practical goat raising_goat congress 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Your Subtitle Goes Here
Dr. Ma. Asuncion G. Beltran
PracticalGoat Raising
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GOATS ARE COMMONLY
KNOWN AS
“POOR MAN’S COW”
“LIVING MOWERS”
NOW
“LIVING ASSETS”
(GOAT IS GOLD)
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POTENTIALS OF GOAT RAISING
Animals Capital Feed Expense
Housing Expense
Overall Mgt.
Integration Market Diseases
Contri. in Nutrition
Broiler X X X X X X X OK
Layer X X X X X X X OK
Duck X X X X X X X OK
Fattener(Swine)
X X X X X X X OK
Breeder(Swine)
X X X X X X X OK
Cattle X LESS LESS X X OK
Carabao X LESS LESS X X OK
Goat LESS LESS LESS EASY OK VG LESS OKSheep LESS LESS LESS EASY OK LESS OK
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GOAT INVENTORY (as of 2010)
Total Head Count: By Farm Type:
3800
3850
3900
3950
4000
4050
4100
4150
4200
4250
2008 2009 2010
4,177,700
3,929,200
4,182,500
Pop
ulat
ion
(‘000
hea
d)
Year
98.53
1.47
Backyard
Commercial
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Goat Inventories 2010 (BAS)
2009 2010 %Change %Share
Jul Jan Jul JulTotal 4182.5 4177.7 3929.2
(6.05) 100.00
Backyard 4224.4 4131.4 3871.5 (8.35) 98.53
Commercial 41.7 46.3 57.6 38.13 1.47
Source: FGASPAPI, 2010
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GOAT: Quarterly Inventory by Region, 2009-2010(in heads) (BAS, 2010)
REGION
PHILIPPINES 4,222,234 4,224,217 4,177,721 3,929,167 (1.05) (6.98)
LUZON 1,561,804 1,577,936 1,573,670 1,483,506 0.76 (5.98) CAR 62,478 67,290 64,659 65,118 3.49 (3.23) REGION I 527,761 520,350 494,057 455,208 (6.39) (12.52) REGION II 137,453 131,253 130,485 116,853 (5.07) (10.97) REGION III 321,286 345,556 349,823 354,683 8.88 2.64 CALABARZON 222,857 223,941 231,167 220,363 3.73 (1.60)
MIMAROPA 168,396 162,729 173,682 159,213 3.14 (2.16) REGION V 121,573 126,817 129,797 112,068 6.76 (11.63)
VISAYAS 1,258,269 1,256,326 1,265,291 1,180,099 0.56 (6.07) REGION VI 606,039 603,327 604,618 574,408 (0.23) (4.79) REGION VII 533,949 540,972 550,889 507,162 3.17 (6.25) REGION VIII 118,281 112,027 109,784 98,529 (7.18) (12.05)
MINDANAO 1,402,161 1,389,955 1,338,760 1,265,562 (4.52) (8.95) REGION IX 160,460 155,223 118,869 114,415 (25.92) (26.29) REGION X 239,847 240,674 241,955 236,342 0.88 (1.80) REGION XI 374,783 384,899 391,559 383,410 4.48 (0.39) REGION XII 293,958 271,185 256,718 249,028 (12.67) (8.17) CARAGA 71,490 65,852 61,143 56,277 (14.47) (14.54) A R M M 261,623 272,122 268,516 226,090 2.63 (16.92)
P- Preliminary
2009 2010
JAN 1 JUL 1 JAN 1 JUL 1 P
INVENTORY PERCENT CHANGE
2010/2009
JAN 1 JUL 1 P
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Current SituationGoat population – 3.929M goats (BAS, July 2010)
Ave. Mature Live Weight of Philippine goat – 18 to 20kilos
Average Carcass Weight at 2 years old – 8 kilos
Per Capita consumption – 0.34kg (BAS)
Annual Goat Meat Production – 78K MT LW(BAS) No. of heads slaughtered - 9,750 heads/yr
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Production Estimates by Region %
ShareLuzon - 14,446K MT -
36.95
Visayas - 9,413K MT - 24.07
Mindanao - 15,242K MT - 38.98
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REGION BACKYARD COMMERCIAL TOTAL % CONTRIBUTION
Region VI (Western Visayas) 547,431 3,000 550,431 14.79
Region I (Ilocos Region) 490,242 1,193 491,435 13.21
Region VII (Central Visayas) 469,224 2,337 471,561 12.67
Region XI (Davao Region) 332,290 3,358 335,648 9.02
Region IV (Southern Tagalog) 292,123 1,630 293,753 7.9
Top Goat Producing Regions*:
*- Regions Producing the top 58% of the total Philippine Goat Population
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Introduction
• Goats are important elements on the pathway out of poverty for people in Central Luzon;
• Important for the poorest livestock keepers and for the landless who could start to raise livestock;
• With the presence of SRC, CLSU, TCA, SUCs, DA-RFU 3, OPVets, LGUs, strong support to farmers were given on integrated goat management (FLS-IGM);
• Linkage with PCARRD, BAI, LDC and other gov’t agencies were tapped.
