Practise yourTensesDonald Adamson

~1Il~

L III III IIIongman=

ContentsForms expressing the present

1 Simple present: positive statements and questions2 Simple present: mixed positive and negative statements and questions3 Present progressive: positive and negative statements4 Present progressive: positive and negative questions with answers5 Mixed present simple and progressive forms

Forms expressing the past6 Simple past: positive statements and questions7 Simple past: negative questions and statements8 Simple past: mixed forms (positive and negative statements/questions)9 Past progressive: positive and negative statements/questions

10 Past progressive and simple past11 Present perfect: questions and statements; some expressions of frequency12 Present perfect: positive and negative forms; use withfor and since13 Present perfect: mixed simple forms, including negative questions14 Present perfect progressive: questions and statements; negative statements15 Present perfect: mixed simple and progressive forms16 Present perfect and simple past17 Past perfect: positive and negative statements and questions18 Past perfect progressive: positive and negative statements19 Past perfect: mixed simple and progressive forms20 Mixed past and perfect forms: statements about the past21 Mixed past and perfect forms: statements and questions about the past

Forms expressing the future22 Future with will and shall 3523 Questions with shall for offers, suggestions; requests for suggestions and advice 3724 Future with will and shall: mixed questions and statements 3825 Future with going to 3926 Mixed will/shall and going to forms 4227 Future expressed by present progressive: contrast with will and going to future 4328 Future expressed by simple present 4429 Future progressive with will + ing 4530 Future progressive: contrasted with will future, going to future and present progressive 4731 Future perfect: contrasted with future progressive 4832 Mixed forms expressing the future 49

Tenses in complex sentences33 Reported statements 5134 Reported questions and answers 5335 Tenses with time clauses 5536 .lfwith situations which are real possibilities 5637 .lfwith situations which are unlikely or unreal 5738 .lfwith situations which were possible in the past, but did not occur 5939 Mixed conditional and time clauses 60

Irregular verbs 61

IntroductionPractise your Tenses is a workbook in the Practise your ...eries which is designed to give students practice in particular

areas of English. The main features are these:- Practice is contextualised to make it easier to see the

meanings which determine the choice of a particular form.- Practice is varied. There is a mix of exercise types. There is

also a mix of exercises focussing on form alone with exerciseson the factors which lie behind the use of one form rather thananother.

- As far as logical grouping of the content allows, practice isgraded from straightforward practice with easily-stated rules,to language uses which are more complex and require moresubtle generalisations.The material is designed to be suitable both for students

working on their own or for classroom use. A few exercises of amore open-ended nature are included to allow students topersonalise the language studied. For these it will be helpful toconsult a teacher, or other students. But the material does notneed a teacher to be present all the time. Many students will findsufficient guidance in the explanations and tables before theexercises, and the possibilities set out by the Answer Key.

The workbook sets out to cover the areas of the tense systemwhich are most important for the learner, briefly, and without toomuch complication. There are bound to be omissions, but theseare either not considered central to tense at this level, or else arecovered in other workbooks in the series. For example, thepresent workbook does not set out to cover tense in a wide rangeof modal or tag forms, since these areas are dealt with elsewhere.Similarly, the passive is not dealt with as a topic, though somepassives are included in the form of be with past participle.

The explanations of tenses give some hints on the use ofcontracted ('short') and uncontracted ('long') forms. In general,the policy has been to give contracted forms - which are usedmainly in conversation and informal writing - as the main forms,since they are likely to be of more general use to the learner.

The workbook is intended for adults and young adults, at levelsfrom lower-intermediate to intermediate. It can be used on itsown, or as supplementary material to any structural or notionalsyllabus. It is hoped that the content of the workbook will befound enjoyable as well as useful. The author and the publisherswelcome comments from users.

rT Simple present: positive statements andquestionsThe simple present is used to describe habits and routines, aseries of happenings (as in a football commentary), and opinionsand feelings.

I eatYou washWe hurryThey play

dohaveetc.

He eatsShe washesIt hurries

playsdoeshasetc.

Do I eat?you wash?we hurry?they play?

do?have?etc.

Does he eat?she wash?it hurry?

play?do?have?etc.

IIMadame Clara is a magician. She is assisted on stage by herhusband, Henri. Today she is telling a theatre manager about heract. Fill in the sentences below using the verbs given for eachpicture. Note that the verbs are not in the correct order.

begin fly grow sayI usually 1 b~_i.n _myself. I _2 _

3

some magic words. A bird

out of an empty cage, and a flower

_4 in an empty pot.

choose cover turn applaud tell

omeone from the audience _9 _

my back, and Henri______ my eyes. I _12 _

n what the card is. Everyone in the

join put come go

Then Henri 5 me on the stage. He

6 into a box. I 7 knives

through the box, but he always _8 out

alive!

~~.~/ ~~·-I

:>I~~~~~~f)~".~ o~f~p~. ~f~~~~"""

"'1,~1I7/'. All1"'/ • ., •.

catch disappear throwHenriandI 1_4 _

_15 them! They

in clouds of smoke!

!Leigh try rise clap

_ trong man from the audience _17____ to

-..:..a piano. He cannot, for it _18 _

my hands, and the.;liano _2_0 into the air!

orchestra _23_____ a mysterious tune.

Then a grey mist 2_4_____ us, and we

-= e theatre manager is very interested in the act, and he wants to-=- d out everything about it. Write down the questions he asks,....::.-IDg the words given below.

Howlthe bird/fly/out of the cage?(J'W dOe1 the biKet' ilY OlAt of the cag_e_? _

2 Simple present: mixed positive and negativestatements and questions

Don't eat? I don't eatyou wash? You do not washwe hurry? We hurrythey etc. They etc.

Doesn't he He doesn'tshe She does notit It

Negative questions with Why ... ? can ask for information or makesuggestions:

Why don't you like her? (asks for information)Why don 'tyou come and see us? (makes a suggestion)

D The teachers at the Express School of English are having a staffmeeting. They are discussing some everyday problems of classesand students. Complete the sentences as in the examples. Use theverbs in brackets, in the negative form where necessary.

Abdullah (ldo)

Why 2

Because he only eneed)

clOe6n't (;\0~Oe1titVIe do It

l1eeM

I (4use) the computer with my group.Why 5 ?

Because the programmes for it (6seem)

SUE: Lucia and Leif Cfind) the work interesting.DIRECTOR: Why 8 ?

SUE: They (9think)

GARETH: Gustav and I eOget on)LUCINDA: Oh? Why 11 ?

GARETH: The problem is, we (12share) / the same political

opinions.

Why 14 _

Because she e5g0)

The reading textbook e6suit)

group.

DIRECTOR: Why 17 _

LUCINDA: Julio and Sergio (19 like)

MARY: Why 20 ?

LUCINDA: Oh, it's because they CZ1disagree)

I!I Fill in the blanks in the conversation below, using the correct formof the words given in brackets.

__ I1_cvte___ spending the whole of the weekend at home. Let's go out.I ehate)

Where CZyouwant)

Why enot we go)

(4show)

I (5not feel)

(6say)

Cknow)

(9nat we go)

To be honest, his playing eOnot appeal)

Well, why (llnot you go)

(12not matter)

to go?

to the film club? Most weekends it

_____ that Abe Clampit, the jazz pianist, is giving a concert tonight. I

_____ you (8Iike) jazz. Why

to the film on your own? It

to me if I (13stay) at

home and watch TV for once.

TOM: We could go and see your sister, if you e41ike) . We haven't seen her for ages.

LUCY: That's a good idea. She's lonely where she (15live) now. She

e6stay) at home all the time. The buses

e7not go) to that part of town, and she

(18not get out) at all.

Make suggestions to your partner using the forms:Why don't we ... ? or Why don't you ... ?

Give a reason for your suggestion.Your partner agrees or disagrees with the suggestion, and gives a reason.

W Present progressive: positive and negativestatementsThe present progressive is used to talk about events which aretaking place at the moment of speaking. (For the use of thepresent progressive to talk about the future, see page 43.)

I'm readingYou're lyingWe're makingThey're hittingHe's hurryingShe's etc.It's

In formal, especially formal written language, long forms are used:I am, you are, we are, they are, he is, she is, it is.

I'm not reading

You aren'tetc.

WeThey

He isn'tSheIt

In formal language, the long forms I am not, you are not, etc. areused.

I'm not (reading, etc.) is the only short form that can be used with 1.We can also use this type of short form with other persons: you're notreading, he's not reading, etc. This emphasises not and makes thenegative idea stronger.

I'm a director at Merlin Books. One of our books has just solda million copies, so some of us are having a party, and othersare just relaxing.

IIComplete the sentences below using the words in brackets. Usenegative forms where necessary.

Doris the secretary(type, dance)

Harry the doorman(sleep, stand)

~ Me~Wtg_ in a chair. _

Dave and Len, the repair men(repair, listen)

3 They

the radio.

The company cat(sit, catch)

The switchboard operator(answer, let)

The telex machine(print, get)

The directors(cut, make)

I(eat, try)

4 Present progressive: positive and negativequestions with answers

Am I coming?

Are etc.youwethey

Is hesheit

Aren't I coming?you etc.wethey

Isn't hesheit -

In formal language, or to change the emphasis, the long forms can beused:

Why am I not coming?, Are they not coming?, etc.

Negative questions beginning with aren't and isn't (yes/no questions)sometimes suggest surprise or annoyance.

IIRon Crabb is a youth leader. He is helping to organise a summercamp for some young people. Write questions and answers usingthe words in the speech bubbles. Use negative forms (with aren't,etc.) where necessary.

1 you stand2 you help3 do4 Susie do

'Charlie! Why 1 <Afe idOlA ~tanciWJg __ there doing nothing?

Why 2 Jill and Tommy in the camp kitchen?'

'Jill and Tommy 3____________ the cooking today, Ron. It isn't their turn.

the cooking, and she told me she didn't need any help.'

these pieces of wood?

them to the campfire?'

5 Terry take6 he take7 he take8 they use

'It's OK,Ron. 7____________ them to Kim and Mary, on the other side of thecamp.s

There's a terrible smell- 10 _

'Oh dear, I'm sorry, Ron. 11 _

9 you fry10 they burn11 I make

'What a mess this place isl What 12 _

Why 13 _

12 I do13 I lie14 you help

;) Mixed present simple and progressive formso Marja and Bertrand are students in a language school. They are

just getting to know each other. Read part of their conversation.Write the correct form of the verbs in italics (simple orprogressive, positive or negative, question or statement). If theverb is already correct, write 'no change'.

And where lyou comejrom in Finland, Marja?2]comejrom Helsinki. But 3] live there any more. 4My company, Finn-Sport has anoffice in Tempere, so I've moved there.I've heard of Finn-Sport. 5They make skiing equipment?That's right - in fact, all.kind of sports equipment. Actually, the company 6pays for me tostudy here.Really? You're lucky. 7My company sends anyone on language courses. 8]pay for thiscourse out of my own pocket.What course 9you take here? Business English?No, 10] do Business English yet. 11] try to improve my general English - especiallyconversation.Well, 12there seems to be anything wrong with your conversation.13]improve. By the way, 14you know about the disco 15theschool organises?No.When is it?Tonight at 9 o'clock. It's at The Magnet Club, in Holland Road.Unfortunately, 16] know where that is.It's near where 17] live. Look,why 18wemeet before the disco somewhere and havedinner? Then we can go to the disco together.

