practical observation last · 2018. 4. 7. · spectrometer, solid prism, sodium vapour lamp etc....

$: PRACTICAL OBSERVATION LAST · 2018. 4. 7. · Spectrometer, solid prism, sodium vapour lamp etc. FORMULA : Refractive index of the material of the given prism µ =./0 123 4./0 1 4$
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+2 PHYSICS

PREPARED BY J.SHANMUGAVELU M.Sc, B.Ed [P.G. Assist. in Physics]

PRACTICAL

VICTORY

PHYSICS

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J.SHANMUGAVELU M.Sc, B.Ed [P.G. Assist. in Physics] Ph.No: 99522234672

+2 PHYSICSPRACTICAL

Internal assesssment:

1. Attendance 5 mark2. Performance while doing the experiment 5 mark3. Record note book 10 mark

External Examination marks:

1. Formula 2 mark, explanation of terms in the formula 2 mark = 4 mark2. Simplified procedure = 6 marks. If involved with circuit diagram for

procedure 3 mark and for circuit diagram 3 mark = 6 mark3. For observations ( Tabular columns) = 10 mark4. Calculations = 8 mark5. For correct result with unit 2 mark

Total = 4 + 6 + 10 + 8 + 2 = 30 marks.

LIONS MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,

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S.No DATE CONTENT PAGE No

TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

1. Spectrometer – μ of a solid prism 4

2. Spectrometer – Grating – Wavelength of composite light

8

3. Metre Bridge 12

4. Potentiometer 16

5. Tangent Galvanometer 20

6. Sonometer - Frequency of AC 24

7. Junction diode and zener diode 28

8. Common emitter NPN Transistor 32

9. Operational Amplifier 36

characteristics

10. Integrated Logic Gates 40


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DIAGRAM:(Not necessary)

To find the angle of prism A To find the angle of minimum deviation D

OBSERVATION:

To find the angle of Prism ‘A’

RAY

VERNIER I VERNIER II

MSR VC TR =

MSR+ (VCXLC)

MSR VC TR =

L.C = 1’

MSR+ (VCXLC)

Reading of the image

reflected from the one

face (R1)


reflected from other

face (R2)

2A= R1~ R2 2A= R1~ R2

Mean 2A =

A =


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1. SPECTROMETER

µ OF A SOLID PRISM

AIM: To determine the angle of a given prism and its angle of minimum

deviation and hence calculate its refractive index.

APPARATUS: Spectrometer, solid prism, sodium vapour lamp etc.

FORMULA :

Refractive index of the material of the given prism µ =./0

1234

./0 14

(No unit)

Where A is the angle of the prism D is the angle of minimum deviation

PROCEDURE:

I. To determine the angle of the prism 'A':

3. Refracting edge of the prism placed facing the collimator.4. Slit is fall almost equally on the two faces of the prism.5.

1. The preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made.

The image on one side is seen through the telescope and the vernierreadings (R1) are noted.

6. The image on other side is seen through the telescope and the vernierreadings (R2) are noted.

7. 2A = R1 ~ R2 . Hence angle of prism ‘A’ can be calculated.

II. To determine the angle of minimum deviation 'D':

1. The edge of the prism is turned away from the collimator.2. The refracted image of the slit can be seen. The prism table is slightly

rotated.3. The image moves, then stops and turns back. The position where it

turns back is the minimum deviation.4. The vernier readings (R3) are noted at this position and the direct ray

reading (R4) are noted.

5. The angle of minimum deviation D = R3 ~ R4

6. The refractive index of the prism is calculated using µ =sin A+D

2

sin A2


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To find the angle of minimum deviation ‘D’ L.C = 1’

RAY


MSR VC TR =

MSR+(VCXLC)

MSR VC TR =

MSR+(VCXLC)


in minimum

deviation position

(R3)

Reading of the direct

image (R4)

D= R3~ R4 D= R3~ R4

Mean D =

CALCULATIONS:

To find “A”

To find “D”


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To find µ

µ =sin A+D

2

sin A2

RESULT:

1. The angle of the prism A = (degree)

2. The angle of minimum deviation D = (degree)

3. Refractive index of the material of the given prism µ = (no unit)


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DIAGRAM: (Not necessary)

Adjusting the grating for normal incidence:


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2. SPECTROMETER – GRATING

WAVELENGTH OF COMPOSITE LIGHT AIM :

To determine the wavelength of the composite light using a diffraction grating and a spectrometer.