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Uses of Goats
Meat Products
Protein SourceCash Crop
Milk Source
Organic Manure
Add-in Enterprises
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Current Status of the Goat Industry
in the Philippines
Backyard Farming
Low reproduction
For family useLimited buck
Limited stock
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making Goats RED... a community-based approach to the transformation of rural assets
National R&D Programs on Goats
Regional R&D Programs on
Goats
Goat FarmPerformance
ProgramDevelopment
of HerbalDrugs Project
RED Program
CVARRD(AI & ChevonProcessing)
CLARRDEC
(Feed resources
& technologyTransfer)
Halal Goat
Program
AlternativeTechnology
Options
Other goat-focused programs
SupplyChain
ImpactAssess.
Enhancing
demand for ANFR
grads thru S&T
STBF-goat
ISP Targets 2020i preweaning mortality 25 – 10 %
h slaughter weight 15 – 30 kg i kidding interval 9 – 8
mos.h natural conception rate 80 – 95 %
FLS-IGM
E-learning
Private sector-led programs
Goat congresses
Goat shows
Breederimportation
Meat cut fabrication
IEC, CIN
The National Goat S&T Program
Courtesy of Dr. Wilson Cervito
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Why Raise Goats?
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Why Raise Goats? Small initial investment;
Can integrate with crop-based farming system;
Provides meat, milk and skin for processing into high-value products;
Short period of getting the ROI;
Goat manure is used as fertilizer;
They thrive in marginal vegetations; fodder in rainy days;
Wives and children can handle goats; they docile.
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Why Raise Goats?cont..Have inherent advantages over other ruminants
Mature earlier; higher fertility (8 months);
Capable of multiple births; have shorter gestation period
Can be milked for 5 months
First kid crop-less than a year
Popular for kilawen, papaitan, caldereta
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COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Increasing demand for goat and sheep
meat
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Prospects and Opportunities:- Demand for meat, milk and products are
increasing but supply is low.
- Price is increasing every year
- Chevon has a high water holding capacity and is therefore very suitable in meat processing.
- Offers a good source of sustained income
- Technologies on improved goat production and processing are now being available
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History of the GoatThe modern
domesticated goat is believed to be the first livestock domesticated by man about 10,000 years ago.
It descended from the Bezoar goat Capra aegagrus from South West Asia.
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The Goat Breeds Over the years, goats were bred according to
the type or product they are about to produce:
- Meat (Chevon)- Dairy- Cashmere/ Leather- Miscellaneous Breeds
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Some Exotic Breeds
Angora Goats -bred for their fine cashmere that is processed into various kinds of apparel-can also be made as pets.
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Pygmy Goats- miniature goats most suitable as pets- only stands 16-23 inches at the whithers.
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Playing Dead?
Fainting Goats- More or less the size of a native goat.