BERTRAND:

MARJA:

BERTRAND:

MARJA:

MARJA:

BERTRAND:

MARJA:

BERTRAND:

MARJA:

BERTRAND:

MARJA:

BERTRAND:

1 do !1O'U came fyam 102 113 124 135 146 157 168 179 18

Karen is a journalist for a music magazine. She is interviewing RobMeldon, a singer who sometimes gives free concerts to get moneyfor hungry people. Underline the correct verb phrases in thedialogue below.

KAREN: Rob, 1you do/you're doing/are you doing a lot of work to help hungry people at themoment. What 2does make/makes/is making you so interested in helping them?

ROB: Well, 3! don't read/I'm reading/! read the newspapers like everyone else. Everyweek 4you see/do you see/you're seeing pictures of places where the people 5don'tdie/do they die/are dying of hunger. It 6doesn't make/isn't making/makes me soangry when I see that! 7!sn't it making/Doesn't it make/Does it make you angry?

KAREN: Oh yes, Rob. But a lot of people 8arejeeling/jeel/do theyjeel that the problem is so bigthat they can't do anything to help. What 9do you say/don't you say/aren't yousaying to this?

ROB: Just that even the smallest gift lodoesn't help/does it help/helps someone. And also, this:just imagine that you llare living/aren't living/don't live in a place where no rain hasfallen for years. Perhaps you 12don't want/want/aren't wanting to accept help fromothers, but you know you must because your children 13suffer/are suffering/don'tsuffer. If your neighbour has food, you'll accept help from him, won't you?

KAREN: Yes.But I 14see/don't see/'m not seeing exactly what you mean ...ROB: What 15! say/I'm saying/I'm not saying is this: we're all neighbours on this planet, and

we can all help. We 16aren't needing/need/don't need to be a special kind of person to dosomething for others. I mean, 17am! looking/do! look/aren't! looking special? I'm justan ordinary person, and 18! help/am! helping/! don't help in my own way. Anyone can dothat.

[]] Simple past: positive statements and questionsThe simple past is the usual form for talking about events in thepast.

I lookedYou livedetc. dropped

etc.

arosebeatbecamebeganetc.

The simple past form of the verb is the same for all persons. With regularverbs, it ends in -ed.

There are over 250 irregular verbs in English. There is no simple rule fortheir past forms, but see the list of irregular verbs on page 61.

Did I look?you live?he beat?etc. become?

begin?etc.

When did is used to form questions, the base form of the verb is used foreach person. This applies to both regular and irregular verbs.

o Write the correct past forms in the newspaper reports below. Usethe verbs in brackets.

Report 1Ten-year-old Ann Burns eswim) .4WCl m over 40 metres yesterday to rescue her younger

brother when he CZfall) from a boat in Poole harbour. She

ecatch) the exhausted boy by the hair and (4bring) him safely

to the shore. Then, finding that he was unconscious, she (5revive) him by giving

him the 'kiss of life'.

Report 2Dell United (6win) their match against Lee Rovers 3-0 last night, and in so doing

Cteach) Lee a lesson in the art of football. Lee (8find) no

answer to the skill of Dell, who (9thrust) forward from the moment the whistle

eOblow) . Lee (ll hold on) till half time, but in the 47th minute

Smith, the Dell striker, e2shoot) from 50 yards to score a fine goal. Smith (13go

Report 3?olice who (14stop)

<"'discover) that the driver was Mr A Phelps of Newcastle, aged 103. Mr Phelps

r:6learn) to drive in 1906. 'I (17see) the car in my mirror',

(18say) Mr Phelps, but I (19have) no idea it was the police. I

eOput) my foot down and (21drive) off quickly down the

motorway because I e2think) the other car was too close behind me.'

Report 4During yesterday's severe storms, lightning eSstrike) an office building in the

centre of York. It (24start) a fire which (25destroy) the upper

floor of the building and e6cause) £200,000 worth of damage. It

e7 take) firemen over four hours to put out the fire.

The news editor got the newspaper reports by telephone.However, the telephone line was very bad. She did not hear a lotof phrases and had to ask for the information to be repeated.Write questions which the editor asked, as in the example.

1 When she did not hear 40 metres (after verb 1) she asked:Haw fur 0{ Ld Mr e /.YWi.m ?

[I] Simple past: negative questions and statements

I didn't workYou eatetc. etc.

Didn't work?you eat?etc. etc.

Didn't and the base form ofthe verb are the same for all persons.Didn't occurs as did not in formal language.

Questions beginning withDidn't ... ? often express surprise thatsomething expected may not have happened.

IIAnn is talking to Dick about various things, including her recentholiday abroad. There were some surprises in it. Choose thecorrect negative forms in the conversation below. Then put a fullstop (.) or a question mark (?) in the boxes, as appropriate .

.{(The plane didn'D} .ANN. Didn't the plane leave until 11.30- four hours late 0

{They didn't} . D

DICK: Didn't they say why It was late

ANN: No, they didn't. And then someone was supposed to meet us. But

{he didn't} . DOh h'd l' d .didn't he arnve r per aps e come ear Ier an gone away agam.

{he didn't} . D

DICK: Perhaps didn't he know about the plane bemg late

{the hotel didn't 1

ANN: Maybe. Anyway, when we finally got to the hotel, didn't the hotel f want to

. D {Didn't they} . DgIve us rooms They didn't have a record of our reservatIOn

{The travel company didn't} . D

DICK: D'd 't th t I send the hotel a lIst of names1 n e rave company

. . {your holiday didn't} DDICK: From what you say, It sounds as if d'd 't h l'd go very well

1 n your 01 ay

. {didn't I} DANN: Well,a lot of things happened that Ididn't expect

]J Simple past: :rillxedforms (positive and negativestatements/questions )

D A group of hill-walkers has arrived back at a youth hostel aftergetting into difficulties on the hills. The warden of the hostel isfinding out what went wrong.Write the correct form of the verbs in italics (statement orquestion, positive or negative). If the verb is already correct, write'no change'.

LARRY:

WARDEN:

KEN:

Ah, there you are! I suppose lyou got lost in the mist!No. 2The mist covered our side of the hill.Well,what happened? Why 3you got back here before now? It 4got dark two hours ago. Itwas a short trip. 5you had to walk more than eight kilometres.The problem was that 6we took a map with us ...What! 7you took a map! Why 8you checked that before 9you left this morning?Actually, lOwehad a map. But it was the wrong one.But even without a map, llyou have any idea where you were going? It's just a matter ofwalking south along the valley. That's all 12you needed to dO.13You took a compass withyou?Yes, 14Sebastian put a compass in his pocket this morning. But 15heknew how to use it.And where is Sebastian now?We don't know. 16Weleft him behind on the hill while he was trying to use his compass.

WARDEN:

KEN:

WARDEN:

TOMMY:

WARDEN:

LIZ:

WARDEN:

1 no change 9

2 103 114 125 136 147 158 16

[]] Past progressive: positive and negativestatements/questionsThe past progressive is used to make it clear that an action wenton continuously during, or before and after, or until stopped bya certain event. Note that this 'event' can be another action (e.g. Iwas reading when you telephoned) or a time (e.g. I wasreading until 12o'clock last night).

I was readingHe lyingShe etc.It

We wereYouThey

Was I reading?he lying?she etc.it

Were youthey

II

I wasn't readingHe was not lyingShe (formal) etc.It

We weren'tYou were notThey (formal)

Wasn't I reading?he lying?she etc.it

Weren't youthey

Jill and George have been watching a cowboy film in a foreignlanguage. They are not sure what was happening in it. Now theyare discussing the film. Complete the conversation using thewords in brackets.

JILL: In the desert scene, I thought (lthe girl try)

the 9 iKl W1M W0 WI0__ to escape from the

cowboy.

GEORGE: No, (2she not try)

escape from him. CSTheyride)

from the baddies.

JILL: I don't think so. I'm sure (4he chase)

her.

GEORGE: What ("they do) in

that scene on the cliff? (6They climb)

up the cliff to

surprise the bandits?

JILL: Surely not. Cnot they climb)

bank, weren't they?

GEORGE: Yes.But one of them (9work)

time.

JILL: Oh no! (loBe not work)

for the sheriff. (II Be plan)

GEORGE: In the final shoot-out, why (12not he aim)

at the leader of the

bandits? Did you notice that? (13Be shoot)

above his head.

to capture the

leader alive and find out where the girl was.

GEORGE: Why (16not you watch)

it? I thought it was rather fun.

JILL: Oh George, e7you not watch)

either! In fact ( 18yousnore)

in the middle of it!

1& Past progressive and simple pastHere you can see some incidents which took place near Dellfootball ground last week. A policeman is writing a report of theincidents.Write sentences from the report, joining ideas together, and usingthe words given. Sometimes there is more than one possibleanswer, but BE CAREFUL- in one sentence, the past progressiveis not possible with either verb.

Dell fans enter the ground. A group of Lee fans arrive.1 (while) WhiAe DeU ftn'~were enteri.-trg the graut1c(~!.graup of Lee ftH16 arriNed.

We hold our ground well.

3 (until)

Several shopkeepers complain to us.

6 (because)

All this goes on outside.

7 (while)

t perfect: questions and statements;~omeexpressions of frequency-=nepresent perfect is used to talk about actions or events in thepast that are still going on in the present, or are still important forthe present, or are' part of the general experience of someone whois still alive. (It is NOT used when talking about a particular timein the past. Then, the simple past is used.)

IIWelYoulThey 've arrivedhave fallen(formal) etc.

He/Shellt 'shas(formal)

Have l/we/you/they arrived?fallen?etc.

Has he/she/it

Position of expressions offrequency:

Have you everNo, I've neverYes, I've often

sometimes

done it?done it.

done it.

Yes, I've done it once.twice.several times.etc.

IILook at this table of things Marie Leblanc and her brother Pierrehave done, or have not done. Then complete the questions andanswers according to the instructions. Use the present perfecttense, and the words in the table.

ridden a sung in wanted to forgotten been to met you liked thehorse public live in their father's England same record

America birthday

never oftet1 nEWer tMree MVer~1MARIE Uwl~ ti..wr~Ol1cear

a few twiNe VleNer11ever al-wa~,1 never 11everPIERRE t{m~

(Give her answer.) Me? Oh no, _

2 (Ask Pierre about his experience oj horse-riding.) Pierre,

3 (Ask Pierre about Marie's experience of singing in public. )?

4 (You want to know Marie's ideas about living in America

Ask her. ) Marie,

-------_?(Give her answer.) No,

5 (You want to know Pierre's ideas about living in America.

But you are too shy to ask Pierre. Ask Marie instead.) Marie,

?

6 (Are Pierre and Marie good at remembering their father's

birthday? Ask their father.)

Monsieur Leblanc,

8 (You meet Marie at a party. You are not sure ifit is your

first meeting. Ask her a suitable question. ) Marie,

12 Present perfect: positive and negative forms;use withfor and since

Vwe/youlthey haven't arrivedhave not come(formal) etc.

He/she/it hasn'thas not(formal)

I have been here for two hours.( = period of time up to the present)

I haven't played tennis for ten years.(= period of time up to the present)

I have been here since eight 0 'clock.(= point of time in the past)

IIMembers of the Staywell Keep-Fit Club gave up a lot of bad habitssome years ago and started to live in a very healthy way. Thepresident of the club is talking about some of the members.Make sentences using the present perfect withfor or since,according to the sentences and words given. Use positive ornegative forms as indicated.