APPARATUS: Spectrometer, plane diffraction grating, mercury vapour lamp, etc.

FORMULA :

The wavelength (λ) of a spectral line using normal incidence arrangement

of the grating is given by λ = ./0 6

78 A0

Where θ is the angle of diffraction m is the order

N is the number of lines per unit length drawn on the grating

PROCEDURE:

on the prism table.2. The direct image is seen through telescope and the vernier readings (R )

are tabulated.3. Telescope rotated through 900 and fixed. The prism table rotated

against 450.4. First order diffracted image is obtained in the telescope.5. Reading (R2)are noted for blue, green and yellow rays.6. Angle of diffraction θ = R1~ R2 is calculated.

7. The wavelength (λ) of a spectral line using λ = ./0 6

78 A0


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OBSEVATIONS:

Number of lines per unit length of the grating N = 6 X 105 lines per metre L.C = 1’

RAY


Mean θ MSR VC TR =MSR+ (VC X LC)

MSR VC TR = MSR+ (VC X LC)

Direct ray reading (R1)

Diffracted Ray(R2)

BLUE 9: =

GREEN 9; =

YELLOW 9< =

CALCULATIONS:

λB = ./0 6=

78

=


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λG = ./0 6>

78

=

λY = ./0 6?

78

=

RESUST: 1. wavelength of blue colour λB = A0

2. wavelength of green colour λG = A0

3. wavelength of yellow colour λY = A0


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Before interchanging

After interchanging

OBSERVATIONS :

(i)To determine the resistance of the given coil

S.NoR

(Ω)

Balancing length

Mean X = R

@A

@B(Ω)

Before interchanging

After interchanging

l1(cm) l2=(100-l1) (cm)

l4(cm) l3=(100-l4) (cm)

lR = @CD@E

F(cm)

lx = @FD@G

F (cm)

1

2

3

4

5


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3.METRE BRIDGE

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE

AIM: To determine the resistance of the given coil of wire using a meter bridge

and to calculate the specific resistance of the material of the wire.

APPARATUS: Meter bridge, Lechlanche cell, Resistance box galvanometer, plug key,

High Resistance, wires, screw gauge etc.

FORMULA:

Resistance of the wire X = R HI

HJ Ω

Specific resistance of the material of the wire ρ = KL4M

H Ω m

Where X is unknown resistance R is known resistance, NOis the balancing length of R

NP is the balancing length of X.r is the radius of the wireN is the length of the wire

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.2. The suitable resistance R is set, the Jockey is pressed on the metre

bridge wire.3. The point (J) where the galvanometer shows null deflection is noted.4. The balancing length AJ =l1 is measured and l2= (100 - l1) is calculated.5. The resistance R is increased the balancing length is determined.6. R and X are interchanged and the experiment is repeated as before, for

same values of resistance.7. The balancing length AJ =l4 is measured and l3 = (100 –l4 ) is calculated.

8. The unknown resistance X = RHQ

HJ , where lR =

HRDHS

Tand lx =

H4DHU

T

9. The specific resistance of the wire is calculated from formula ρ =KL4M

H


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(ii)To determine the radius of the coil

L.C = 0.01×10–3mZERO ERROR = ZERO CORRECTION =

S.NoPSR (mm)

HSC CHSC TR = PSR+(CHSC X L.C)

(mm)

1

2

3

4

Mean d =

Radius r =

CALCULATIONS:

S.NOlR =

HRDHS

Tlx =

H4DHU

TX = R

HQ

HJ

2.

1.

3.

4.

5.

Mean =


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Calculation of specific resistance ρ:

ρ = KL4M

H

RESULT: 1. Resistance of the wire X =......... Ω

2. Specific resistance of the material of the wire ρ =...............Ω m


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION:

S.No

Balancing length

for Lechlanche cell

Balancing length

for Daniel cellWC

WF=

@C

@F

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mean =


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4.POTENTIOMETER

COMPARISION OF EMFS OF TWO CELLS

AIM: To compare the emfs of two primary cells using a potentiometer.

APPARATUS: Potentiometer, rheostat, 2V battery, plug key, DPDT switch,

galvanometer, high resistance, wires etc.

