pragmatics (overview)
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Pragmatics (overview)Meeting 7
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Malinowski’s level
of linguistics
Pragmatics
Discourse and Coreference
Semantic extraction
Farsing
Chunking
POS tagging
Morphology
Increased complexity of processing
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CONTEXT and CO-TEXT
• co-text – the linguistic enironment of a !ord
context – the non"er#al enironment in !hich a !ord isused
• Put another !ay$ the surrounding situation in !hich a
!ord is used is its context !hereas the surrounding
!ords is its co-text$ the most o#ious manifestation of!hich is collocations%
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!nta"# emantics# andPragmatics
• Syntax
the study of the relation #et!een linguistic forms$ ho! they are
arranged in se&uence$ and !hich se&uences are !ell"formed
• Semantics
'he study of the relationship #et!een linguistic forms and entries
in the !orld%
• Pragmatics
'he study of the relationships #et!een linguistic forms and the
users of those forms%
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$%at is Pragmatics&
1. The study of speaker meaning
It is concerned !ith the study of meaning as communicated #y speaker and interpreted #y
listener
2. The study of the contextual meaning
It inoles interpretation of !hat people mean in a particular context and ho! the context
influences !hat is said%
3. The study of how more gets communicated than is said
'his type o study explores ho! great deal of !hat is unsaid is recogni(ed as part of !hatis communicated%
4. The study of the expression of relatie distance
On the assumption of ho! close and distant the listener is$ speakers determine ho! much
needs to #e said
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To'ics in Pragmatics
•D)I*IS and +)F)+),C)
• P+)S-PPOSI'IO,
• IMP.IC/'-+)
•SP))C0 /C'S
• P+I,CIP.)S
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EX# NEXC*+# ,E.EN/ EXPEON
Deixis 1 'he process of pointing ia language
"2 deictic expressions 3 indexical
'ypes of deixis1
4% Person deixis5% Spatial deixis
6% 'emporal deixis
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T!'es of deicticreference 0
• 4% Person deixis
• In conersations constant shift of you in .4 ac&uisition1 phase of confusion
•"2 in many languages include social status 0 and .8
• "2 indication of higher status 1 honorifics
• )xample1
• 9erman du/Sie
• French tu/vous
• Spanish USTED 3rd person indicates distance
• !! 3RD PERSON DISTANCE USED IN ACCUSIATIONS
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'atial dei"is
• Modern )nglish1 here:there """ ;O,D)+ more distant from
speaker8
• 'his:here1 ac&uired early$ can #e seen$ close
• 'hat:there1 ac&uired late
• << /,'0+OPO.O9IC/. =/SIS OF SP/'I/. D)I*IS 1
PS;C0O.O9IC/. DIS'/,C)
• physically close o#>ects can #e psychologically distant I?m
not going to touch that8<
• physically close o#>ects are psychologically close
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eference , referringe"'ressions
• &eference act from speaker to ena#le listener to identify something
• +eferring expressions1
a% Proper ,ouns
#% Definite ,P
c% Indefinite ,Ps
d% P+O,O-,
$!+,T)%+S
.Shared kno!ledge in shared isual context .ook at me<8
.
Shared memory Don?t you remem#er the reason you left me #efore8.Shared perception 1 inent names Mr% =rightside is coming8
.Shared world knowledge e need to find a cop entity is unkno!n #ut can #e assumed to exist8
.Share knowledge a/out descriptie properties 0e needs a rich !ife8
000 Successful reference is ,%''(%&(T)*"
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efereing e"'ressions(contd’)
• In discourse1 colla/oration in reference
• /% Intention to identify
• =% +ecognition of intention
Context makes differences #et!een persons:o#>ects %
P)+SO, as O=E)C' Can I 'orro& your Sa%espeare(
O=E)C' as P)+SO, )ere is the cat sittin"(
4% CO,),'IO, /' O+A
I ated Sa%espeare at scoo# )e*re "oin" to see Sa%espeare in +ondion
Sa%espeare ta%es up to te se#f
5% P+/9M/'IC CO,,)C'IO, =)')), P+OP)+ ,/M)S /,D O=E)C'S
Initing listener to make expected inference