1 Sid stopped smoking 18 years ago. (smoke (negative), for)Sid YtCN1n't l.W1aked for /8 ~ea_~_. _

7 Sue and Pam stopped taking useless medicines when they joined the health club.(take (negative), since)

8 Bob and I play squash every Friday night. This began when the squash court opened.(play (positive), since)

fl] Present perfect: mixed simple forms, includingnegative questions

Haven't I1we/youlthey come?

Hasn't he/she/itetc.

Examples:Haven't they arrived yet?VVhyhaven't you told them about it?VVhyhasn't she paid the money?

IIMr Barker has arrived at the office in a bad mood. Write thecorrect form of the verbs in italics ( question or statement,positive or negative). If the verb is already correct, write 'nochange'.

BARKER: I asked for the payments list yesterday. It isn't here. Why lit has arrived on my desk?NORRlS: The people in the payments office 2have been very busy recently. Perhaps 3they have had

time to find it for you.BARKER: Humph! And you, Nora. 4Jhave told you always to have a cup of coffee waiting for me when

I arrive?NORA: I'm sorry Mr Barker. The coffee machine 5has broken down.BARKER: Bah! 6Jhave had any breakfast this morning, and now you tell me there's no coffee! And

look! 7The cleaner has emptied my ashtray. It's still full of cigarette ends from yesterday.DAVE: (whispers to Nora): What a bad mood he's in' Perhaps 8his wife has gone on a business trip

again.NORA: (whispers to Dave): Or perhaps 9she has told him how wonderful he is. lOHe'salways

liked hearing that kind of thing, you know.NORRIS: Er ... Mr Barker, llyou haveforgotten something this morning?BARKER: What is it now?NORRIS: 12I've arranged your meeting with Mr Nashimuro, the head of Tony Electronics, just as you

asked me to do yesterday. But 13you have put your tie on.BARKER: Oh dear no, you're right. l4I'veforgotten my tie. Can I borrow yours?

8 _9 _

10 _

11

12 _

13 _

14 _

1

2

34 _5 _

6 _7 _

Have Vwe/you/they been dreaming?etc.

Has he/she/it

El Present perfect progressive: questions andstatements; negative statementsThe present perfect progressive is used to describe continuousor repeated actions extending from the past into the present (oralmost to the present). Questions using the present perfectcontinuous may be understood as complaints or accusations:

Who's been borrowing books without permission?

Several students live together in a flat. Gina is in charge of buyingthe food. Read her conversation with Kate. Make the correctpresent perfect progressive form from the words in brackets.

VWelYou/They 've been dreaminghave etc.(formal)

He/She/It 'shas(formal)

VWelYoulThey haven't been dreaminghave not etc.(formal)

He/She/It hasn'thas not(formal)

II

Negative questions (e.g. Haven't I beentelling you ... ?, Why hasn't he beenworking?) are not so corrunon, and are notpractised below.

GINA: Kate, CI look)

use)

l've been Louki.ftg_ in the fridge. It looks as if esomeone

________________ a lot of food. Is it you, Kate? eyou do)

a lot of cooking?

the kitchen much. (51 eat)

at the student cafeteria.

GINA: Well,what about Vera and Julie? (6they entertain) _

their friends here? I'm sure I've heard them talking to friends late at night.

KATE: Well, I think CVera discuss) politics with

her friends during the student elections. But I'm almost sure (8she not cook) _

.Youknow how she hates cooking. And as for Julie, (9she stay)

out late with her friends most nights.

GINA: Anyway, COwespend) a lot of money on food recently.

KATE: Well, it isn't surprising, is it? (11 Prices go up) all the time.

[ill Present perfect: mixed simple and progressiveforms

B Mrs Ellis is writing to her son, Thomas, who is a student. Write themost suitable present perfect form (simple or progressive) usingthe words in brackets.

21ea.J'C. TA.(TV/,{ <U I

(' It k) It ha1 beekf /Jeuoca.! we.uu /J&nce we IMT-had a .(eHor IT/ern< 'Iou. (l We !tope) to ~eM.IJZCJ1M. if(//.(,· zui.tj (J l1tJT tj{/l(. wJtct-e) fo WJ?

!1(JL( -ICltr.rw -Itcrur -rn. 1;( dt. 'I tn!'i Ie fleA./) (~a fW?J~ -wzea. '1.) _TO U4.

(5 / /.)«rd) a (JM al fo tttn.< tV i-ll ,'J<7HI{ e/ood tutd Wa/tm t ftJ r It eA. 1j(/7,(;r ,It< of ieA. (6 Aewe) _fh wUkf'j /')~.J7f/) -ma ft1-3inea ytn< 6Ae fo -'Tecuf, tlJ1d (7 we put)

ifle4e m "~efJt:vrcet foo.L/le (810 trn) M l(4uJ Ire·u. tnn :Jtn1~

nexi dOOJT, wia (If -nof e"'j~) 9O"CJcI-Aeatf-A.ITecUI. it"" (10 Ita v-e Yo) 9'0 in frJ It.ofiP i-fa f.(" He -tal/e) tll'l Gp&1o.ntrn tUltl wiff k/'(rnu 4,j4,m /Jorrn.. meaMw~/f-e, Ac4 ~a.i (12 ctJ1'I'f.e) _

___ to lUJ /011 lacn:l cHlcI mdk.. J 1ltinlt. (/S Ne n<4,na~~)

irJ loo~ a/""-&7 (;f 'lude wett.(1* 't~ /'ue) a.n.'IHr.Wt'j 01 trlo;c/c A71d/lewA?

Af'ftVl-ellfltj ('S I.e have) 4tloof ttCfW ttn.dt/; a.t -tire /Jame coNeje tJ/) fdO'U. (" UJe !ef)

new.!.J 01 ,{~ .ne9"d'a./tIt lltrn1 -Aw 7l!toihYr. Bur, 0/COUIl4e, lte'.,4 -two '!.u:vz4 t.jOU1'\}(Jt ';~a?t YtlL£,. (17 fie 1I0t- 4a,z;-)________ 1()1t~fl.e;c (It Ie meef) _lfrn< 011 'Yl."f.

BIf '1'/.QW 'd QUJ7. Ivu~ie"x am~ will -6-e CWeTl. 1AJ~ -A.o-p ~ (9 'fdU--I) weLJ{ Ut ·MeW!.. ;z)a 'WAite /J07J1{.G{O r-

io f.Q 01 (ove,f11. ut1{.

[ill Present perfect and simple past

IIComplete the passage below, using the correct form of the verb inbrackets (present perfect or simple past).

The Olympic Games

The original Olympic G.ames ebegin) b!2g<AYl around 800 BC in Ancient Greece,

and (2continue) until they CSbe) abolished by

the Roman Emperor Theodosius in AD 393. The first modern Olympics (4take place)

_________ in Athens in 1896, and since then, more than a dozen different countries

(5stage) the Summer Olympics. The cities of Athens, Paris, London,

Berlin and Los Angeles (6stage) the Olympics twice.

In 1956, Australia Cbecome) the first country outside Europe and

America to stage the Olympics, while Mexico (8be) the first Latin

American country to stage the Olympics, in 1968.

Many of the greatest athletes in the world Ctake part) in the

Olympic Games, but no one eOequal) the achievements of the great

Finnish athlete, Paavo Nurmi, who between 1920 and 1928 (ll.win) nine

gold and three silver medals.

The Olympic Games e2see) many tragedies and triumphs. For

example, in the marathon of 1908, the little Italian, Dorando Pietri eScollapse)

_________ five times in the last part of the race, but (14come)

_________ first - only to be disqualified because spectators (15help )

_________ him over the finishing line. And in 1936, the famous black American

athlete Jesse Owens, e6break) six world records in a single day!

From the first modern Olympics in Athens, when only fourteen countries (17participate)

_________ ,the Olympics e8grow) to include over 140

countries. Gold, silver and bronze medals e9go) to over 8,000 men and

[ZJ Past perfect: positive and negative statementsand questionsThe past perfect is used when we look back from a certain time inthe past to an even earlier time in the past.

I had eatenYou 'd etc.He/She (informal)WeThey

It had

I hadn't eatenYou had not etc.He/Shellt (formal)WeThey

Had I eaten?you etc.he/she/itwethey

Hadn't you, etc.Had you, etc. not(formal)

eaten?etc.

D A group of students are remembering happy moments in theirlives. Complete what Hugo says, using the past perfect, and theideas under the pictures.

Ihad cMmbed a mQl;fntaWr.

The happiest moment ofmy life was on top of amountain in Wales lastsummer. I was happy fora lot of different reasons ...

~"~-""-~ .. __ ._ -

Mygirlfriend agrees to marryme.

II.' .,I",A letter comes with good newsabout my exams.

I spend a wonderful holiday inWales.

My favourite team wins thefootball championship.

1!1 If a room is noisy, we often have to ask questions about theinformation we haven't heard. What can you ask if you don't hearall of the words Hugo says? For example, you may not hear:

1 climbed the mountain in sentence 1, so you ask:

Wh(;lt n(;lli !101A_d_Ol'I_e_? _2 the rope in sentence 2, so you ask:

Wh(;lt hacM1t brQir{evl ?

5 Wales in sentence 5, so you ask:

Where

6 football championship in sentence 6, so you ask:What _

[ill Past perfect progressive: positive and negativestatementsThe past perfect progressive is used when we look back from acertain time in the past to continuous or repeated actions at aneven earlier time in the past.

I been dreamingYou had etc.He/She/It 'dWe (informal)They

It had

I hadn't been dreamingYou had not etc.He/She/It (formal)WeThey

IIThe government of Pacifica started an investigation into itssecurity services after several of its secret agents went over to itsenemy, Arctica.Complete the sentences from the investigator's report, using theverbs in brackets. Use a negative where the meaning of thesentence requires it.

1 'Some of our agents (work)

2 'We (give away)

had be&t1 wurkWrg __ for the enemy for several years.'

secrets to the enemy over a long period.'

3 'The departments in our security services (cooperate)

well with each other.'

4 'Our most trusted agent in Arctica (have)

5 'The enemy (listen)

using secret listening devices.'

6 'Our agents (receive)

(get)

8 'The enemy (feed)

_____________ any useful information out of Arctica.'

us false information.'

9 'For several weeks, one of our agents in Arctica (send)

messages in the wrong code. We should have realised that he had been captured.'

10 'The conclusion: our security services (carry out)

duties efficiently.'

~ Past perfect: mixed simple and progressive formsPositive past perfect progressive questions are formed as follows:

Had1/you/she (etc.) been dreaming?Negative questions (e.g. Hadn't you been expecting this?) arenot so common, and are not practised below.

B Wendy is telling Jo about some of the difficulties she had on herwedding day. Write the verbs in italics in a suitable past perfectform (positive or negative, simple or progressive). If the verb isalready correct, write 'no change'.

WENDY: Well, first of all, I couldn't get my wedding dress to fit. The dressmaker 1had made a mistakein the measurements.

JO: 2you had tried it on in the dressmaker's before that?WENDY: 3I'd had a first fitting two weeks before, but 41 had tried on the final version. There hadn't

been time. 51had made so many other arrangements for the wedding. Anyway, after mysister 6had altered the dress with her sewing machine, Dave phoned to say he couldn't goahead with the wedding. He said he wasn't well. 7He'd been sick that morning.

