Praise for

Scenario-Based Training with X-Plane and Microsoft® Flight Simulator

“Author Williams draws from a rich background in aviation and computing to lead the industry in a direction that will change the way flight training is conducted in the future.

Incorporating routine use of simulation into flight training will transition us from focusing solely on “fundamental skills” to delivering a pilot who is truly ready to be a pilot-in-command—one who has developed the habit of identifying and managing the risks of flight.

While the FAA’s first suggested way of implementing scenario-based training may have been a bit contrived and impractical, Willlams shows us how we harness the power of computing to make use of it to develop a higher level of pilot learning and much more capable pilots.”

—John and Martha KingCo-chairmen and co-owners of King Schools, Inc.

“Let’s be clear about one thing. I love teaching people how to fly and I am an unrepentant PC-based flight simulation fan. So when I see a new book that helps pilots—rated, aspiring, or virtual—learn how to better use their PC-based simulation software, I get excited. And when that book is written by Bruce Williams, I know it’s going to be a first class training manual.

Scenario-Based Training with X-Plane and Microsoft Flight Simulator is Bruce’s latest contribution to aviation education. What gives this book its educational heft is that Bruce shows you how to use your flight simulator to develop and reinforce your motor, perceptual, and cognitive flying skills. And he does this by creating real-world flying scenarios, then placing you and your joystick right in the middle of the mix to help you master your piloting performance.

Let’s face it, most pilots can’t spend as much time in the cockpit as they’d prefer. They can, however, do the next best thing by allowing Bruce Williams to become their book-based simulator instructor. So start your scenario-based training now by reading and applying the lessons found in Bruce’s new book, Scenario-Based Training with X-Plane and Microsoft Flight Simulator.”

—Rod MachadoFlight Instructor, AOPA National CFI spokesman,

and writer for AOPA Pilot and Flight Training Magazine

Scenario-Based Training with X-Plane and

Microsoft® Flight Simulator

Using PC-Based Flight Simulations Based on

FAA-Industry Training Standards

Bruce Williams

Scenario-Based Training with X-Plane and Microsoft® Flight Simulator: Using PC-Based Flight Simulations Based on FAA-Industry Training Standards

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-118-10502-3 ISBN: 978-1-118-22400-7 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-23329-0 (ebk) ISBN: 978-1-118-26222-1 (ebk)

Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Depart-ment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organiza-tion or website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

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Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you pur-chased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

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Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

v

About the Author

Bruce Williams is the owner of BruceAir, LLC, an aviation consulting, training, and pilot-services company based in Seattle, WA (www.BruceAir.com).

He has been a pilot since the early 1970s, and he is a certified flight instructor and FAASTeam representative in the Seattle area. Today, he focuses on train-ing for technically advanced aircraft (TAA) and stall/spin/upset courses in an Extra 300L aerobatic aircraft.

During a 15-year career at Microsoft, he worked on six versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator. While at Microsoft, he was also a technical editor, multimedia producer and editor, and business development manager.

In the 1980s, he edited the Western Flyer (now the General Aviation News), a biweekly newspaper dedicated to the world of general aviation. He is also the author of Microsoft Flight Simulator as a Training Aid: A Guide for Pilots, Instructors, and Virtual Aviators, published in 2007 by ASA, and many features on a variety of topics for magazines and other periodicals.

vi

About the Technical Editor

Doug Holland, an Architect Evangelist at Microsoft Corporation, took to the sky on his first solo flight in a Cessna 172 at KEDU (University Airport in Davis, CA) on March 1, 2008. Doug is also a member of the Civil Air Patrol, US Air Force Auxiliary, participating in search and rescue flights. He lives with his wife and four children in Northern California.

