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Document 521 - Pre-Assessment Report San Diego Professional Chapter - Chakicherla, India -Potable Water Supply

© 2007 Engineers Without Borders – USA. All Rights Reserved � of 25�

Document 521 PRE-ASSESSMENT REPORT CHAPTER: San Diego Professional Chapter (SDP) COUNTRY: India COMMUNITY: Chakicherla PROJECT: Potable Water Supply TRAVEL DATES: 11/7/09 – 12/12/09

PREPARED BY Amanda Chris Eric Joel Mahi August 26, 2009

Document 521 - Pre-Assessment Report San Diego Professional Chapter Chakicherla, India Potable Water Supply


ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USA www.ewb-usa.org

Pre-Assessment Report Part 1 – Administrative Information 1.0 Contact Information

Name Email Phone Chapter Project Leads Eric

xxx xxx SDP

President Jim SDP Mentor #1 Chris SDP Mentor #2 Eric

SDP

Faculty Advisor (if applicable)

n/a

Health Point Person #1

Eric

SDP

Health Point Person #2

Mahboubeh

SDP

NGO/Community Contact

Kakumanu

n/a

Education Lead

Amanda

SDP

2.0 Travel History

Dates of Travel Assessment or Implementation

Description of Trip

09/2005 Assessment EWB-SF went on the initial site assessment trip to review the area for a large, 45-village project.

04/2006 Assessment Student volunteer traveled to India and located a suitable source well. Tested aquifer yield and water quality.



Dates of Travel Assessment or Implementation

Description of Trip

07/2006 Assessment/Implementation SDP travels to India and constructs pipeline, designs tanks, and leaves plans for taps.

11/2007 Assessment/Implementation SDP travels to India and establishes new NGO partnership and evaluates water treatment technologies

3.0 Travel Team Name E-mail Phone Chapter Student or

Professional Eric xxx xxx SDP Professional Mahi SDP Professional Joel SDP Professional Amanda SDP Professional 4.0 Safety

4.1 State Department Warning

• There are currently no travel alerts/warnings for India. 4.2 Point to point travel detail

• There will be 2 teams traveling. Team 1 will arrive in Hyderabad November 7th and will stay with Ram (see Part 2, section 4.3 for information regarding Ram), then take the train to Ongole November 11th and stay at Pornima Hotel for the duration of the visit until November 27th. Team 1 will take the train to Hyderabad on the 26th, stay with Ram, and fly to the US on the 28th. Team 2 will arrive in Hyderabad November 21st, stay with Ram, and take the train to Ongole on the 23rd. Team 2 will stay at Pornima Hotel for the duration of their visit until December 10th. Team 2 will take the train to Hyderabad December 10th, stay with Ram, and fly to the US on the 12th. Both teams will be traveling from Ongole to Chakicherla on a daily basis.



• Poornima Hotel (Kurnoole Road, Ongole 523 002, Phone: +91 8592 236666)

• There are several restaurants in Ongole and one near the village where the team will get food and water.

4.3 Safety Plan

• Travel in Ongole will occur in groups of 2 or more, the location to meet if groups get separated is Poornima Hotel.

• Bottled water will be purchased for consumption throughout the day to avoid heat stroke. Sunscreen and protective clothing will be worn to avoid sun burn.

• Problems could arise if people are traveling alone, however this will be avoided at all times.

4.4 Emergency Plan and Exit Strategy

• If an evacuation is needed due to medical emergencies, weather or political unrest the following places will be contacted immediately: U.S. Consulate and EWB San Diego

• Emergency numbers in India: 101 for ambulance, 102 for fire stations

4.5 Contacts

4.5.1 On-the-ground phone number and email for travel team • Poornima Hotel +91 8592 236666 • ASSIST – KRS Murthy

off. ph. 0091-8592-233xxx cell ph. 0091-9849-114xxx

• Personal email accounts will be used by the travel team. See Part 1, Section 3.0

• A project cell phone is available for use in India. Phone number will be provided to team, EWB-USA and emergency contacts prior to departure.