JO: 8He had celebrated the night before?WENDY: Oh yes. 9He had had a good time with some of the men from his work. And I suppose with all

the excitement lohe had slept well. But I thought h'e had other reasons. Anyway, I was soangry ... llI'd almost decided to call the whole thing off. But then he phoned again. 12Hehadtalked to his father ...

JO: 13His father had given him a few words of fatherly advice?WENDY: Yes, I suppose that was it. Anyway, 14he'd calmed down, and he wanted to go ahead. And we

did. And we've been happy ever since.

1 no chCUlge 8

2 9

3 10

4 11

5 126 13

7 14

@21 Mixed past and perfect forms: statements aboutthe past

___________ her political career while she

estudy) at Woodsville University.

When she first estand) as a

candidate for Woodsville, she (5not win)___________ many votes - Woodsville is a

traditional town, and no woman (6ever be)

a candidate there before. 'They Celect)

the same man, year after year,' she told me, 'and they (Sjust laugh) at

me when I (9get up) to speak.' But she was the winning candidate in

the next election, and since then she eOshow) herself to be a hard-

hitting speaker who (llnever be) afraid to say what she thinks.

In recent months she (12fight) hard to improve the position of

women. She told me the reason. 'I began this campaign because women (13continually write)

_______________ to me, complaining of how their husbands

them. Sometimes their husbands (15throw them out)

of the family home and left them without any possessions. The law

the husband's side in such cases.'

___________ Maria Campos last week, she eSplan)

a new campaign on this question. She (19already persuade)

some of the country's most important legal experts to support her. 'The law must

be changed,' she eOtell) me.

D Complete the newspaper report below using a suitable form of theverbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Maria Campos (lbecome) hM becamestar in the Progressive Party. She (2begin)

(16always take)

When I (17interview)

@] Mixed past and perfect forms: statements andquestions about the past

D What could you say in these situations? Write your own ideas. Usethe tense in brackets. Make the verb negative if necessary.

Example:You go to the doctor because of a problem about sleeping. Whatdo you say? (present perfect progressive)

I've been Me~i.11g b~_. _I ~ewe¥1t been M~W1g-w-e{A-. _

1 The police ask you about your activities at the time a crime was committed. Answer the question.(past progressive)

2 You are a teacher. Yousee that the homework you expected from one pupil is missing. What do youask? (present perfect)

3 You are surprised that a friend doesn't know what happened at a meeting. Is it possible that shewasn't at the meeting? Ask your friend a question. (past simple)

the meeting?

4 Someone asks you your reason for not coming to your team's football practice. Answer thequestion. (past simple)

The reason was that

5 You are sorry about a friend's recent illness. What do you tell your friend? (present perfect)

I'm sorry that

6 Youremember an occasion when you were punished as a child. Say what led up to it. (past perfect)

7 Some students are discussing why Pacifica went to war with Arctica fifty years ago. Yougive youropinion. (past perfect)

I think it was because

8 A friend tells you that he has passed his driving test. Youwonder if this was expected. Ask aquestion. (past simple)

9 Youhear that your friend Ann has been in a car accident. Youwonder if she was the driver.Ask a question. (past progressive)

~ Future with will and shallUses:1 Promises: I'll help you2 Predictions: The population oj the world will reach six

billion by 1995.3 Decisions at the moment of deciding: Very well- I'll see him4 Plans, with expressions of possibility or with conditions:

Perhaps 1'11do it; I think 1'11do it; 1'11do it if I can.5 Offers, suggestions, and requests for advice: Shall I do itjor

you? Shall we go now? What shall I do?6 Orders and requests: You'll do exactly as I tell you; Will you

close that window?7 Refusals: I won't/shan't do it.

I'll comeYou'll etc.He'll/She'll/It'llWe'llThey'll

In formal language, 'll occurs as will, exceptwith I and we, when it occurs as shall. (Butnowadays, will is often used in statementswith I and we also.)

Shall I come?we etc.

Will youhe/she/itthey

It is safer to use shall (not will) in questionswith I and we. Shall I ... ? and Shall we ... ?are the preferred forms when asking forinstructions, suggestions or advice (Whatshalll do? etc.).

I won't comeWe etc.YouHe/She/ItThey

I shan't comeWe etc.

In formal language, won't occurs as will not,and shan't occurs as shall not. Shan't israre in American English.

Won't I come?you etc.etc.

D PromisesA salesman is trying to sell a computer. Complete what he sayswith 'll, will or won't.

wiM give you many years of service. We

2 install it for you. We 3 even give you a special course to teach

you how to use it. But you 4______ find it difficult to learn. You 5 _

9______ give you a 5% reduction on the marked price. And of course, the computer

10______ come to you with a two-year guarantee. But actually, you 11 _

need the guarantee, because there 12______ be any problems with the machine. If there

give you this machine here in the showroom - it's a demonstration model, and

it's rather dusty. I 16______ get you another one from the store downstairs. Please wait a

moment, sir. I 17______ be back in a minute.'

_ PredictionsWrite predictions (what you think, or what your neighbourthinks). Use will or won't. Be ready to give reasons for thepredictions.

In 100 years' time ...There won't be a.1 mG:tYl'1J~~_le_M__ th_eti_e_,,_re_~ow_. _

or There wiM be a Lot mare ~~Ie tttaYl there are now.

Make a prediction of your own about the world in 100years' time.5 _

How about you? In five years' time will you speak English betterthan you do now? Have the same job as you have now? Bemarried? Be rich? Write two predictions about yourself.6 _7 _

~ Questions with shall for offers, suggestions;requests for suggestions and advice

IILook at this table. Then write questions from the table to matchthe answers given below:

Shall I cook a meal for you?

What shall we go to Spain for our holiday this year?

Where do if the money doesn't reach me in time?do the shopping?dance?take Aunt Martha when she comes to visit?wear at the wedding?

Sh~ I M the ..¢Jlqpp-iHIg ?

~ Future with will and shall: mixed questions andstatements

II

LUCAN:

VARGEZ:

TAIT:

VARGEZ:

BELOF:

VARGEZ:

LUCAN:

VARGEZ:

TAlT:

VARGEZ:

1

2

3

4

5

6

38

The year is 1890, during the Pacifican Civil War. A group of rebelsare expecting an attack by government soldiers.Look at the verb phrases in italics. Write them with the correctform of will or shall (question or statement, positive or negative).If the verb is already correct, write 'no change'.

Do you think Ithey'll attack today, commander?My guess is that 2they'll attack until the sun goes down. But 3we'll be ready for them,whenever they come.4They'll be heavily armed, do you think?No. They're coming over difficult country, so probably 5they'll be heavily armed.How many of them 6there will be?Probably around fifty. Anyway, 7there will be more than 100 of them, at the very most.If they want to take us by surprise, 8they'll come at night, through Drybones Canyon. 9I'llgo up to Skull Rock? I can see the canyon clearly from there, even at night.OK. But how lOyou'lllet us know if you see the enemy? Wait ... I've got a plan. Lucan-llyou'll wave a burning stick when you see them. 12We'll take them by surprise, in thecanyon. 13They'll see us coming. I promise you, men, 14we'lllet them get away!But what 15we'll do if they have the new Leafield machine guns?16We'llgive them time to get their guns ready. Come on, men! 17This will be a great victoryfor us!

no chCUl9_e __ 7 _8 _9 _

10 _

11

12 _

13 _

14 _

15 _

16 _

17 _

~ Future with going toUses:1 To talk about a future situation which already has signs or

causes in the present: Look at that wall! It's leaning out - it'sgoing to fall down one of these days.

2 To talk about intentions concerning things already decided(not newly decided): I'm going to paint my room thissummer - I've already chosen the colours I want.

3 To express firm determination: He said that about me, did he?I'm going to say something to him when I see him next!

As usual, the uncontracted forms I am, you are, he is, etc. can occur informal language.I'm going to fall

You'reetc.

We'reThey're

He'sShe'sIt's

I'm not going to falletc.

YoulWe/Theyaren't

He/Shellt isn't

Negatives with not can be used with all persons:You're not going to have this one.He's not going to get help from me. etc.

This may suggest strong determination not to allowsomething to happen.

AmI going to fall?etc.

Are we/you/they

Is he/she/it

Am I not going to fall?etc.

Aren't you/they/we

Isn't he/she/it

111 it 9oit19_to_m_iM_? _YeI.l)i.t1 goi"g to rain. There are cJ.cwM i.fI the J6k~L'or No)i..t ~n'tgoit1g to r",in.The cLaud6 are 901n9 awa~~

D Going to for future situations with signs observable inthe present

Look at the pictures below. What do you think is happening inthem? Write questions with going to using the words inbrackets. Then answer the question according to your own ideas,and give a reason.Example: (it-rain)

ANSWER

+ REASON:

III Going to for intentions already decided and firmdetermination

Read the following situations. Write or complete sentences tomatch each situation. Use negatives where necessary.

1 Susan has decided to buy a new dress. What does she tell herfriend?

I'm goiYlg to blAy_IA_Yl_ew_dhi_e-Y.)_" _

3 Susan has decided that the dress she needs is an evening dress.How does she answer her friend?

4 Mr Butcher is a teacher at Rottenbrick School. He isdetermined to stop some boys from playing football in theplayground. What does he tell them?

in the playground, do you hear?

5 Later, he sees that someone has written a rude message abouthim on the blackboard. What does he say to himself?

________________ the boy who wrote

this message!

him get away with it!

6 Arctica has declared war on Pacifica. The Chief of the Arcticanarmy is getting his soldiers ready to march. What does he say tothe soldiers?

Soldiers! The time has come! Tomorrow _

7 The soldiers of Arctica do not want to fight. What do they say?

The people of Pacifica are our brothers.

~ Mixed will/shall and going to forms

o John and Carol are making plans for a day's holiday. Form asuitable will/slwll or going to form from the words in brackets.Sometimes both forms are possible.

JOHN: Look, there isn't a cloud in the sky. (lIt be)

glorious day. (2we go)

lfu gair1g_to_be a

to the beach, but (41 not swim) _

_______ .The water's still too cold.

JOHN: I don't think (51 swim) either. But (61 take)

________ my swimming things with me. If the sun gets very hot I expect CI be

glad) to jump into the water.

CAROL: (81 lie) in the sun a lot this year. I need sunshine after all

the rain during the winter. I know (9it do) me good.

JOHN: It's a holiday today. That means (lOthere be) a big crowd

of people at the seaside.

CAROL: But I'm sure (llthere not be)

Beach. (12Weprobably have)

In which blanks above are both will/shall and going to formspossible? Give three examples.Numbers _

~ Future expressed by present progressive:contrast with will and going to future

II

Uses:The present progressive (we're meeting, etc.) can be used to talkabout the future in the following cases:1 The 'arranged future', for arrangements that have already been

made: I'm seeing him at 10 o'clock tomorrow - I've alreadyphoned him about it; We're getting a new room added toour house - the work is due to begin next week.

2 With any intention, when there is a verb of motion: I'm goingto London tomorrow.

3 In general questions about plans: Are you doing anythingtonight?

Read the situations below. In most (not all) of them, you coulduse a present progressive form, but another form may be possiblealso. Choose (a), (b) or (c) and circle the letter.