FORMULA:

The ratio of the emf of the two cell is YR

Y4=

HR

H4 (No unit)

Where Z[ − emf of primary cell 1 (Lechlanche cell)

ZT − emf of primary cell 2 (Daniel cell)

N[ − is the balancing length for cell 1

NT − is the balancing length for cell 2

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.2. Leclanche cell is ON using DPDT switch. The jockey is pressed on the

potentiometer wire. 3. Galvanometer shows null deflection at the point is noted and balancing

length N[ is measured4. Daniel cell is ON using DPDT switch. The jockey is pressed on the

potentiometer wire and the balancing length NT is measured.

5. By changing the rheostat values N[, NT are measured and the readingsare tabulated.

6. The mean ratio of emf is calculated using the formulaYR

Y4=

HR

H4


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CALCULATIONS:


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RESULT:

The mean ratio of emf of the two cells = (no unit)


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS :

S.NoCurrent

I (A)

Deflection of T.G. (degree) mean θ

Tan θ ]

^_` a

θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4

1

4

2

mean


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5.TANGENT GALVANOMETER

DETERMINATION OF BH

AIM : To determine the value of the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic

field (BH) using tangent galvanometer.

APPARATUS: Tangent galvanometer, ammeter, commutator, battery, plug key,

rheostat, wires etc.

FORMULA:

BH = µ0c

2d e

fdc g Tesla

Where BH – horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field µ0 – permeability of free space(4π x10-7 H/m) n – number of turns of T.G I – current, a – radius of T.G coil θ – mean deflection produced in T.G

PROCEDURE:

1. The preliminary adjustments of the tangent galvanometer are done. Theconnections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. A suitable current pass through tangent galvanometer, the readingsθ1and θ2 are noted.

3. The commutator is reversed, and the readings θ3 and θ4 , are noted. Thereadings are tabulated.

4. Now the mean deflection θ =hRDh4DhSDhU

i is calculated.

5. The experiment is repeated by changing the current and readings aretabulated.

6. The circumference of the T.G coil (2πa) is measured and from which ‘2a’is calculated.

7. The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field BH is determined

using the formula BH = µ0c

2d e

fdc g


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CALCULATION:

Circumference of the coil (2πa) = 50 X 10-2 m

2a = 0.1592m


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RESULT:

The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (BH) = x10-5 Tesla


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OBSERVATIONS :

S.No:Load

M (kg)

Length of the vibrating segment Mean

ℓ (cm) T = Mg

(newton) √k √k@ℓ1(cm) ℓ2(cm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Mean √l

H =

To determine the radius of the sonometer wire

LC = 0.01 × 10–3m ZERO ERROR = ZERO CORRECTION =

S.No PSR(mm) HSC CHSC(mm)TR = PSR+(CHSC X L.C)

2 0

3 0

(mm)

4 0

Mean d = x10–3m

Radius r = x10–3m


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6.SONOMETER

FREQUENCY OF AC

AIM: To determine the frequency of the ac main using a sonometer

APPARATUS: Sonometer, weights, a bar magnet etc.

FORMULA:

The frequency of the A.C main n=1

2√n√o

N Hz

Where, T is the tension of the sonometer wire, ℓ is the resonating length, m is the linear density of the wire

PROCEDURE:

1. The ends of the sonometer wire are connected to a suitable power supply

2. A magnet bar is held at the centre of the wire.3. The sonometer wire is subjected to a suitable load4. Two movable bridges are placed under the wire.

of 6 V A.C.

5. A paper rider is placed between the movable bridges.6. The bridges are adjusted until the paper rider flutters and falls down.

The distance (ℓ)between the bridges is measured.7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are

tabulated.8. The radius of the sonometer wire (r) is measured. The linear density of

the wire is m = π r2ρ, where ρ is its density.

9. The frequency of the A.C main is calculated from the formula n=1

2√n√o

N


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CALCULATION

Radius of the wire r = p

T

Density of the given ( ) wire (ρ) = kgm–3

Linear density m = π r2ρ

[

T√q =


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RESULT :

The frequency of the ac main n = Hz


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CIRCUIT:

JUNCTION DIODE- FORWARD BIAS

ZENER DIODE- RIVERSE BIAS

OBSERVATION:

Junction diode forward bias

Slope = rs

st=

∆vw

∆xw

S.No VF (V) IF (mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


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7.JUNCTION DIODE AND ZENER DIODE

AIM: To study the forward bias characteristics of a PN junction diode and to

determine the forward resistance of the diode.