- Meat breed
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Goat Breeds Commonly Found in the Philippines
Anglo- Nubian
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Anglo-nubian• developed in Great
Britain of native milking stock and goats from the Middle East and North Africa
• due to Middle-Eastern heritage, can live in very hot climates and have longer breeding season
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ANGLO-NUBIAN (Nubian)
• distinguishing characteristics: large, pendulous ears and a "Roman" nose
• Because of its elongated ears and sleek body, the Nubian has a variety of nicknames, including "Lop-eared Goat", "Rabbit Goat", "Long-eared Goat" and "Greyhound Goat"
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• has different colors with long, floppy ears, convex nose, and large structure;
• large in size and carries more flesh than other dairy breeds
• temperament is sociable, outgoing, and vocal
Anglo-nubian
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ANGLO-NUBIAN (Nubian)
• Large; size makes it a very useful dual purpose animal
o does – 60 kg, 30 inches (76 cm)
o bucks –75 kg, 35 inches (88 cm)
•high butterfat, 5% or more; but produces less volumeof milk than other dairy breeds
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Boer
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- Meat Type, Originated from Southern Africa
- Fast growth rate, good mothering ability, docile.
- Mature bucks weighs about 110-135kg; does 90-110kg.
- Characteristic white body and red head
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Saanen
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SAANEN
• white or cream-colored• large and big-boned, but graceful
and refined in bone• largest of the dairy goat breeds
Does: 150 lb(68 kg) ↑Bucks: 200 lb (91 kg) ↑
• ears are erect, nose straight or dished
• usually have beards and horns
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Saanen• commonly used
for commercial milking
• “Queen of dairy goats”
• produces the most milk on average
• Saanen nanny: 1 gal (3.8 li.) a day
• Milk has lower butterfat content, 2.5%-3.0%
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Saanen
• breed is usually pure white in color;
• medium to heavy built, with straight or dished face;
• heavy milk producers;
• yield best in much cooler environment.
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SAANEN
• Named after Saanen valley in Switzerland
• “Sable Saanen” is the term for non-white Saanen
• calm and mild mannered
• typically breed every year,producing one or two kids
• Sensitive to too much sunlight, performs best in cooler regions
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Toggenburg
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• Oldest known goat dairy breed from Switzerland
• Performs well on cool climates• Smaller built
Toggenburg
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Toggenburg
• breed varies in color from light fawn to dark chocolate;
• medium built, sturdy, energetic, and active;• highly developed udder ;• high level of milk production.
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TOGGENBURG• named after Toggenburg
valley, Switzerland
• medium in size
• have compact bodies
• does have high, well-attached udders
• straight or dished faces, but never roman noses
• generally a friendly, quiet and gentle breed, and are good as pets
• moderate in production, and have relatively low butterfat content (2-3%) in their milk
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TOGGENBURG
• color is solid varying from light fawn to dark chocolate
• With distinct white markings as follows:
owhite ears with dark spot in middle
otwo white stripes down the face from above each eye to the muzzle;
ohind legs white from hocks to hooves;
oforelegs white from knees downward with a dark line (band) below knee acceptable;
oa white triangle on either side of the tail.
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Alpine• Rock alpines;• Swiss alpines;• US alpines
• with 4.8 butterfat content;• larger, stronger, and healthier than many other goat breeds;• they tolerate heat better than Saanens and Toggenburgs.
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Alpine• breed can have
different colors except all white and light brown with white markings;
• It has a straight face, standing ears, and medium body built;
• It is a common dairy goat breed because of the amount of milk it is able to produce.
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ALPINE
• a medium to large size animal;
• does - 57 kg 0.8 meters or 30 inches tall
• alertly graceful
• hardy, adaptable animals
• hair is medium to short
• have erect ears, horns, and have a dish-face (straight)
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ALPINE
• aka “French Alpine;” originated in the French Alps
• can range in color from white or gray to brown and black
• have no set markings
• heavy milkers
• milk can be made into any dairy product
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ALPINE
Alpine colors are described by using the following terms:
•Cou Blanc (coo blanc) - white neck & front quarters, black hindquarters, black or gray markings on the head
•Cou Clair (coo clair) - "clear neck," front quarters tan, saffron, off-white, or shading to gray with black hindquarters.