1 Helen's secretary reminds her of her intention to travel toChicago. What does the secretary say?a Remember - you're flying to Chicago next week.b Remember - you'll fly to Chicago next week.c Either (a) or (b).

2 Jim has invited some friends to his house for dinner.As a result, he cannot go to a football match. What does he say?a I can't go. I'm having a meal with friends that

night.b I can't go. I'll have a meal with friends that night.c Either (a) or (b).

3 Terry has to go away for a few days. He is worried about whatwill happen to his cat during his absence. His neighbourpromises to help. What does the neighbour say?a Don't worry. I'm feeding it while you're away.b Don't worry. I'll feed it while you're away.c Either (a) or (b).

4 Andrew has booked a hotel in Athens as part of a business trip.What does he say?a I'm spending four nights in Athens.b I'm going to spend four nights in Athens.c Either (a) or (b).

5 Marion isn't looking forward to the arrival of workmen nextweek. She knows the house will be in a mess. What does she sayto her friend?a What a nuisance! We're getting central heating put in next week.b What a nuisance! We'll get central heating put in next week.c Either (a) or (b).

~ Future expressed by simple presentThe simple present is used for events in the future which are partof a prearranged prograrmne or timetable:

The meeting starts at 6 o'clock.We leave on Thursday.

IIMrs King, Director of Studies at Brightburgh College, is telling thestaff about arrangements for welcoming new students to thecollege tomorrow.Complete what she says by using the verbs in the box, in theircorrect form. Usually, the simple present is suitable, but inTHREE blanks the future with going to should be used.

assemblegive

visithave

returnenjoy

makefinish

try outbegin

getdivide

meetarrive

So please, everyone, listen carefully. The new students 1 a66en1ble tomorrow at 10

o'clock. We 2 them coffee and biscuits, and then at 10.45,Mr Carruthers,

4_________ the students into groups to visit different parts of the building.

As some of you may know, this year we 5_________ a new examination system,

including a special project using books from the college library. So part of the programme tomorrow

is that at twelve o'clock the groups 6_________ in the library for a talk from Mrs

Lindsey, the librarian.

Now, as regards tomorrow afternoon: at two o'clock the bus 7 _

students on a tour of Brightburgh. According to the radio, the weather 8 _

we 9 the Roman Camp and the Cathedral, and then around five o'clock the

bus 10 to the college.

half past seven. We 12_________ a very nice programme arranged for this, so I know

everyone 13 it. The party 14 around half past

~ Future progressive with will + ingUses:1 For actions or events that occur as a matter of course, with no

deliberate intention or effort: I'll be seeing him at the clubtomorrow - he's usually there when I'm there.

2 Out of politeness, to avoid any idea of wanting, requesting orpromising: Will you be going there? (compare Will you gotherejorme?), Yes, I'll be going there (compare Yes, I'llgothere because you've asked me to).

3 For continuous actions taking place before and after, or duringsome future time: At seven o'clock tomorrow I'll be ha vingmy breakfast.

I'll be comingYou'll etc.He'll/She'llWe'llThey'll

It will

I won't be comingYou etc.etc.

Will I be coming?you etc.etc.

II

In formal language, 'll occurs as will, or as shall with I and we(see page 35).

Won't occurs as will not in formal language. In British English,shan't or shall not (formal) can be used with I and we(see also page 35).

Positive questions, e.g. Will you be seeing him?, You'll beseeing him tonight, won't you? are fairly common. Negativequestions, e.g. Won't she be speaking at the meeting? are heard lessoften, and are not practised below.

The Tibbs family have just come back from a long trip round theworld. For most of them, this means that they will go back to theirordinary (rather boring) routines. You are looking at somephotographs with Mrs Tibbs, and asking questions about thefamily's plans now.Form questions and answers, using the words given.

wiM SlAe be daiMg _

for the rest of this year?

eshe go back)

old school?

Yes. eShe play)

her friends again. eShe not ride)

on camels in Arabia.

How about Tim and tom? r expect (5they camp)

_____________ with the Scouts again, won't

they?

Oh yes. (6They camp)

the Scouts. CThey not camp)

on the plains of Kenya.

And you and your husband? (8you have)

another holiday this year?

No. (9We stay)

(lOWenot gaze)

Mahal by moonlight!

_____________ in Newtown.

at the Taj

And you, yourself? (llyou come)

to the Women's Club this year, won't you?

That'night. e2r make) jam

for the Women's Club. (13rnot make)

_______ birds' nest soup unless it comes out of a tin!

How about Grandpa Tibbs? r suppose (14hehave)

________ his daily beer and sausage at the Crown

Hotel, again, won't he?Of course. e5He eat) good

old British food. (16Henot eat)

snails in Paris.

And what about Grandma Tibbs? (17she stay) _

_______ in Newtown?

No, eSshe not come back) to

Newtown for another two years. She's going round the world

again!

@Q] Future progressive: contrasted with will future,going to future and present progressiveChoose the best answers in the dialogue below. Circle (a), (b)or (c).

MRS FaY: la Willyou be doingb Are you doing anything special tomorrow, Bill?

(9Either (a) or (b).

2a I'll be goingBILL: Not really. I suppose b I'll go to Newtown as usual in the morning and in

c Either (a) or (b).3a I'll be studying

the afternoon b I'll study for my exams.c Either (a) or (b).

4a Willyou be gettingMRS FaY: ® Willyou get something for me from the shops in Newtown, please?

c Either (a) or (b).

7a I'll be gettingBILL: Well, certainly iJ I'll get one for you. But why don't you buy a cat?

c Either (a) or (b)..

~ I'll be doingBILL: Yes, of course. I expect b I'm doing some of my own shopping anyway.

c Either (a) or (b).

MRS FaY: You see, I need a mousetrap. Last night I heard a mouse in the house. I hate6a I'll be catching

mice! I've decided b I'm going to catch it.c Either (a) or (b).

Sa I'll be gettingb I'm going to getf Either (a) or (b).

9a I'll be seeingone soon. In fact, b I'm seeing

C" Either (a) or (b ).lOa he'll be having

[) he'll havec Either (a) or (b).

@] Future perfect: contrasted with future.progressIveThe future perfect is used to predict situations at certain times inthe future. It refers to actions or events that will already becompleted at these times.

I'll have finishedYou'll etc.He'll/She'll/It'llWe'llThey'll

In formal language, will and shall occur in the usual way (seepage 35). See page 35 also for the use of will not, shan't andshall not.

I won't have finishedYouete.

Will I have finished?youetc.

IIThe president of Pacifica is making a speech on television.Complete the blanks with a suitable future perfect (will havedone) or future progressive (will bedoing) form. Use the wordsin brackets.

1 Citizens of Pacifica! In twelve months' time, the average income of our people (rise)_wiM_· __ h_aN_e_r_it1_er1 by five per cent, while inflation (not ri~e)

________ at all.

2 By 1992, neighbouring countries (marvel)

they (not equal)

3 In fact, by 1993,we (overtake)

4 By 1994, our factories (produce)

5 By 1995, the number of schools in our country (double)

6 By 1996, we (build)

7 By 1997,you (enjoy)

____________ 200 new hospitals.

____________ a better standard of living than at any

~ Mixed forms expressing the future

D Danny is a young businessman. He is planning to open a disco -but he needs more money. He asks another man, Ned Lucas, tohelp him with the money.Fill in the blanks below with a suitable form expressing the future.Use the words in brackets. Often, more than one answer ispossible.

'Ned,eIopen) I'm going to 9P_et1 _

. ;nonths now. But (2it take)

,_...-- me £50,000? (41 pay)

a disco. I've been planning this for some

a lot of money to get it started. eyou lend)

______ it back soon - (5you not have

to) wait long.

Of course, you could join me as a partner. (6We share) the profits.

This disco Cbe) a great success, because there's nothing for teenagers

in this town at the moment. Every businessman in town (Swish) he had

thought of it. In six months (9we recover) all the money we've

put into it.

Look, Ned. eOyou not get) another chance like this! The thing is, I

can buy it at a really low price! It's a nightclub at the moment. But the owner has had trouble with the

police, and (llhe not be able) to continue with the club much

longer. He wants to get rid of it, so (12he sell) it to me cheap. We've

already agreed matters on the telephone, and (131meet) him tomorrow. The

timetable is that e4we sign) the agreement tomorrow, and (151

him the money within fourteen days. I know that if I don't pay in

___________ some of his friends round to see me. So I must get

pay)

time, e6he send)

the money, somehow.'

Can you find an example in the above verb phrases of thefollowing? Write down the numbers.

1 apromise

2 an intention already decided, or firm determination

3 a future situation with signs or causes in the present

4 a prediction

5 something routine, or natural, that will happen as a matter of course

6 an arrangement made with another person

7 an action belonging to a fixed timetable;t..

Write sentences giving your own ideas, or find out what a friendthinks, about:

1 the date of an important development in science (e.g. the first people to land on Mars)

People will land on Mars in

2 the next winner of an important sporting event (e.g. the World Football Cup)

4 a promise you have made, or think you ought to make to your husband, wife, father, mother,brother, sister, or friend

6 something natural or routine, which will happen as a matter of course (whether anyone wants itor not)

~ Reported statementsDirect speech'1want to buy it. ''I've come to mend the machine. ''1lost my watch''I'll help with the work. '

He says(that)

NotesWould is used for the 'conditional' form ofthe verb: he would help, etc.(would is the same for all persons).~~

,am/is ~ was; are ~ were;present progressive ~ past progressive;won't ~ wouldn't

He said(that)

D Pacifica has a new government today. The new president, MrsGoodman, is making a speech about the old government (ofPresident Badley), and explaining what the new governmentplans to do.

1 Badley has damaged thecountry.

4 We will form an honestgovernment.

6 We won't prevent anyonefrom giving his opinion.

8 I have promised thepeople this, and I willkeep my word.

2 The country has notbeen well-governed.

9 We are going to put thecountry right.

Reported speech (no change of tense)

he wants to buy it.he's come to mend the machine.he lost his watch.he'll help with the work.

Reported speech (with change of tense)

he wanted to buy it. (present ~ past).

he had come to mend the machine.(present perfect ~ past perfect)

he had lost his watch.(past simple ~ past perfect)

orhe lost his watch. (no change needed if

the time sequence is clear)

he would help with the work.(will~ would)

3 Badley's governmentacted dishonestly.

Dishonest officials will bepunished.

7 There won't be anyreturn to the bad olddays.

10 A new age is beginningfor everyone.

Not everyone who is listening to the speech agrees with it. Writesentences as in the example.

1

2

3

4

5

6-.,7

8

9

10

She ~4 Badl~ ~ ciamaged the COlAntr~ - blAt ne hCN:nit.

I!I What does the ambassador from Atlantica report.back to hisgovernment? Write sentences as in the example.

1 Sne Mid that BCAdle!::j had da..m~gedthe cauntr0_. _2 _3 _

4 _5 _

6 _7 _

8

9 _10 _

~ Reported questions and answersFor reported questions, tense changes after He asked, Iwondered, etc. are the same as for reported statements.

'Do they want to buy it?''Have you seen my book?''Did she do it?''Willhe arrive in time?'

'~at do they want to buy?''Wlpichbook have you seen?''Who did it?''When will he arrive?'

I asked if they wanted to buy it.She wondered whether he had seen her book.He wanted to know she had done it.etc. he would arrive in time.

t

what they wanted to buy.which book he had seen.who had done it. or who did it.when he would arrive.