vii

Credits

Acquisitions EditorPaul Reese

Senior Project EditorAdaobi Obi Tulton

Technical EditorDoug Holland

Senior Production EditorDebra Banninger

Copy EditorLuann Rouff

Editorial ManagerMary Beth Wakefield

Freelancer Editorial ManagerRosemarie Graham

Associate Director of MarketingDavid Mayhew

Marketing ManagerAshley Zurcher

Business ManagerAmy Knies

Production ManagerTim Tate

Vice President and Executive Group PublisherRichard Swadley

Vice President and Executive PublisherNeil Edde

Associate PublisherJim Minatel

Project Coordinator, CoverKatie Crocker

CompositorHappenstance Type-O-Rama

ProofreaderNancy Carrasco

IndexerRobert Swanson

Cover Image© iStock / Ryan Tacay © iStock / Nicolas Holzapfel© iStock / George Cairns

Cover DesignerLeAndra Young

ix

Acknowledgments

Only the true pioneers of aviation — Otto Lilienthal, the Wright brothers, the original fighter pilots of World War I — discovered how to fly. Those of us who have taken to the skies after them benefit immeasurably by learning from others.

More than most pilots, I’ve enjoyed and benefited from the patience, advice, experience, skill, and generosity of a remarkable group of aviators who represent the best of the flying community. I owe whatever skills I’ve acquired as a pilot and instructor to mentors such as Yoda, Dula, Patty, Cubes, Curly, Rod, John and Martha, Sean, and many others who have taken me under their wings. Thank you, all.

I also owe a special debt to the colleagues with whom I worked at Microsoft for so many years. They did the hard work of making Microsoft Flight Simulator fly.

Books are collaborations, and the team at Wiley made this book possible. Paul Reese, the acquisition editor, persuaded me to undertake the project, laid the cornerstone, and organized the editorial team. Project editor Adaobi Obi Tulton, copy editor Luann Rouff, and technical editor Doug Holland caught and corrected my errors and polished the text and graphics. The finished project is the result of their professionalism, expertise, and attention to detail.

xi

Introduction xxxiii

Part I Before You Take Off 1Chapter 1 What You Need to Use This Book 3Chapter 2 Essential Resources on the Website 15Chapter 3 Using PC-Based Simulations Effectively 25Chapter 4 Scenario-Based Training for Virtual Aviators 41Chapter 5 Choosing a PC-Based Simulation: X-Plane or FSX? 45Chapter 6 A Quick Guide to X-Plane 55Chapter 7 A Quick Guide to Microsoft Flight Simulator X 69

Part II Getting the Most from X-Plane and FSX 87Chapter 8 Beyond the Basics: Additional Advice about

Using Simulations Effectively 89Chapter 9 Scenario-Based Training and FITS 99Chapter 10 Using the Scenarios in This Book 109

Part III Flying Fundamentals 117Chapter 11 Flying Fundamentals 119Chapter 12 Flying the Cessna 172 Skyhawk 139

Contents at a Glance

xii Contents at a Glance

Part IV Private Pilot Scenarios 169Chapter 13 Introduction to the Private Pilot Syllabus 171Chapter 14 Private Pilot Lesson 1: Introductory Flight 179Chapter 15 Private Pilot Lesson 2: Fundamental Flight Maneuvers 187Chapter 16 Private Pilot Lesson 3: Ground Reference Maneuvers 195Chapter 17 Private Pilot Lesson 4: A Short Cross-Country Flight 203Chapter 18 Private Pilot Lesson 5: Another Short Cross-Country Flight 209Chapter 19 Private Pilot Lesson 6: A Trip to a Fly-In Breakfast 217Chapter 20 Private Pilot Lesson 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers 223Chapter 21 Private Pilot Lesson 8: Evening Flight 229Chapter 22 Private Pilot Lesson 9: Charity Flight 235Chapter 23 Private Pilot Lesson 10: Crosswind Landings 241Chapter 24 Private Pilot Lesson 11: Preparation for Solo Flight 247Chapter 25 Private Pilot Lesson 12: First Solo Flight 253Chapter 26 Private Pilot Lesson 13: Review of Basic Maneuvers 259Chapter 27 Private Pilot Lesson 14: Progress Assessment: Stage Check 265Chapter 28 Private Pilot Lesson 15: Soft-Field Landings 271Chapter 29 Private Pilot Lesson 16: VOR Navigation 277Chapter 30 Private Pilot Lesson 17: Maximum Performance