•Cou Noir (coo nwah) - literally "black neck" black front quarters and white hindquarters
•Sundgau (sundgow) - black with white markings such as underbody, facial stripes, etc.
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What’s missing?
La Mancha• “earless” goat which
was developed from several goats from Spain;
• a dairy goat which can thrive under harsh conditions
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LAMANCHA
• have ears, but pinna is shrunken; 2 types of ears
• Gopher ear: very small, 'shriveled‘; no fold, must not exceed 1 inch (2.5 cm). (This is the only type of ear which will make bucks eligible for registration. )
• Elf ear: max. length 2 inches; end of the ear must be turned up or down, and cartilage shaping the small ear is allowed.
ear tags or ear tattoos are not used; tattoos are normally placed on the tail web
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La Mancha• breed can be of any color;• one of its distinct characteristics is
that it has almost unnoticeable ear ;• relatively small but very sturdy ;• its milk is high in butterfat.
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LAMANCHA
• noted for its apparent lack of, or much reduced, external ears
• medium in size
• generally calm, quiet, and gentle in temperament
• comes in just about any color
• hair is short, fine and glossy
• dairy breed with high butterfat
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PHIL. NATIVE GOAT• not a dairy breed but for
upgrading (e.g. with Anglo-Nubian) increases milk yield
• small, stocky and low set
• red, white or black or combination of these colors
• Mature weight: 20 – 25 kilograms
• Ave. milk prod’n: 0.4 liter
• Lactation Period: 187 days
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Upgrades
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Upgrades
25% Native and75% Anglonubian
Pix courtesy of SRC, CLSU
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Breeds Raised in the Philippines
Native Goats Anglo-nubian Boer
Saanen Toggenburg Upgrades/Triple crosses
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Goat Products
Chevon
Cheese
Cashmere
Milk
Soaps
Leather
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DISHES OUT OF GOAT’S MEAT
• Tapa• Adobo• Kilawin• Papait• Goat steak• Braised meat chop• Higado• Sinampalukan
• Barbeque• Caldereta• Asado• Menudo• Pochero• Afritada• Cocido
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SELECTION OF FOUNDATION STOCKS
Part II
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SELECTION AND CULLING• Selection – choosing animals with desirable
traits that are fit for production
• Culling –removing animals that are below average in production, unsound or undesirable
Traits to consider for selection:growth rate, milk yield, prolificacy, body size, resistance to disease, adaptability to environment, and production conditions
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Characteristics of Male Breeding Stock1.Healthy with no deformities2.Straight and strong legs3.Active and with high libido4.Normal testicles 5.With good pedigree6.Clean, shiny,healthy coat7.6-8 months and not < 25 kg
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Characteristics of Female Breeding Stock• Healthy with no deformities• Straight and strong legs• Normal genitals• With good mothering ability• Normal teats(smooth, firm, no
infection and swelling)• Good pedigree• 6-8 months of age & not <20
kg
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Other Desirable Characteristics
Strong Legs Shiny Hair coat
Prolific Normal Teats Even testicles
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Reasons for Culling
• Overshot and undershot jaws• Cryptorchid• Extra teats• Twisted legs or feet• Poor kid size• Poor maternal instinct• Poor milkers
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Reasons for Culling
Overshot mouth
Undershot mouth
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Reasons for Culling
Extra teats
Split testicles
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Reasons for Culling
Twisted or folded ears
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Reasons for Culling
Abnormal legs
Weak legs
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Reasons for Culling
Deformed hooves
Abnormal horn growth
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Age Determination Thru Dentition
Milk teeth (<1 year old) A pair of permanent teeth (1-1 ½ year old)
Two permanent teeth (2-2 ½ years old)
Three permanent teeth (3-3 ½ years old)
Four permanent teeth (4-4 ½ years old)
Teeth start to fall-off (>5 years old)
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MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
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Fresh milk for ulcers, allergies and lactose intolerance
Butter for wounds
Aphrodisiacs
Skin Care (Soap, Lotion)
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Possible participation of members of the family
and Easy to integrate with other
farming systems
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INTEGRATION PROJECTS
WITH GOATS
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GOAT-MANGO INTEGRATION
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GOAT-RICE INTEGRATION
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Goat-Poultry Integration
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FARM WASTE RECYCLING
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Organic Fertilizer -Legumes
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STARTING A GOAT ENTERPRISE?