4.5.2 Nearest US Consulate Contact Information

• Consulate General Gemini Circle, No. 220, Anna Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006, India Tel: 044-2857-4000 or (+91 44 28574000) Fax: 044-2811-2020 or (+91 44 28112020) Website: http://chennai.usconsulate.gov

4.5.3 Nearest Hospital Contact Information



• Kamineni Hospitals, L.B.Nagar, Hyderabad- 500068, Andhra Pradesh, India Tel: +91-40-24022272, 39879999, www.kaminenihospitals.com, The Government Hospital, Ongole – 523 002, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, India.

5.0 Budget

5.1 Cost

Expense Total Cost Airfare $5600 On Ground $2650 Materials $4000 Other $500 Total $12750

It is unclear the exact costs for materials to perform the activities listed in the Part 2 section 5 at this time. However, we are coordinating with ASSIST to get a better understanding of these costs. The above figure is an estimate which is conservative. 5.2 Hours These hours are current as of 8/26/09. Total hours spent on the project by team members will be considerably more over the next several months.

Names # of Weeks Hours/Week Trip Hours Total Hours Project Lead– Eric

156 3.5 200 748

Mentor – Chris

17 1 0 17

Mahi 12 1.5 0 18

Joel 14 1.5 0 21

Amanda 17 2 0 34

5.3 Donors and Funding



Donor Name Type (company, foundation, private,

in-kind) Account Kept at EWB-USA?

Amount

SD YMF Private EWB-SD Chapter Account

2000

Dokken Engineering Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

2500

Rick Engineering Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

500

Boyle Engineering Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

500

Winzler and Kelly Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

1000

Individual Private EWB-SD Chapter Account

1440

Kleinfelder Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

1000

Geocon Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

500

Project Design Consultants

Company EWB-SD Chapter Account

500

Argosy Tsunami Grant Company EWB-Houston 5600 Total Amount Raised: 15540 6.0 Project Location

Chakicherla Pedda Patapu Palem (CPPP) village, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Longitude: 15° 6' 0" Latitude: 80° 3' 0"

7.0 Project Impact

Persons directly affected: 4000 Persons indirectly affected: n/a


© 2007 Engineers Without Borders – USA. All Rights Reserved Page 10� of 25�

Pre-Assessment Report Part 2 – Technical Information 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Tsunami Reconstruction Project in Andhra Pradesh, India was initiated in 2005 by EWB-LA and included EWB-SD, EWB-SF, EWB-Boston, and EWB-Houston. Since that time the project has been dissolved into individual chapter projects and the relationship with the local NGO has been dissolved and a new NGO relationship has been established. EWB-SDs project is potable water supply to serve over 4000 villagers in Chakicherla Pedda Patapu Palem (CPPP). 2.0 PROGRAM BACKGROUND The government provided a well and water tank to supply water to CPPP. However, the water is salty due to the wells proximity to the ocean. Salt water is distributed to the village via a pipe system with several taps twice per day for approximately 1 hour each time. The taps do not have a shut-off spigot and pots are placed beneath the taps as salty water runs constantly from the taps. The villagers use 2 public hand pumps to get potable water from a small aquifer that runs dry regularly in the evenings during the dry season. The walk to the hand pumps to fetch water is typically made by women and girls twice per day and each trip takes approximately 25 minutes. Several wells have been dug in the village by other organizations, none of which are still working.

