It’s realized through certain items that do not have value or cannot be given a semantic interpretation but have to be interpreted by reference to other items or to an information that must be found somewhere else

inside or outside the text.

These items are: REFERENCE and REFERENT

ENDOPHORA

Anaphora CataphoraBack in the

textForward in

the text

EXOPHORA

Outside the text

• Personal Pronouns

• Possesive adjectives

• Possesive pronouns

•Reflexive pronouns

• Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.

• The definite article

• Some adverbs.

• General identity

• Similarity

• Difference

• Particular Numerative

• Nominal Substitution

• Verbal substitution

• Clausal Substitution

• Nominal Ellipsis

• Verbal Ellipsis

• Clausal Ellipsis

• Additive

•Adversative

•Causal

•Temporal

Is the cohesive effect that is produced by the vocabulary used in

a text.