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Basic Requirements
HOUSING SYSTEM OF GOATS
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FLS-IGM, Pangasinan
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SRC, CLSU
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SRC, CLSU
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Recommended Floor Space for Goats:
Doe - 1.5 sq. m
Buck - 2 sq. m
Young Stocks - 1 sq. m
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1. Options on goat pen designs
-The provision of housing lowers markedly worm load, thus decreasing mortality of goats by 80-85%. Space requirement of 1 m/hd reduces death and for security reasons
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2. Options on feed resource establishment and management
Optimizes use of local available feeds while meeting the nutritional requirements of the animals. Napier, ipil-ipil, kakawate, rensonii, flemingia, indigofera, acacia pods, hulls, camote vines, are most commonly available.
Almost all farm by-products are used as goat feeds. It ensures food production the whole year round.
Acacia pods Molasses
Napier Paragrass Arachis Flemingia macrophylla
Ipil-ipil Rensonii
Kakawate Indigo Sesbania
Pictures taken at SRC, CLSU
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Paragrass
GrassesGrassesGuinea grass
StargrassNapier
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Paragrass
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Guinea grass
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Forage corn
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Sorghum
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Cut-and-carry plots
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Cut-and-carry plots
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LegumesLegumesDesmanthus Centrosema
Flemingia Stylo
Arachis Siratro Calopogonium
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Calopogonium
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Centrosema
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Stylo
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Arachis pintoii -manimanihan
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Desmanthus
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Acid Ipil-ipil
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Mani-manihan-
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Kamote
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Natural bushes
and trees Rensonii
Acacia Kakawate Indigo
Sesbania Katuray Ipil-ipil
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Flemingia
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Rensonii
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Indigofera
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Kakawate
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Katuray
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Silkworm plant
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Madre de Agua
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Malunggay
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Banana
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Pigeon Peas- Kadyos
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Pigeon Peas- Kadyos
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LEGUME STRATA
Seed Production Integration
Pics courtesy of CLSU-SRC
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Agro-industrial by-products
MolassesPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC
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Crop residues
Corn stovers
Soybean pods
Rice strawAcacia podsPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC
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Processed Feeds
UMMB
Concentrates
SilageUTRSPics courtesy of CLSU-SRC
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3. Alternatives to traditional health management - Deworm kids at 3 months old,
repeat after 3 months;
- Deworm older goats before onset of rainy season, and repeat monthly until Sept. Pregnant does-2 wks before giving birth.
- Deworming and the use of leaves with anthelminthic qualities like kakawate, atis, pineapple reduces egg per gram of feces by 90%.
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3. Alternatives to traditional production management
- Ipil-ipil leaf based for concentrate supplements preparations, with stall feeding of grasses and tree leaves and complete confinement during the rainy season and semi confinement during the dry season, improved production by 60%.
- complete confinement
Ipil-ipil
Courtesy of SRC, CLSU
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Semi-confinement method
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4. Alternatives to traditional grazing management
- Start grazing goats at 9 am, when the dews on the leaves of grasses are already dry to avoid eating of larvae of parasites contaminating the leaves of grasses. The practice RRG for larger lands, and transfer to another paddocks within 3 days reduce considerably worm loads among goats.
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RAPID ROTATIONAL GRAZING
Pics courtesy of CLSU-SRC
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SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
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5. Alternatives to traditional breeding management
- Avoidance of breeding during the months of February and March of each year ;
XXXXXXXXXXX
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Triple Cross(Native-Anglo-Boer)
Courtesy of: SRC, CLSU
Native Goats
The practice of upgrading….
FLS Graduates with their new upgrades
FLS Camiling
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• Improvement or enhancement of the performance of the animal to increase productivity
• Meat• Milk• Dual• Breeder• Money
WHY UPGRADE GOAT ?