Takeoffs and Landings 285Chapter 31 Private Pilot Lesson 18: Flight in Marginal Weather 293Chapter 32 Private Pilot Lesson 19: Solo Practice Flight 299Chapter 33 Private Pilot Lesson 20: Long Cross-Country Flight 305Chapter 34 Private Pilot Lesson 21: Cross-Country Night Flight 311Chapter 35 Private Pilot Lesson 22: Flight Planning and

Navigation Practice 317Chapter 36 Private Pilot Lesson 23: Night Cross-Country Flight 325Chapter 37 Private Pilot Lesson 24: Night Freight Run 331Chapter 38 Private Pilot Lesson 25: Cross-Country Flight in

Marginal VFR 337Chapter 39 Private Pilot Lesson 26: Cross-Country Flight:

Progress Check 343Chapter 40 Private Pilot Lesson 27: Long Solo Cross-Country Flight 349Chapter 41 Private Pilot Lesson 28: Preparation for the Practical Test 355Chapter 42 Private Pilot Lesson 29: Further Preparation

for the Practical Test 361Chapter 43 Private Pilot Lesson 30: The Private Pilot Practical Test 367

Contents at a Glance xiii

Part V Instrument Rating Scenarios 373Chapter 44 Introduction to the Instrument Rating Syllabus:

Background and Resources for IFR Lessons 375Chapter 45 IFR Lesson 1: Basic Attitude Instrument Flying 385Chapter 46 IFR Lesson 2: Basic Attitude Instrument Flying 395Chapter 47 IFR Lesson 3: Partial-Panel Flight 401Chapter 48 IFR Lesson 4: Partial-Panel Instrument Flight 407Chapter 49 IFR Lesson 5: Holding Procedures 413Chapter 50 IFR Lesson 6: Non-Precision Approach 419Chapter 51 IFR Lesson 7: IFR Departures and Localizer Approach 427Chapter 52 IFR Lesson 8: ILS Approach 437Chapter 53 IFR Lesson 9: IFR Cross-Country 445Chapter 54 IFR Lesson 10: IFR Cross-Country 455Chapter 55 IFR Lesson 11: IFR Cross-Country and

Equipment Malfunctions 463Chapter 56 IFR Lesson 12: IFR Cross-Country and Off-Airway Routes 471Chapter 57 IFR Lesson 13: Long IFR Cross-Country 479Chapter 58 IFR Lesson 14: Night IFR Flight 487Chapter 59 IFR Lesson 15: Night Approaches 495Chapter 60 IFR Lesson 16: Practical Test Preparation 503Chapter 61 IFR Lesson 17: Practical Test Preparation 509Chapter 62 IFR Lesson 18: IFR Practical Test 517

Part VI Advanced Scenarios 523Chapter 63 Introduction to the Advanced Scenarios: Test Your Skills 525Chapter 64 Advanced 1: Eugene, OR, to Olympia, WA 541Chapter 65 Advanced 2: Night Flight: Spokane, WA,

to Walla Walla, WA 545Chapter 66 Advanced 3: Boise, ID, to Redmond, OR 549Chapter 67 Advanced 4: Crossing the Cascades 553Chapter 68 Advanced 5: Medford, OR, to Astoria, OR 557

Glossary 561

Index 575

xv

Introduction xxxiii

Part I Before You Take Off 1

Chapter 1 What You Need to Use This Book 3Supported Flight Simulations 4

X-Plane 6Microsoft Flight Simulator X (FSX) 6Microsoft Flight 6

Computer and Accessories 6Joysticks and Flight Yokes 8Rudder Pedals and Radio Stacks 10Mouse with Scroll Wheel 10Multiple Displays 10

Additional Software and Web Access 11Glass Cockpits and Flying RNAV (GPS) Procedures 11Virtual Flying with Others 13

Chapter 2 Essential Resources on the Website 15Additional Resources for X-Plane and FSX 15Scenarios 17Resources for Further Learning 17