Note how the word order of questions changes when they becomereported questions.

IIAfter taking part in a big bank robbery, Donald Boggs escapedabroad, to places where the British police couldn't get him. Nowhe is living in San Bernardo. Ted Slant, a British journalist, hascome to interview him. Write reports from the interview as in theexample.

1 I asked him wnat ~yt ~e MadJ2Lal1ed in the robber!1__

SLANT: What part did you play in the robbery?BOGGS: I drove the car for the getaway.

SLANT: How long have you been living inSan Bernardo?

BOGGS: I've been here for six years. I was livingin San Pedro before, but the police therethrew m.eout.

SLANT: Are you happy in San Bernardo?BOGGS: No, I'm not. I don't speak the language.

SLANT: Willyou ever go back to Britain?BOGGS: I won't go back until the police drop the

case against me - and they'll never dothat.

SLANT: What do you miss most aboutBritain?

BOGGS: I miss the pubs and the football. But it'sworst at Christmas. I always feelmiserable then.

,because

in prison.

~ Tenses with time clauses

Future Present orPresent perfect

I'll start the work when you pay me.I won't start the work until you've paid me.

Simple past Simple past

as soon asI started the work when he paid me.

after

Simple past

I started the work

Past perfect

he had paid me.

Present perfect

I've lived in Newtown

Simple past

I moved there in 1985.

IITom Jones is a gardener at Moxley Hall. He is talking about hislife, past and future. Write sentences from the ideas given. Put thetime words in brackets at the correct place in the sentence.Change the verbs to a suitable tense.

The present perfect suggestsan interval of time between.payment and starting thework.

The past perfect suggests aninterval of time betweenpayment and starting thework.

1 my father (teach) me gardening - I (be) a boy(when)--.Mlj fttttter- talAght me garcienWig whe¥t I WM a bQ11. _

2 the offer of a job at Moxley (come) - I (join) the army(ajter)But _

3 I (not start) at Moxley - I (leave) the army

(until) So

4 I (start) - I (know) I would like it here

(as soon as)

5 I (be) here - I (start) the job in 1961

(since)

6 the head gardener (retire) next year - I (become) head gardener in his place

(when)

7 I (get) a rise in my wages - I (be) head gardener(as soon 0-$) _

@§] If with situations which are real possibilities

An if-clause of this type is sometimes knownas the 'first conditional'.

Present Present or Future

If water is heated it boils.to 100°C. itwiU boiL

If a baby is hungry, it usually starts to cry.it wiU usually start

An if-clause can be used in stating generalrules or laws.

IIAnn and Celia are writers for television. They are discussing howto continue a 'soap opera' (a story which goes on week afterweek). Underline the correct choices in the dialogue below.Sometimes both choices are correct. Note that 0 = 'no word atall'.

CELIA: The problem is, lif/!/J Margaret 2wiU marry/marries Henry, 3if/!/} our viewers4don't/won't like it.

ANN: Why not?CELIA: Well,He~ry's so lazy. As I see it, 5if/!/} a person 6is/wiU be energetic, like Margaret,

7if/!/} she 8isn't/won't be the right kind of person for someone like Henry.ANN: Maybe you're right. But often 9if/!/} people lOare/wiU be attracted to each other

llif/!/} they 12are/wiU be different from each other.CELIA: OK.I've got an idea: 13iff0 people 14always get/will always get interested

15if/!/} there 16is/wiU be some character they really dislike. Right? So let's make Henryreally unpleasant. Then 17if/!/} it 18looks/willlook as if Margaret is going to marryHenry, 19if/!/} people 2o.teel/willjeel sorry for her. And of course, 21if/!/} everyone22is/wiU be happy 23if/!/} we 24save/'ll save her from Henry at the last moment.

@7] Ifwith situations which are unlikely or vnrealAn if clause of this type is sometimes known as the 'secondconditional'.

1Past 'Would'If she went to work in France she 2would learn French very quickly.

(these things are unlikely to happen)If I 3were younger I would apply for the job.

o am not younger, so these are not real possibilities)

'Would' PastThey would be very angry if they found out.

(these things are unlikely to happen) /'I would take his remarks seriously if I didn't know him so well.

(but I know him, so these are not real possibilities.)

1 With this type of if-clause, the 'past' form is usually the simplepast, but could also be past progressive: If you were living inFrance, you would have togo to school there.

2 Would can occur as 'd informally.3 Note that If I/he/she/it were ... is still considered more correct

than If I/he/she/it was ... in formal writing. But If I1he/she/itwas ... is widely used.

IIMillford Football Club isn't doing very well. The manager isdreaming of things that are unlikely to happen, or are not realpossibilities. Write down what he thinks, according to theinformation given below. Decide whether the if-clause should goin the first or the second half of the sentence.

1 We pay higher wages.If we RCifi,d ~~ner wageo

We attract better players.we wuuW C4ttr~di better" Qlal1er~.

LEAGUE TABLETEAM Played WonlLostlDrewl Pts.MILLFORD 10 .9 10 I 1 28l.IVERPOOL 11 3 17 I 1 10

~\l~O

!l6 Iam sensible. '.

@§l If with situations which were possible in the past,but did not occur

Past perfect 'Wouldhave'If I had seen her I would have spoken to her.

(but I didn't see her, and I didn't speak to her)

Would have and wouldn't haveare the same for all persons:

I would have helped her.She would have done it.They wouldn't have known e

Would have can occur as 'd halinformally.

'Wouldhave' Past perfectShe wouldn't have succeeded if she hadn't worked hard.

(but she did succeed, and she did work hard)

IIThe Principal of the Express School of English is thinking abouthis life, and the conditions that led him to do things. What does hesay to himself? Write sentences with an if-clause.

1 (I started the school after the bank lent me £50, 000. ) If the bank netdn't lerJt me1.50) 000 WU\liLdn't ~GWe .6tarted the school.

2 (I continued because the school was a success.) Iif the school a success.

3 (We won the Pacijica University contract, so we didn't have money problems. ) If "Ve________ the Pacifica University contract, we

______ money problems.

4 (I didn't retire, so we didn't go to live in Italy.) If I - _

to live in Italy.

5 (We didn't build another language lab because there weren't enough students.) We _

6 (We didn't move to a better building because the rent jar this building was so low.) We

___________________ to a better building if the rent for this

a friendly atmosphere.

_ Tell your neighbour about events or decisions which made adifference. to your life. Use ifwith the past perfect tense.

~ Mixed conditional and time clausesIITwo scouts, Alan and Bob, are sheltering from a storm. They are

discussing what has happened, and what to do now. Complete theconversation with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

'LA carr~_OYI__

BOB: Yes.But if I CSknow)

(4never set out)

ALAN: Well, it's a bit brighter now. If it (5stop)

back at the camp by sunset.

BOB: I suppose things could be worse. Do you remember the hill-walk last year? We Chave

to) turn back almost as soon as we (8start)

,when Charlie Dickson (9break)

his ankle.

ALAN: That's right. And that was after we eOspend)

the walk.

BOB: Still, we were lucky that the accident happened so soon after we (llset out)

. If it eZhappen) later, we e3have to)

_____ carry Charlie for miles.

ALAN: Welljust at this moment, I couldn't carry anybody. If a helicopter (l4come)

____ over the top of that hill, I (15wave) to the pilot for a

lift.

BOB: There isn't much chance of that. Anyway, my problem is my feet. They're killing me! I e6put)

some ointment on them if I (17have)

any. But I forgot to pack it.

ALAN: Me too. But the rain's stopped, so let's go. Just think! When we eSget)

____ a good, hot meal at the camp tonight, we (l9te)

that we came.

Irregular verbs( ed) means that the regular form in ed is an alternative to the irregular form.

Base Past simple Past perfect Base Past simple Past perfectarise arose have arisen lie lay have lainawake awoke have awoken light litJlighted have litJlightedbear" bore have borne lose lost have lostbeat beat have beaten make made have madebecome became have become mean meant have meantbegin began have begun meet met have metbend bent have bent pay paid have paidbet bet have bet put put have putbind bound have bound read read have readbite bit have bitten ride rode have riddenbleed bled have bled ring rang have rungblow blew have blown rise rose have risenbreak broke have broken run ran have runbreed bred have bred saw sawed have sawn (ed)bring brought have brought say said have saidbroadcast broadcast have broadcast see saw have seenbuild built have built seek sought have soughtburn burntJburned have burntJburned sell sold have soldburst burst have burst send sent have sentbuy bought have bought set set have setcast cast have cast sew sewed have sewn (ed)catch caught have caught shake shook have shakenchoose chose have chosen shine shone have shonecling clung have clung shoot shot have shotcome came have come show showed have showncost cost have cost shrink shrank have shrunkcreep crept have crept shut shut have shutcut cut have cut sing sang have sungdeal dealt have dealt sink sank have sunkdig dug have dug sit sat have satdo did have done sleep slept have sleptdraw drew have drawn smell smelt/smelled have smelt/smelleddream dreamt/dreamed have dreamt/ sow sowed have sown/sowed

dreamed speak spoke have spokendrink drank have drunk speed sped have speddrive drive have driven spend spent have spenteat ate have eaten spin spun have spunfall fell have fallen spit spat have spatfeed fed have fed split split have splitfeel felt have felt spoil spoilt/spoiled have spoilt/spoiledfight fought have fought spread spread have spreadfind found have found spring sprang have sprungflee fled have fled stand stood have stoodfly flew have flown steal stole have stolenforbid forbade have forbidden stick stuck have stuckforecast forecast have forecast sting stung have stungforget forgot have forgotten stink stank have stunkforgive forgave have forgiven strike struck have struckfreeze froze have frozen swear swore have swornget got have got sweep swept have sweptgive gave have given swim swam have swumgo went have gone swing swung have swunggrow grew have grown take took have takenhang hung have hung teach taught have taughthear heard have heard tear tore have tornhide hid have hid/hidden tell told have toldhit hit have hit think thought have thoughthold held have held throw threw have thrownhurt hurt have hurt thrust thrust have thrustkeep kept have kept understand understood have understoodkneel kneltJkneeled have kneltJkneeled wake woke have wokenknit knit have knit (ted) wear wore have wornknow knew have known weep wept have weptlay laid have laid win won have wonlead led have led wind wound have woundlean leantJIeaned haveleantJIeaned withdraw withdrew have withdrawnleap leaptJIeaped have leaptJIeaped write wrote have writtenlearn learntJIearned have leamtJIeamedleave left have leftlend lent have lent "bear is often used in the passive, with a different pastlet 'let have let participle, e.g.I was born in 1980.

61

ill] Present progressive(pages 8-9) .

• 1 isn't typing She's dancing2 's sleeping He isn't standing f'7l3 aren't repairing ... They're listening L1J Simple past (page 16)

f1l 4 's sitting ... It isn't catchingL1J Simple present (pages 4-5) 5 isn'tan~w~ring".,She'sletting • ANN: The plane didn't leave until• 1 begin 2 say 3 flies 4 grows 6 ~sn'tPJ1!lting... It s get~ . 11.30- four hours late.