ANSWER TO LOW
QUALITY BREEDERS
PROBLEM
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Purebred buck Native doe
F1(50% Purebred:50% Native)
X
1
Purebred buck F1
F2(75% Purebred:25% Native)
X
2
Purebred buck F2
F3(87% Purebred:12.5% Native)
X
3
• Using purebred buck
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Upgraded buck (40 kg)(75% AN:25% N)
Native doe (20 kg)(100% N)
F1 (30 kg)
(37.5% AN:62.5% N)
X
1
Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)
F1 (30 kg)(37.5% AN:62.5% N)
F2 (40 kg)
(68.75% AN:31.25% N)
X
2
Purebred buck (50 kg)(100% AN)
F2 (40 kg)(68.75% AN:31.25% N)
F3 (50 kg)
(84.37% AN:15.63% N)
X
3
• Starting with an upgraded buck
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Triple Cross(Native-Anglo-Boer)
Courtesy of: SRC, CLSU
Native Goats
The practice of upgrading….
FLS Graduates with their new upgrades
FLS Camiling
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5. Alternatives to traditional breeding management
- Avoidance of breeding during the months of February and March of each year ;
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NATIVE 100% 50% N & 50% AN 25% N & 75% AN
Pics courtesy of CLSU, SRC
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REPRODUCTION RATE
• Doe-3 kiddings per 2 years = 6 kids
• First Offspring – 2 kiddings = 4 kids
• Second offspring – 1 kidding = 2 kids
TOTAL = 12 kids
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Production Benefit Mature weight of the animals (kg)
Production Stage
I II III
Doe 20 (Native) 30 (F1) 40 (F2)
Buck 40 (Upgraded) 50 (Purebred) 50 (Purebred)
Offspring 30 (F1) 40 (F2) 50 (F3)
Weight Difference 10 20 30
Economic Benefit
Weight Difference 10 20 30
Price/kg P70.00 P100.00 P150.00
Price Difference P700.00 P2,000.00 P4,500.00
Cost-Benefit Analysis
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7. Goat-based Add-InEnterprises
Cajetas CandyFetta Cheese
White Cheese
Fresh Goat’s MIlk
Jeff Lim’s produce
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FLS-IGM Highlights
6. Proper husbandry practices
Farmers learn to:
- castrate
- hoof trim
- ear tag
- disbud
- make farm record
- mix their farm goat feeds
- - awareness of AI
Technologies taken/FLS-IGM Baskets of Options (BOO):(Alternative Approaches to traditional practices)
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3 for Php 100.00
Php 75.00
•Pasteurized;• Shelf life is 3 weeks;• “Natural Tarlac” Logo
Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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• 150 grams “kesong puti” processed from 1 L of goat’s milk;
• One week shelf life;• Php 100.00 each
Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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Fetta Cheese
Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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• 280 grams fetta cheeze in virgin oil;• Php 220.00/bottle
Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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GOAT MILK CAJETAS10 pcs per pack- Php 60.00
Courtesy of JSJ Farms, Gerona, Tarlac
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Goat Soap Making
Soap used for mange in dogs, skin diseases for goats…etc.
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Vermi-compos production using goat’s manure
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Summary• Before entering into a goat enterprise, capacity building is a must;
• Train your caretaker, the life of your farm.
• Before buying goats, construct a goat house and plant grasses and legumes;
• Kailangan may sipag at tiyaga!• Magne”goat”syo tayo!
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Pasture area• Conclusion:
• There is money in goat production;
• With skills and diligence, extensionists, veterinarians could influence farmers to venture on goat-based enterprises;
• Demand is high, but supply is low.
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Acknowledgment• PCAARRD-FLS-GM Team
• Ms. Ana Marie Alo-Program Developer, PCAARRD
• Dr. Edwin Villar- Director, LRD, PCAARRD
• LGU Camiling
• GASPAT
• TCA-Dr. Max P. Guillermo
• DA-BAR-for funding the research
• Mr. Tony Obligado-DA-BAR
• SRC, CLSU
• JSJ Farms, Mountain Goat Farms, Rofanso Farms
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Thank you!
So you GOAT to believe!
Angie’s kid