To study the reverse breakdown characteristics of the zener diode.

APPARATUS: Variable power supply, junction diode , zener diode, milliammeter,

voltmeter etc.

FORMULA:

Forward resistance of the PN junction diode RF = ∆yz

∆z Ω

Where ∆VF - is the forward voltage∆IF - is the forward current

PROCEDURE:

2. For various forward voltages V , the forward current I is measured andthe readings are tabulated.

3.

I. Junction diode (Forward bias)

Draw the graph by ploting VF in X –axis and IF in Y – axis.4. The inverse of the slop gives forward resistance of the diode.

II. Zener diode (Riverse bias)

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.2. For various voltage Vo, the zener current IZ is measured and the

readings are tabulated.3. Draw the graph by ploting the Vo in negative X – axis and IZ in negative

Y – axis.4. Zener breakdown voltage is calculated from the graph.


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OBSERVATIONS :

Junction diode reverse bias

Zener breakdown voltage = V

CALCULATION:

Slope =|

~=

∆

∆yz

RF = [

. =

~

|

= ∆yz

∆z

S.No VO (V) IZ(mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


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RESULT: 1. The forward resistance of the junction diode = Ω

2. The zener breakdown voltage = V


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS

(VCE = 5V)

Slope = |

~ =

∆=

∆y=

ri = [

.=

∆y=

∆=

S.No VBE (V) IB(µA)

1.

2.

6.

7.

3.

4.

8.

9.

10.


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8.COMMON EMITTER NPN TRANSISTOR

CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To study the characteristics of a common Emitter NPN transistor and to

determine its input impedance and current gain.

APPARATUS: NPN Transistor, power supply, microammeter, milliammeter, voltmeter etc.

FORMULA:

1. Input impedance ri =∆y=

∆= Ω

2. Current gain β = ∆

∆= (No unit)

Where ∆V - is the change in base emitter voltage ,∆I - is the change in base current∆I~ - is the change in collector current

I. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.2. VCE is kept constant at 5 V, IB is set at 20 µA and is VBE noted.3. For various IB values the VBE is measured and the readings are

tabulated.4. A graph is plotted by taking VBE along X – axis and IB along y – axis.5. The input impedance is calculated from the reciprocal of the slope of

the curve using the formula ri = ∆y=

∆=

II. TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram2. VCE is kept constant at 5 V, for varies values of IB and the IC

readings are tabulated.3. Plot the graph, IB along X – axis and IC along y – axis.4. The current gain is calculated from the reciprocal of the slope of the

curve using the formula β = ∆

∆=


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TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC

( VCE = 5V )

β = slope =rs

st

CALCULATIONS:

= ∆

∆=

S.No IB(µA) Ic(mA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.


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RESULT: 1. The input and transfer characteristic curves of the transistor in CE

configuration are drawn.

2. The input impedance ri = Ω

3. The current gain β = (no unit)


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CIRCUIT - INVERTING AMPLIFIER SUMMING AMPLIFIER

OBSERVATION - INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

SET S.NO Rs (Ω) Rf (Ω) Vin(V) Vout(V)

Experimental Gain

AV = ( V0 /Vin )

Theoretical Gain

AV = -( Rf /Rs)

I

1 10K 22K 1 -2.2

2 10K 22K 1.5 -2.2

II

1 10K 10K 1 -1.0

2 10K 22K 1 -2.2

3 10K 22K 2 -2.2

4 10K 22K 2.5 -2.2

3 10K 33K 1 -3.3

4 10K 47K 1 -4.7

SUMMING AMPLIFIER:

R1 = R2 = Rf = 10 K Ω

S.NOV1

(Volt) V2

(Volt)

Experimental Output voltage V0

(Volt)

Theoretical output voltage V0 = - (V1 + V2) (Volt)

1 1.0 0.5 -1.5

2 1.0 1.0 -2.0

3 1.0 1.5 -2.5

4 1.0 2.0 -3.0


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9. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

AIM: To construct 1) an inverting amplifier 2) summing amplifier and study

their performance using IC 741

APPARATUS: IC 741 , Bread board, dual power supply 12 V, resistor 10 K, 22 K,

33 KΩ,47 KΩ, voltmeter, etc

FORMULA:

1. Voltage gain of the inverting amplifier AV =y

y = -

z

2. The output voltage of the inverting summing amplifier, V0 = – (V1 +V2)

Where V0 is output voltage, Vin, V1 and V2 are the input voltages, Rf and Rs are the external resistances.