5 joins 6 goes 7 put 8 comes 7 ,re cutting.... Th~yare~ t making DICK: Didn't they say why it was late?9 chooses 10 turn 11 covers 8 m not eatmg ... 1m trymg AN"N: No,they didn't. And then12 tell 13 appla'!ds 14 throw rn Present progressive someone w~ s~ppo.sedto meet15 catches 16 disappear 17 tries (pages 10-11) us. But he dldntamve ..Or18 weighs 19 clap 20 rises perhaps he'd come earlier and21 finishes 22 flashes 23 plays • 1 are you standing 2 aren't you gone awayagain.24 hides 25 vanish helping 3 aren't doing 4 Susie's DICK: Perhaps he didn't know about

II doing 5 is Terry taking 6 isn't he the plane being late.1 Howdoes the bird flyout of the taking 7 He's taking 8 They're ANN: Maybe.Anyway,when we finallycage? 2' HoVfdoes Henri escape using 9 Aren't you frying 10 are got to the hotel, the hotel didn'tfrom the box? .)3" Ijow do the balls they burning/aren't they burning want to giveus rooms.Theydisappear? 4, I!0W does the piano 11 I'mmaking 12 am I doing didn't have a record of ourrise into the air?.5 Howdo you do 13 am 1not lying/aren't I lying reservation.the trick with the Cards?' 6 Howdo 14 You'rehelping DICK: Didn't the travel company sendyou make the grey mist? 7 Howdo f5l . the hotel a list of names?you and Henri vanish at the end? ~ MIXedpresent simple and A"lN: Apparently not. Still they let us8 How.longdoes your act last? progressive forms stay in the end.

[]] Simple present (pages 6-7) (pages 12-13) DICK: i!~~w::Jck~ud~~,~t:~:: as• 1 Abdullahdoesn't do'all the written • 1 do you come from 2 no change well.

work. 2 Whydoesn't he do it? 3 I don't live 4 no change 5 Don't A"lN: Well,a lot of things happened3 Because he onlyneeds spoken they make!Dothey make 6 is paying that I didn't expect.English in his job. . 4 I don't use the 7 Mycompany doesn't send 8 I'm fOl .computer with my group 5 Why paying 9 are you taking 10 I'm &1 Simple past (page 17)don't you use it? 6 Because the not doing 11 I'm trying 12 thereprogrammes for it don't seem very doesn't seem 13 I'm improvinguseful. 7 Lucia and Lei!don't find 14 do you know 15 the schoolisthe work interesting. 8 Whydon't organising 16 I don't know 17 'nothey findit interesting? 9 They change 18 don't we meetthink the level is too low for them. II10 Gustav and I don't get on well. 1 you're doing 2 makes 3 I read11 Oh?Whydon't you get on? 4·yousee 5 aredying 6 makes12 The problem is, we don't share the 7 Doesn't it make 8 feel 9 do yousame political opinions. 13 Fatma say 10 helps 11 are livingdoesn't come to the class before lunch 12 don't want 13 are sufferingon Friday mornings. 14 Whydoesn't 14 don't see 15 I'm sayingshe come? 15 Because she goes to 16 don't need 17 do Ilook 18 Ithe mosque then. 16 The reading helptextbook doesn't suit the students in []J Simple past (pages 14-15)my group. 17 Whydoesn't it suitthem? 18Itdoesn'tgivethemthe • (Report1)kind ofpractice they need. 19 Julio 1 swam 2 fell 3 caughtand Sergio don't like each other. 4 broUght 5 revived20 Whydon~ they like each other? (Report 2)21 Oh,it's because they disagree 6 won 7 taUght 8 foundabout almost everything. 9 thrust 10 blew 11 held on

12 shot 13 went on(Report 3)14 stopped 15 discovered16 learned 17 saw 18 said19 had 20 put 21 drove22 thoUght(Report 4)23 struck 24 started •25 destroyed 26 caused 27 took

II1 Howfar did she swim? 2 Wheredid she bring him? 3 Howdid sherevive him? 4 Howlongdid theyhold on? 5 When did he learn to

Answer key

1 hate 2 do you want 3 don't wego 4 shows 5 don't feel 6 says7 know 8 like 9 dOI1't"we go10 doesn't appeal 11 don't you go12 doesn't matter 13 stay 14 like15 lives 16 stays 17 don'tgo18 doesn't get out

ExampleA; Whydon't we go swimming?

It's a nice day.B: No,I don't want to go swimming

today. I've got a bad cold.etc.

•

drive? 6 Where did he see the car?7 What did it strike? 8 Howmuchdamage did it cause? 9 Howlong didit take (them)?

• 1 no change 2 The mist didn'tcover 3 didn't you get back 4 nochange 5 You'didn't have to 6 wedidn't take 7 Youdidn't take8 didn't you check 9 no change10 no change 11 didn't you have12 no change 13 Didn't you take14 no change 15 he didn't know16 no change

[]] Past progressive(pages 18-19)

• 1 the girl was trying 2 she wasn'ttrying 3 They were riding 4 hewas chasing 5 were they doing6 Were they climbing 7 Weren'tthey climbing 8 were making9 was working 10 He wasn'tworking 11 He was planning·12 wasn't he aiming 13 He wasshooting 14 He was hoping 15 Iwasn't watching 16 weren't youwatching 17 you weren't watching18 you were snoring

[Ql Past progressive and simplepast (pages 20-21)1 WhileDell fans were entering theground, a group ofLee fans arrived.2 Several of our men received injurieswhile we were trying to keep thegroups of fans apart. 3 Weheld!were holding our ground well until agroup of Dell fans broke throUghour

agreed to do? 4 What had the lettercome with? 5 Where had you spenta wonderful holiday? 6 What had itwon?

lines. (; 4 When the two groups met, joined the club. 8 Bob and Iviole.nt fighting br?ke out. (no past have played squash every Fridaycontmuous WItheIther verb) night since the squash court5 While I was attempting to arrest openedone hooligan a brick struck me on the rp>1 fJ.Olhead. 6 Several shopkeepers ~ Present perfect (page 25) ~ Past perfect progressivecomplained to us because the fans • (a 31) .were causingl~he fans caused a lot of 1 hasn't it arrived 2 no change • p gedamage. 7 While all this was going 3 they haven't had 4 Haven't I told 1 had been working 2 had beenon outside, fans were throwing/fans 5 no change 6 I haven't had giving away 3 had not beenthrew stones inside the ground. 7 The cleaner hasn't emptied 8 no cooperating 4 had been having8 The situation was becominglThe change 9 she hasn't told 10 no 5 had been listening 6 had notsituation became serious, so we change 11 haven't you forgotten been receiving 7 had not beenradioed for extra men. 9 However 12 no change 13 you haven't put getting 8 had been feeding 9 hadwhile we were waiting/we waited fo~ 14 no change been sending 10' had not beenextra men the situation became calm. ffAl P t f . carrying outip1 ~ resen per ect progressIve rpil

~ Present perfect (page 26)' ~ Past perfect (page 32)

•(pages 22-23) • 1 I've been looking 2 someonehas • 1 nochange 2 Hadn't you tried it1 Marie, have you ever ridden a been using 3 Have you been doing on 3 no change 4 I hadn't tried on

horse? 4 I haven't been using 5 I've been 5 I'd been making 6 no changeMe? Oh no, I've never ridden a eating 6 Have they been 7 no change 8 Had he beenhorse. entertaining 7 Vera has been celebrating 9 He'd been having·

2 Pierre, have you ever ridden a discussing 8 she hasn't been 10 he hadn't slept 11 no changehorse? cooking 9 she's been staying 12 He'd been talking 13 Had hisYes,I've ridden a horse a few 10 we've been spending 11 Prices fathergiven/beengiving 14 notimes. have been going up change

3 ~~~~?has Marie ever sung in [ill Present perfect (page 27) @g Mixed past and per~ectYes, she's often sung in public. • forms (pag 33)

4 Marie, have you ever wanted to 1 It.has been 2 We have/'ve been e .live in America? hopmg 3 haven't you written/have • 1 has become 2 began 3 wasNo, I've never wanted to live in you not written 4 have always studying 4 stood 5 did not winAmerica. meant 5 I have/'ve sent 6 has 6 had ever been 7 elected/had

5 Marie, has Pierre ever wanted to been saving 7 we have/'ve put elected/had been.electing 8 justlive in America? 8 has gone on 9 has notlhasn't laughed 9 got up 10 has shownYes, he's always wanted to live in been enjoying (or enjoyed) 10 has 11 hasneverbeeri 12 hasfought/America. had to 11 He hasfs had 12 has been fighting 13 were continually

6 Monsieur Leblanc, have Pierre and been coming 13 we have/'ve writing/continually wroteMarie ever forgotten your managed 14 Have you seen 15 he 14 treated/were treating/had treatedbirthday? has/'s left 16 We have!'ve been 15 had thrown them out/threw themYes, they've forgotten my birthday getting 17 He has notlhasn't said out 16 always took/had/has alwaysonce or twice. 18 he hasihe's met. 19 you have/'ve taken 17 interviewed 18 was

7 Marie, have you ever been to done planning 19 haslhad alreadyEngland? [§I P persuaded 20 toldYes I've been to England resent perfect and simple '2J:I . .

8 Marie, have we ever met before! past (page 28) Ie2:I Mixed past and perfecthave r e,vermet you bef?re? • 1 began 2 continued 3 were forms (page 34)Yes~we ve met several t~es/ 4 took place 5...havestaged • (These are examples only; manyyou,ve met me several times. ?" 6 have$.taged ;:7 became 8 was;(jifferenlf~sw.ers.~re ~o~sible.)

9 Havel ~vermet Pierre before. 9 have taken part, 10 has ·llw¥ watchingteleVlSlonat theNo, rou ve never m~t before/ equalled II won 12 have seerr time. 2 Why haven't you done youryou ve never met him before. 13 collapsed 14 came 15 helped homework? 3 Didn't you come to

~ Present perfect (page 16 broke 17 participated . the meeting?iWeren't you at the24) 18 havegrown 19 havegone meetmg? 4 The reason was that my

• 1 Sid.hasn't smoked for 18 IT]Past pe.rfect (page,2?) ~,,~~~~i~~;~b;~~:;~!~;~e;~years'Z 2 Don has been a • I r had climbed a mountain.. well recently. 6 I had beenwr;ttmg;;vegetarian since 1980. 3 Liza 2 Theropehadn'tbroken. 3 My on.th~wallofmybedroom/making.ahas been interested in healthy girlfriend had agreed to marry me. nOISem the class~oom. 7 r think Iteating for fiveyears. 4 Sam 4 A letter had come with good news was because ~ctIca had taken somehasn't drunk alcohol since his about my exams. 5 r had spent a lan~ fr0:n Pacifica/had helpedcar accident. 5 I've run two wonderful holiday in Wales. 6 My Pacifica s enenues. 8 DId:y~uexpectkilometres every morning since.. favourite team had won the football to P3;Ss(It)? 9 Was sh~ dnvmg at.1985. 6 Mary hasn't stayed up championship. the tIme?/ Who was drivmg the car? ;.it

after midnight for two years. 117 Sue and Pam haven't takenuseless medicines since they

1 What had you done? 2 Whathadn't broken? 3 Whathadshe

@gj Future with will and shall(page 35)Promises1 will 2 '11 3 'll 4 won't 5 'll6 won't 7 '11 8 'll 9 '11 10 will11 won't 12 won't 13 '1114 won't 15 won't 16 'll 17 '11

IIPredictionsThese are examples only; studentsmake their own predictions.)1 I think they'll be powered byelectric batteries. They won't bepowered by atomic power (in myopinion). 2 People will still smokecigarettes (but they won't smoke asmany cigarettes as they smoke now).3 In my opinion, they won't speak thesame language all over the world (butthey will speak fewer languages thanthey speak now). 4 There won't bedrugs against e"ery kind of disease(but there will be a lot of new drugs).5 For example: There willbe moreaeroplanestrhere won't be as manydiseasesrfhe world will be warmer/The deserts will get bigger, etc.6 and 7 For example: I'll have adifferent joblI'll be married/I won't be

, rich, etc.