FAA Training Handbooks 18FITS 20Additional Free Resources 20

Charts 21Online Charts and Flight Planning 23

Contents

xvi Contents

Chapter 3 Using PC-Based Simulations Effectively 25The Great Debate 26Simulators, FTDs, and Simulations 26

Key Categories 26Full Flight Simulators 27Flight Training Devices (FTDs) 28Basic and Advanced Aviation Training Devices 29

The Deeper Distinction 31Where X-Plane and FSX Fit In 32ATD Instructional Features 33Flight Dynamics 34The Consensus 35Echoes of Long-Running Disputes 36Limitations of Training Devices 38Logging Simulation Time 38Other Uses for PC-Based Simulations 39

Animating Demonstrations 39Exploiting Portability 40

Summary 40

Chapter 4 Scenario-Based Training for Virtual Aviators 41Learning Like a Real Pilot 41A Systematic Approach 42Starting Over? 42Learning to Fly 43

Chapter 5 Choosing a PC-Based Simulation: X-Plane or FSX? 45Essential Features 46Basic Decision Tree 48

More Details: X-Plane 50More Details: FSX 51

Add-Ons 51Cockpit Controls 52Realism 52Help and Support 53

Chapter 6 A Quick Guide to X-Plane 55Getting Help for X-Plane 56The Cessna 172 Cockpit in X-Plane 57

Using a Mouse in the Cockpit 58Important X-Plane Commands 59

The File Menu 60The Aircraft Menu 61The Location Menu 62The Environment Menu 63The Settings Menu 64The View Menu 65The Special Menu 65

Contents xvii

Recording Flights in X-Plane 66Capturing Screens 66Recording and Replaying Flights 67

Instructor Operating Station 68

Chapter 7 A Quick Guide to Microsoft Flight Simulator X 69Getting Help for FSX 70The Cessna 172 Cockpit in FSX 72

Using a Mouse in the Cockpit 74Important FSX Menus 75

The Flights Menu 75The Aircraft Menu 76The World Menu 79The Options Menu 81The Views Menu 82

Recording Flights in FSX 84Capturing Screens 84Recording and Replaying Flights 85

Using the Shared Aircraft Feature 86

Part II Getting the Most from X-Plane and FSX 87

Chapter 8 Beyond the Basics: Additional Advice about Using Simulations Effectively 89Developing Situational Awareness 89Using Other Airplane Types 90Choosing Conventional Gauges or Glass 92Adding Randomness 93

A Dice-Based Failure Scheme 94Using the Charts and Data 95Simulating Air Traffic Control 96Complementing Formal Training 97

Chapter 9 Scenario-Based Training and FITS 99The FITS Approach 100Scenario-Based Training 101PC-Based Simulations and SBT 102Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management 103

Teaching Judgment 105Learner-Centered Grading 105

FITS Grading Standards 106Further Reading 107

Chapter 10 Using the Scenarios in This Book 109Starting Points: Situations and Flights 109Flying in the Pacific Northwest 111Preparing for a Lesson 112Installing the Scenarios 113

xviii Contents

Installing the Situations for X-Plane 113Installing the Flights for FSX 114Naming Conventions 114

Part III Flying Fundamentals 117

Chapter 11 Flying Fundamentals 119Integrated Flight Instruction 120Getting a Better View 122

X-Plane: Panel Views 122FSX: Panel Views 125

The Golden Rule of Flying 128The Four Fundamentals 130

Straight-and-Level Flight 130Level Turns 132Climbs and Climbing Turns 133Descents, Glides, and Descending Turns 134

Using the Trim Control 135Using the Rudder 137

Chapter 12 Flying the Cessna 172 Skyhawk 139Skyhawk Tips from the AOPA ASI 140Key Specifications 141Cessna 172: Cockpit Tour 142X-Plane Default Cockpit View 143

FSX: Default Cockpit View 145Flying Tips 146

Configuration Tables 146X-Plane Configurations 147

Initial Climb after Takeoff 148En Route Climb 149Normal Cruise 150Low-Speed Cruise/Initial Approach Speed 151En Route Descent 152Traffic Pattern 153Final Approach 154ILS Approach (Flaps 10°) 155ILS Approach (Flaps 0°) 156