In April 2006, a volunteer went to CPPP and successfully located a source well and determined aquifer yield to provide approximately 115,000 L/day. In July 2006, San Diego PP Chapter (Eric

Nick and Danielle went to CPPP and constructed the pipeline and performed a health assessment. In October 2006, the tanks and taps were completed. In June of 2007 the villagers connected the pipeline to the well and put the system in operation. November 2007 Site Visit Information:

During the November 2007 site visit the team discovered that the pipeline was not in use because of bacteria in the source well. Because the pipeline was not in use, the team decided to begin researching treatment options for the village through local NGOs. On arrival we were introduced to K. Murthy, the executive director with ASSIST. ASSIST (www.assist.co.in). We interviewed several members of ASSIST to determine if they would make a good partner for future projects. Their model is primarily designed to accept funds and program direction from other organizations for implementation. ASSIST is primarily interested in receiving funding, however they are flexible in receiving direction/technical know-how as well. They have experience in several areas



and would be helpful in complex/high cost projects such as overhead storage tanks and reverse osmosis (RO) treatment plants. We did have one problem with ASSIST. While considering RO as a treatment option, we requested that the villagers needed to be consulted about the RO process. Mr. Murthy said that this would not be necessary and that the villagers would accept this project. At this point it became clear that ASSIST was more interested in getting support from EWB for the project than involving the villagers and assessing their needs. The project team will keep this in mind as they move forward working with ASSIST. Assessment at this time revealed that one tap is destroyed, but the rest of the line is intact. The villagers were not using the supply system due to contamination of the source well. We reviewed several treatment options with the village leaders to get their feedback. Solar disinfection, chlorine and sand filtration were rejected. Chlorine was rejected because the villagers had a bad experience with taste when using chlorine in the past. Sand filtration was rejected because the EWB team had seen a failed sand filter in another village and recommended to the village that this option be considered as a last resort if not better option was found. Solar disinfection was rejected by the community because of the requirement of plastic bottles and the waiting time required for clean water. RO was the preferred alternative. We met with the ASSIST engineer and construction manager responsible for constructing 8 RO plants in fishing villages similar to CPPP to discuss the RO plants. The RO plant seemed to be feasible solution from a conceptual stand point so ASSIST provided the plant schematics and specifications and set up a meeting between EWB, the ASSIST engineer, 4 RO plant operators and CPPP village leaders. Several issues were discussed including training, construction, routine maintenance, plant shut-downs, financing, operations, maintenance, and local fund raising. Rigorous training is provided by the manufacturer and occurs over a 1 month period in Hyderabad. Training is giving to two members of the community, who are selected by the community to run the plant. The manufacturer provides a 3 year warranty which the 4 plant operators have utilized several times since start-up for various issues. None of the operators complained that maintenance issues were a problem. Many of the maintenance issues were minor leaks repaired by the operators. One plant had to be shut-down for several days until the manufacturer could repair it. When asked about their biggest challenges, 3 of 4 of the operators expressed difficulties in fund raising in the village for maintenance of the plant. The complaint from these operators is that some of the villagers could not pay the 60 Rs ($1.50) per month charge per family. When asked how much the operators collected per family, they said that during the non-fishing season (summer) some families could not pay at all and that they were currently collecting approximately 30 Rs per family. Based on this collection rate, the villages will no longer be able to afford providing regular maintenance on the plants after 5 years. We asked the CPPP village leaders about their villages savings and saving capacity. The village, through an informal collection system, currently saves approximately 20,000 Rs ($500)



per year and spends 10,000 Rs ($250) per year on maintenance. At this rate they would have to save approximately 800,000 Rs over 10 years, or roughly 5 times more their current savings rate to pay for the RO system. This figure also assumes an unlikely scenario that no breakdowns or costly equipment problems will occur after the three year manufacturers warranty expires. When asked if CPPP village could afford the RO system, the village leaders responded immediately that they could. The leaders did not seem to think about it or whether the villagers would be able to provide 5 times their current contribution to the village savings. Like the 3 of the 4 operators' villages, I believe that CPPP would not be able to provide adequate funds to maintain the ASSIST RO system in the long term. Despite the CPPP village leaders interest in the ASSIST RO system, this is not a sustainable solution for water treatment in CPPP. However, there are two other NGOs that provide RO systems, Naandi Foundation and Water Health International. Both organizations have sterling reputations.