~ Questions with shall foroffers, suggestions, andrequests (page 37)

• 1 Shall I do the shopping? 2 Shallwe go to Spain for our holiday thisyear? 3 Shall we dance? 4 Whereshall we take Aunt Martha when shecomes to visit? 5 Shall I cook a mealfor you? 6 What shall I do if themoney doesn't reach me in time?7 What shall I wear at the wedding?

•Future with will and shall(page 38)1 no change 2 they won't attack3 no change 4 Willthey be5 they won't be 6.will there be7 there won't be 8 no change9 Shall I go up 10 willyou let11 no change 12 no change13 They won't see 14 we won't let15 shallwedo 16 Wewon'tgive17 nochange

~ Future with going to(pages 39-41)

• Situation with signs observable inpresent (page 39)(Answers, especially the reasons, mayvary)1 Are the monkeys going to reach the

bananas?Yes, they're going to reach thebananas. One monkey can climbonto the other monkey: .

No, they aren't going to reach the g]bananas. The stick is too short/thebananas are too high.

2 Are they going to find the treasure?Yes,they are going to find the •treasure. They can use a helicopter/climb over the walls, etc. 00 1No, they aren't going to find the ~ Future expressed by simp etreasure. There's no way to itlEvery present (page 44)path is blocked, etc.. ak

3 Is she going to rescue the man in 1 assemble 2 give 3 m esthe water? 4 divide 5 're going to try out

h 6 meet 7 arrives 8 is going to getYes, she's going to rescue ternan 9 visit 10 returns 11 beginsin the water. She has a long rope.No she isn't going to rescue the 12 have 13 is going to enjoym~ in the water. The rope is going 14 finishesto break. ~ Future progressive with

4 Is the building going to fall down? w,;ll + ,;ng (page 45)Yes,it's going to fall down. It's ~ ~leaning overlleaning to one side.llt • 1 will Sue'be doing 2 Willshe beisn't straight, etc. going 3 She'll be playing 4 SheNo, it isn't going to fall down. It has won't be riding 5 they'll be campmgbeen like this for a long time. , 6 They'll be camping 7 They won't

5 Is it going to get dark? be camping 8 Willyou be havingYes, it's going to get dark The sun is 9 We'll be staying 10 We won't besetting/going down. gazing 11 You'llbe coming 12 I'llNo, it isn't going to get dark The be making 13 I won't/shan't besun is rising. making 14 he'll be having 15 He'll

6 Is she going to get married? be eating 16 He won't be eatingYes, she's going to get married. 17 Willshe be staying 18 she won'tShe's wearing a wedding dress. be corning backNo, she isn't going to get married. '3NShe's in a play/acting in a play/ ~ Future progressivesinging in an opera, etc. contrasted with will future,

IIIntentions already decided and firm etc. (page 47)determination (page 41) • 1 c 2 c 3 c 4 b 5 a 6 b1 I'm going to buy a new dress. 7 b 8 c 9 c 10 b2 What kind of dress are you going to ~1 dbuy? 3 It's gomg to be an everung ~ Future perfect contrastedress. 4 You're not going tolYou with future progressivearen't going to play football in theplayground, do you hear? 5 I'm (page 48)going to find/catch the boy who wrote • 1 will have risen ... will not havethis message! I'm not gomg to let him risen 2 will be marvelling ... will notget away with it! 6 Soldiers! The have equalled 3 shall havetime has corne! Tomorrow we/you are overtaken 4 will be producinggoing to march into Pacifica! 7 The 5 will have doubled 6 we shall havepeople of Pacifica are our brothers. built 7 you will be enjoyingWe're not going to/aren't going to fight~2 . t.hthem! ~ Mixed forms expressmg e

~ Mixed will/shall and going future (pages 49-50)to forms (page 42) • 1 I'm going to open. 2 it'll take/it's,

gomg to take 3 Willyou lend 4 I 11• 1 It's going to be 2 ~hall we go pay 5 you won't have to 6 We'll

3 I'll go 4 I'm not gomg to swirnll share 7 will belis going to bewon't (or shan't) swim 5 I'll swim 8 will wishl\vill be wishing/is going to6 I'm going to takelI'll take 7 I'll be wish 9 we'll have recoveredglad 8 I'm going to lie 9 it'll do or 10 Youwon't getIYou're not going toit's going to do (possible, but less get 11 he won't be able 12 he'slikely) 10 there's going to bel selling/he'll seillhe's going to sellthere'll be 11 there won't be 13 I'm meetinglI'm going to meet12 We'll probably have 13 shall we 14 we sign/we're going to sign/we'lldo/are we going to do 14 Shall I sign 15 I paylI'm going to paymake 15 I'll make 16 he'll sendlhe's going to sendlhe'll

•• be sendingE:I Both will/shall and going to can beused in 4, 6, 9, 10, 13.

Future expressed bypresent progressive(page 43)1 a 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 a

(answers vary depending on formschosen in Exercise 1)1 a promise: 4, 5, 6 2 an intentionalready decided, or fum determination:1 3 a future situation with signs orcauses in the present: 7, and possibly2, 8 4 a prediction: 8 and possibly 2,7,11,16 (9 (future perfect) is also aprediction) 5 something routine, ornatural, that willhappen as a matter ofcourse: possibly8, 16 6 anarrangement made with anotherperson: 12, 13 7 an action belonging f3Alto a fixed timetable: 14, ~15 8 something that willbecompleted by a certain time in thefuture: 9

government. .5 She said that ~ lfwith situations which aredIshonest officIalswould be punished. nlik6 She said that they wouldn't/would U ely or unrealnot prevent anyone from givinghis (pages 57-58)opmlOn. 7 She said that there II1 If ..wouldn't/would not be any return to we pald higher wageswe wouldthe bad old days. 8 She said that she attract better players. 2 More .had promised the people this and people wouldcome and w~tch us ifwe(that) she wouldkee her word won more matches. (PossIbly the9 She said that they ~ere going·to put reverse conditlOnalso:Ifmore peoplethe country right 10 Sh .d th t came and watched us we wouldwin

:. e Sal a a more matches) 3 If we had ournew age was begmnmg for everyone. team from 1921-22 we would win theReported questions and cup. 4 Wewould score a lot ofgoals

(if DiegoMaradonaplayed for us

answers pages 53-54) 5 Ifourgoalkeeperdidn'thave~1 I asked him what part he had plaved broken leghe would be the bestin the robbery and he told me he had goalkeeper in the league. 6 IfI wastdriven the car for the getaway. 2 I were sensible I wouldn't be workingwanted to know how long he had been for this club. 7 Our players wouldlivingin San Bernardo. I discovered run much faster if they didn't smoke.that he had been livingthere for six 8 Ifour striker was/were taller heyears. Hehad been livingin San Pedro would score more goalswith his head.before, but the police there had 1301 IrF . h" .thrownhimout. 3 Thenlaskedifhe~ u WIt SItuatIons WhIchwas happy in San Bernardo. Boggs were possible in the past,repli:odthat he wasn't, because he but did not occur (page 59)dldn t speak the language. 4 I askedIIhim ifhe would ever goback to 1 If the bank hadn't lent me £50,000IBritain. He said he wouldn't goback wouldn't have started the school 2 Iuntil the police dropped the case wouldn't have continued if the schoolagainst him - and (that) they would hadn't been a success. 3 Ifwenever do that. 5 I was interested to hadn't won the PacificaUniversityknow what he missed most about contract wewould have had moneyBritain. He told me (that) he missed problems. 4 If I had retired wethe pubs and the football,but that it would have gone to live inwas worst at Christmas.He said (that) Italy. 5 Wewouldhave built anotherhe alwaysfelt miserable then. language lab if there had been enough6 Finally1asked him ifhis old friends students. 6 Wewould have movedever wrote to him.He told me (that) to a better building if the rent for thisthey didn't, because they were all in building hadn't been soprison. low. 7 Anyway,our teachers

wouldn't have stayed with us if therehadn't been a friendly atmosphere.

Examples ofpatterns1 People willland on Marsby{year)lin (year)! in the 21st century, etc.2 (name ofcountry) willwin the nextWorldCup. 3 Mycountry willhave anew government in (year). 4 I'llwrite to you every week while I'm inEngland. 5 The earth is going to getwarmer because of the increase ofcarbon dioxide in the atmosphere.6 We'llbe studying for our exams atthe end of this term. 7 I'll(still) belearning English in two years' time.8 The United States and the SovietUnionwillhave signed an armsagreement by (year). ·9 I'm havingdinner with a friend tomorrow night.10 Our afternoon class finishesat 15.30.

~ Reported statements(pages 51-52)

II1 She says Badleyhas damaged thecountry - but he hasn't. 2 She says '32'the country has not been well- ~ Tenses with time clausesgoverned-but it has. 3 She says (page 55) ••Badley's government acted II B (examples)dishonestly _ but it didn't. 4 She 1 Myfather taught me gardening If I had passed the examination Isays they willform an honest when 1was a boy. 2 But the offer of wouldn't have stayed in the Englishgovernment _ but they won't. 5 She a job at Moxleycame after 1joined!had class.says dishonest officialswillbe Jomed the army. 3 So I didn't start at I would have joined the army if Ipunished _ but they won't. 6 She Moxleyuntil I leftlhad left the army. hadn't become a student, etc.says they won'ttwillnot prevent ~ A~ soon as I st~rted I knew I would ~anyone from givinghis opinion_ but like It here. 5 Ive been here since I ~ Mixed conditional and timethey will. 7 She says there won't/will started the job in 1961. 6 When the clauses (page 60)not be any return to the bad old days _ head gardeller retires next year I'll IIbut there will. 8 She 'saysshe has become headgardenar in his 1 'll carry on 2 clears uppromised the people this and (that) place. 7 I'llget a rise in my wages as 3 'd!had knownshe willkeep her word _ but she soon as I'm head gardener. 4 'd!wouldnever have setwon't. 9 She says they are going to ~ IrF 'th'" out 5 stops 6 'IIeasilyput the country right _ but they aren't ~ U WI sltuat~ons which are be 7 had to 8 started

, (or won't). 10 She says a new age is real possibilities (page 56) 9 broke 10 'dlhad spentbegmnmg for everyone - but it isn't. II1 if 2 . 3 4' 11 set outl'd set outlhadmarnes, 13 won t set out 12 h d h d

•• 1 Sh ·d 5 if 6 is 7 13 I' 8 isn't/won't be a appeneB e sal that Badleyhad damaged 9 13 10 are/willbe 11 if 12 are 13 'd!wouldhave had to

the country. 2 She said that the 13 13 14 alwaysget/will alwa s et 14 came 15 'd!wouldcountry had not been ~ell-governed. 15 if 16 is 17 if 18 look: g wave 16 'd!would put3 She said that Badleys government 19 13 20 willfeel 21 13 22 will 17 had 18 get 19'11behad acted dIshonestly. 4 She said be 23 if 24 savethat they would form an honest