PROCEDURE:

I. INVERTING AMPLIFIER:-1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram using OP AMP

2. Keep R = 10 KΩ, and R = 22 KΩ.3. Set input voltages Vin =1 V , and measure the output voltages V .4. Repeat for various values of Vin = 1.5V,2 and 2.5 V and the readings

are tabulated.5. Keeping Vin =1 V and Rs = 10 KΩ for RF =10 KΩ,22 KΩ,33 KΩ & 47 KΩ.

6. The voltage gain calculated as Experimental gain AV =y

y and the

theoretical gain AV = - z

7. Compare and verify experimental value with the theoretical value.

II. SUMMING AMPLIFIER:-

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram using OP AMPIC 741.

2. Keep R1 = R2 =RF = 10 K Ω.3. The input voltages are kept as VI = 1V, V2 =2V and measure the output

voltage Vo.4. The experiment is repeated for different sets of values for V1 and V2

and the readings are tabulated.5. Verify the summing action of the amplifier is verified.


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CALCULATION:

Inverting amplifier - Experimental Gain

Theoretical Gain


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Summing amplifier

1. Vo = – (V1 + V2) =

2. Vo = – (V1 + V2) =

3. Vo = – (V1 + V2) =

4. Vo = – (V1 + V2) =

RESULT :

1. The inverting amplifier are constructed using OP-AMP and gain is determined.

2. The inverting summing amplifier is constructed and the output voltage isfound to be the sum of the applied input voltages


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PIN CONFIGURATIONS:( Not necessary)

1)For IC’s 7400 (NAND), 7408(AND), 7432(OR), 7486(EX-OR)

2) For IC 7402(NOR) - Quad 2 input 3) Hex inverter NOT (7404)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

IC 7432 (OR) TRUTH TABLE (OR)

A B Y = A+B

0 0 0 1 1 0

1 1

IC 7408 (AND) TRUTH TABLE (AND)

A B Y = A.B

0 0 0 1 1 0

1 1


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10. INTEGRATED LOGIC GATE CIRCUITS

AIM: Study the truth table of logic circuits OR, AND, NOT, NOR,NAND, and

EX-OR.

APPARATUS: IC TRAINER KIT, ICs 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408, 7432, and 7486

FORMULA:

1. OR function Y =A + B2. AND function Y = A.B

3. NOT function Y = A4. NOR function Y = A + B5. NAND function Y= A. B6. EXOR function Y= Y=A⨁B =AB+AB

Where A and B are inputs and Y is the output.

PROCEDURE:

Boolean

expression

IC

Number

1 OR Y = A+B 7432 1,2 3

2 AND Y = A.B 7408 1,2 3

3 NOT Y = 7404 1 2

4 NOR Y = + : 7402 2,3 1

5 NAND Y = . : 7400 1,2 3

6 EX-OR Y= ⨁:=AB+AB 7486 1,2 3

1. Place the suitable IC on the IC TRAINER KIT.2. The connections are made as shown in pin configuration diagram of the

gates.3. For various input combinations, the output LED is checked.4. If the LED is OFF, the output is logic ‘0’5. If the LED is ON, the output is logic ‘1’6. Verify the truth table in all the possible input combinations.7. Comment on the logic function of the IC.8. Repeat the above steps in all the ICs.


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IC 7404 (NOT) TRUTH TABLE(NOT)

A Y=

0

1

IC 7402 (NOR) TRUTH TABLE (NOR)

A B Y= + : 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 1

IC 7400 (NAND) TRUTH TABLE (NAND)

A B Y = . :

0 0 0 1 1 0

IC 7486 (EX-OR) TRUTH TABLE (EX-OR)

1 1

A B Y=⨁:

0 0 0 1 1 0

1 1

CALCULATION:


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RESULT: The performance of digital gates OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and EX-OR are verified using IC chips.


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practical observation last · 2018. 4. 7. · spectrometer, solid prism, sodium vapour lamp etc....

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