FSX Configurations 157Initial Climb after Takeoff 157En Route Climb 158Normal Cruise 159Low-Speed Cruise/Initial Approach Speed 160En Route Descent 161Traffic Pattern 162Final Approach 163ILS Approach (Flaps 10°) 164ILS Approach (Flaps 0°) 165

Cessna 172 Performance Data 166

Contents xix

Part IV Private Pilot Scenarios 169

Chapter 13 Introduction to the Private Pilot Syllabus 171What Is a Private Pilot? 172Basic Requirements 174Essential References 175Three-Phase Private Pilot Syllabus 177

Chapter 14 Private Pilot Lesson 1: Introductory Flight 179Scenario 179Objectives 179Completion Standards 180References and Resources 181Preflight Briefing 182

Location and Weather 182Situations and Flights 183Tips for This Lesson 183

Yoke and Joystick Controls 183Autopilot Controls 183Interactive Map 186

Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 186

Chapter 15 Private Pilot Lesson 2: Fundamental Flight Maneuvers 187Scenario 187Objectives 188Completion Standards 189References and Resources 190Preflight Briefing 191

Location and Weather 191Situations and Flights 192Tips for This Lesson 192

What-Ifs 192Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 194

Chapter 16 Private Pilot Lesson 3: Ground Reference Maneuvers 195Scenario 195Objectives 195Completion Standards 197References and Resources 198Preflight Briefing 199

Location and Weather 200Situations and Flights 200Tips for This Lesson 200

What-Ifs 201Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 201

Chapter 17 Private Pilot Lesson 4: A Short Cross-Country Flight 203Scenario 203Objectives 203Completion Standards 204

xx Contents

References and Resources 205Preflight Briefing 206

Location and Weather 206Situations and Flights 207Tips for This Lesson 207

What-Ifs 208Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 208

Chapter 18 Private Pilot Lesson 5: Another Short Cross- Country Flight 209Scenario 209Objectives 209Completion Standards 210References and Resources 211Preflight Briefing 213

Location and Weather 213NOTAMs 214Situations and Flights 214Tips for This Lesson 214

What-Ifs 215Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 215

Chapter 19 Private Pilot Lesson 6: A Trip to a Fly-In Breakfast 217Scenario 217Objectives 217Completion Standards 218References and Resources 218Preflight Briefing 219

Location and Weather 220Situations and Flights 220Tips for This Lesson 221

What-Ifs 222Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 222

Chapter 20 Private Pilot Lesson 7: Ground Reference Maneuvers 223Scenario 223Objectives 224Completion Standards 225References and Resources 225Preflight Briefing 226

Location and Weather 227Situations and Flights 227Tips for This Lesson 227

What-Ifs 228Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 228

Contents xxi

Chapter 21 Private Pilot Lesson 8: Evening Flight 229Scenario 229Objectives 230Completion Standards 230References and Resources 230Preflight Briefing 232

Location and Weather 232Situations and Flights 233Tips for This Lesson 233

What-Ifs 233Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 234

Chapter 22 Private Pilot Lesson 9: Charity Flight 235Scenario 235Objectives 236Completion Standards 236References and Resources 237Preflight Briefing 238

Location and Weather 238Situations and Flights 239Tips for This Lesson 239

What-Ifs 240Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 240

Chapter 23 Private Pilot Lesson 10: Crosswind Landings 241Scenario 241Objectives 241Completion Standards 242References and Resources 242Preflight Briefing 243

Location and Weather 244Situations and Flights 244

What-Ifs 245Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 245

Chapter 24 Private Pilot Lesson 11: Preparation for Solo Flight 247Scenario 247Objectives 247Completion Standards 248References and Resources 248Preflight Briefing 249

Location and Weather 249Situations and Flights 250Tips for This Lesson 250

What-Ifs 251Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 251

xxii Contents

Chapter 25 Private Pilot Lesson 12: First Solo Flight 253Scenario 253Objectives 254Completion Standards 254References and Resources 255Preflight Briefing 255

