETS, CITIES, TOWSS.L: La avenida ArenalesT.L: Arenales Avenue 4. B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINES NAMES OF PARISHES, CHURCHES HOSPITAL, BANK AND OTHERSS.L: En la Parroquia del Nio Jess de BogotT.L: In the Parish of Nio Jess, Bogot FOREING WORDS AND PHRASESS.L: y firmo fecha UT SUPRA T.L: and I sign on the date UT SUPRA 5. 2. DATES Follow the format of the original.S.L: el 3 de abril de 1956T.L: April 3, 1956 SLASH-STYLE DATES2/4/67 might mean April 2, 1967, or itmight mean February 4, 1967VI/8/78 means June 8, 19783. ABBREVIATIONS Must be translated.S.L: 200 TM de azcarT.L: 200 MT of sugar Sometimes no corresponding abbreviationexists in the target language.S.L: fdo. Carlos Castel R.T.L: signed Carlos Castel R.S.L: Santo Domingo, R. D.T.L: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.However, supply the help necessary toinsure understanding.S.L: Los miembros del CCTT.L: The members of the CGT (CongresoGeneral de Trabajadores; General Congressof Workers)B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINES 6. B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICALGUIDELINES4. CONVERSION If the conversion does not have to be exact, it may be sufficient to addan explanatory phrase:S.L: El tipo pesaba tal vez cincuenta kilosT.L: The guy weighed maybe fifty kilos (about a hundred pounds)MONETARY UNITS: Substitute the word dollar. The sign $ not only means American dollars, but also it is used torepresent many forms of foreign currency.Costa Rica Coln C Cuba- peso - $Colombia peso Col. $ 7. B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINES5. NUMBERSUse a period rather than a comma to separate thousands.S.L: 1.000.890 habitantesT. L: 1,000,890 inhabitantsA comma is used instead of the decimal point.S.L: 5.825 milesT. L: 5,828 millas6. UNTRANSLATABLE WORDS - Items that defy translation.Common LawS.L: Common Law. The Common Law has never been in forcein Puerto RicoT.L: Ley Comn. El Common Law nunca ha regido en PuertoRico. 8. B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINES7. FALSEFRIENDS FAUX AMISare falsecognates.Their meaningchangesaccording tothe text. Actual: present-day Presidente: President Presidente de la Audiencia:Presiding Judge 9. 7. FALSE FRIENDS 10. 8. CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATIONObserve the conventions of the targetlanguage with respect to capitalization andpunctuation.S.L: On Monday, April 5, we met Mr. Gomezand General Blanco on the corner of FiveAvenue and Forty-Fifth Street. Mr. Gomezsaid, I have received an important letter.T.L: El lunes, 5 de abril, encontramos al Sr.Gmez y al general Blanco en la esquina deLa quinta avenida y la calle cuarenta ycinco. El seor Gmez dijo, - he recibidouna carta importante.B. NUTS AND BOLTS:A FEW PRACTICAL GUIDELINES 11. C. EDITING YOUR OWN COPYAt this point rewriting takesplace.The translator makes allnecessary changes.