Location and Weather 255Situations and Flights 256Tips for This Lesson 256

What-Ifs 257Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 257

Chapter 26 Private Pilot Lesson 13: Review of Basic Maneuvers 259Scenario 259Objectives 260Completion Standards 260References and Resources 260Preflight Briefing 261

Location and Weather 261Situations and Flights 262Tips for This Lesson 262

What-Ifs 263Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 263

Chapter 27 Private Pilot Lesson 14: Progress Assessment: Stage Check 265Scenario 265Objectives 266Completion Standards 266References and Resources 268Preflight Briefing 268

Location and Weather 268Situations and Flights 269Tips for This Lesson 269

What-Ifs 270Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 270

Chapter 28 Private Pilot Lesson 15: Soft-Field Landings 271Scenario 271Objectives 272Completion Standards 272References and Resources 273Preflight Briefing 274

Location and Weather 274Situations and Flights 275Tips for This Lesson 275

What-Ifs 276Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 276

Contents xxiii

Chapter 29 Private Pilot Lesson 16: VOR Navigation 277Scenario 277Objectives 278Completion Standards 278References and Resources 279Preflight Briefing 280

Location and Weather 281Situations and Flights 281Tips for This Lesson 281

What-Ifs 282Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 283

Chapter 30 Private Pilot Lesson 17: Maximum Performance Takeoffs and Landings 285Scenario 285Objectives 286Completion Standards 286References and Resources 287Preflight Briefing 288

Location and Weather 288Situations and Flights 289Tips for This Lesson 289

What-Ifs 290Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 291

Chapter 31 Private Pilot Lesson 18: Flight in Marginal Weather 293Scenario 293Objectives 294Completion Standards 295References and Resources 295Preflight Briefing 296

Location and Weather 297Situations and Flights 297Tips for This Lesson 297

What-Ifs 298Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 298

Chapter 32 Private Pilot Lesson 19: Solo Practice Flight 299Scenario 299Objectives 300Completion Standards 301References and Resources 301Preflight Briefing 302

Location and Weather 302Situations and Flights 302Tips for This Lesson 303

What-Ifs 303Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 304

xxiv Contents

Chapter 33 Private Pilot Lesson 20: Long Cross-Country Flight 305Scenario 305Objectives 306Completion Standards 307References and Resources 307Preflight Briefing 308

Location and Weather 308Situations and Flights 308Tips for This Lesson 309

What-Ifs 310Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 310

Chapter 34 Private Pilot Lesson 21: Cross-Country Night Flight 311Scenario 311Objectives 312Completion Standards 313References and Resources 313Preflight Briefing 314

Location and Weather 314Situations and Flights 314Tips for This Lesson 314

What-Ifs 315Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 316

Chapter 35 Private Pilot Lesson 22: Flight Planning and Navigation Practice 317Scenario 317Objectives 318Completion Standards 319References and Resources 319Preflight Briefing 320

Location and Weather 320Situations and Flights 321Tips for This Lesson 321

What-Ifs 322Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 323

Chapter 36 Private Pilot Lesson 23: Night Cross-Country Flight 325Scenario 325Objectives 326Completion Standards 327References and Resources 327Preflight Briefing 328

Location and Weather 328Situations and Flights 328Tips for This Lesson 329

What-Ifs 329Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 330

Contents xxv

Chapter 37 Private Pilot Lesson 24: Night Freight Run 331Scenario 331Objectives 332Completion Standards 333References and Resources 333Preflight Briefing 334

Location and Weather 334Situations and Flights 334Tips for This Lesson 335

What-Ifs 336Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 336

Chapter 38 Private Pilot Lesson 25: Cross-Country Flight in Marginal VFR 337Scenario 337Objectives 338Completion Standards 339References and Resources 339Preflight Briefing 340

Location and Weather 340Situations and Flights 340Tips for This Lesson 340

What-Ifs 342Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 342

Chapter 39 Private Pilot Lesson 26: Cross-Country Flight: Progress Check 343Scenario 343Objectives 344Completion Standards 345References and Resources 345Preflight Briefing 346

Location and Weather 346Situations and Flights 346Tips for This Lesson 347

What-Ifs 348Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 348

Chapter 40 Private Pilot Lesson 27: Long Solo Cross-Country Flight 349Scenario 349Objectives 350Completion Standards 351References and Resources 351Preflight Briefing 352

Location and Weather 353Situations and Flights 353Tips for This Lesson 353

What-Ifs 353Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 354

xxvi Contents

Chapter 41 Private Pilot Lesson 28: Preparation for the Practical Test 355Scenario 355Objectives 356Completion Standards 356References and Resources 357Preflight Briefing 359

Location and Weather 359Situations and Flights 359Tips for This Lesson 359

What-Ifs 360Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 360

Chapter 42 Private Pilot Lesson 29: Further Preparation for the Practical Test 361Objectives 362Completion Standards 362References and Resources 363Preflight Briefing 363

Location and Weather 364Situations and Flights 364Tips for This Lesson 365

What-Ifs 365Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 366

Chapter 43 Private Pilot Lesson 30: The Private Pilot Practical Test 367Scenario 368Objectives 368Completion Standards 369References and Resources 369Preflight Briefing 370

Location and Weather 370Situations and Flights 371Tips for This Lesson 371

What-Ifs 372Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 372

Part V Instrument Rating Scenarios 373

Chapter 44 Introduction to the Instrument Rating Syllabus: Background and Resources for IFR Lessons 375What Is an Instrument Rating? 377Basic Requirements 377Essential References 378Resources from the AOPA Air Safety Institute 379IFR Charts 380Important X-Plane Limitations 382Important FSX Limitations 382RNAV (GPS) Approaches 383Current Approach Information 383The IFR Syllabus 383

Contents xxvii

Chapter 45 IFR Lesson 1: Basic Attitude Instrument Flying 385Scenario 386Objectives 386Completion Standards 387References and Resources 387Preflight Briefing 388

Location and Weather 391Situations and Flights 392Tips for This Lesson 392

What-Ifs 393Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 393

Chapter 46 IFR Lesson 2: Basic Attitude Instrument Flying 395Scenario 395Objectives 396Completion Standards 396References and Resources 397Preflight Briefing 397

Location and Weather 398Situations and Flights 398Tips for This Lesson 398

What-Ifs 399Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 399

Chapter 47 IFR Lesson 3: Partial-Panel Flight 401Scenario 402Objectives 402Completion Standards 402References and Resources 403Preflight Briefing 403

Location and Weather 404Situations and Flights 404Tips for This Lesson 405

What-Ifs 405Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 406

Chapter 48 IFR Lesson 4: Partial- Panel Instrument Flight 407Scenario 407Objectives 408Completion Standards 408References and Resources 409Preflight Briefing 409

Location and Weather 410Situations and Flights 410Tips for This Lesson 411

What-Ifs 411Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 412

xxviii Contents

Chapter 49 IFR Lesson 5: Holding Procedures 413Scenario 413Objectives 414Completion Standards 414References and Resources 415Preflight Briefing 416

Location and Weather 416Situations and Flights 417Tips for This Lesson 417

What-Ifs 417Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 418

Chapter 50 IFR Lesson 6: Non- Precision Approach 419Scenario 419Objectives 420Completion Standards 421References and Resources 422Preflight Briefing 423

Location and Weather 424Situations and Flights 424Tips for This Lesson 425

What-Ifs 425Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 426

Chapter 51 IFR Lesson 7: IFR Departures and Localizer Approach 427Scenario 427Objectives 429Completion Standards 429References and Resources 430Preflight Briefing 432

IFR Clearance 432Location and Weather 432Situations and Flights 433Tips for This Lesson 433

What-Ifs 434Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 435

Chapter 52 IFR Lesson 8: ILS Approach 437Scenario 438Objectives 439Completion Standards 439References and Resources 440Preflight Briefing 441

Clearance 441Location and Weather 441Situations and Flights 442Tips for This Lesson 442

What-Ifs 442Objectives and Desired Outcome Grading Sheet 443