. The team met with the District Collector of Prakasham (Similar to a City Manager in the US, but responsible for a county sized area of over a million people), who organized water quality testing by the government on the village of CPPP. Unfortunately, the government only provided us with chemical testing and not bacteria testing. The District Collector recommended the RO process as a solution for potable water in the fishermen villages. When asked about government programs to provide funding for the RO process in the fishermen villages, he said that the government does not have the money. Mr. Murthy said that the District Collector told him that the government provides protected water, not safe water. We still do not know what that really means. During our meeting with the village leaders they requested help constructing several hand pumps several hundred yards from the ocean to provide drinking water to the fishermen. The walk from the ocean to the village is approximately 20 minutes. In the summer many of the hand pumps are dry so the walk from the ocean to a source of water take up to 45 minutes. We decided to help provide 3 hand pumps located several hundred yards from each other along the Ocean. Water quality testing was arranged with Raghu to be performed in our absence. We departed India before testing could be performed. Immediately after construction, the fishermen were using the hand pumps. We also spent time interviewing several members of SARDS (Social Activities for Rural Development Society), another local NGO. Srinivas Chatla and Raghu Ramaiah are our primary contact for SARDS. SARDS programming is strong in education and capacity building. They have program elements similar to ASSIST, however they are not strong in water supply. Their water supply programming consists of providing 1-2 day seminars on tablet chlorination, and they currently have 1 overhead storage tank in construction. We decided that SARDS would not be a good partner because of their inexperience with water works. Eric Scherch has more information on SARDS if required.

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF SITE ASSESSMENT TRIP



The primary objective of the trip is to determine the best water treatment option for CPPP. In order to accomplish this, the team will do the following:

1) Evaluate the economic sustainability of the Naandia Foundation and Water Health

International RO systems. 2) Determine the feasibility of a Slow Sand Filter. 3) Determine the feasibility of using stabilized soil blocks for construction 4) Most importantly, conduct workshops with the villagers to determine the best

treatment option for community from a social, environmental and economic sustainability context.

4.0 COMMUNITY INFORMATION 4.1 Description of Community General Demographics

• Village Population: ~4000 • Castes/Religions: majority BC (Backward Caste), ST (Schedule Tribe), 1 Muslim

family • Disabled Members: ~20 members, 10 of which cannot speak, the other 10 are

physically disabled • 3-9 children per family • Average age at birth of 1st child: 20 for women, 24 for men. • Primary economic activity is fishing and prawn farming. The villagers also

harvest jellyfish during certain seasons. • Socioeconomic stratification can be described by the type of homes villagers live

in. Some villagers are very poor, day laborers, living in mud and thatch huts that must be rebuilt from rainy season to rainy season. On the other end of the spectrum are villagers that live in concrete houses and wear collared shirts with the traditional longi (fisherman's shorts)

• A paved road was recently constructed to the village which cut the travel time to Ongole in half from 1.5 hours to 45 minutes.

• The village is very flat with a mean elevation change of 1 ft every 3000 ft. There is a slight slope towards the ocean.

• Typical meals consist of rice and meat: chicken, goat, fish and rabbit. (Beef is not consumed here).

• Some villagers reported having sufficient food most of time, eating 2x or 3x/day. Other villagers noted that the availability of food depended on the fishing and sometimes there was not enough to eat.



Below is pertinent information from the health assessment conducted: The following illness/injury information was found during the last site visit as part of the health assessment. In general, people of CPPP were not familiar with the particular diseases that may affect them, only the symptoms. Additionally, it could not be reliably ascertained the number of people affected by which symptoms and how often. Villagers were not familiar with exact frequencies of illness only “many times” or “few times” or “many people affected” or “few people affected”. Common reported symptoms by villagers: Villagers were either uncertain about the causes of theses symptoms or they attributed them to colds that occur normally usually with the change in weather. It was reported that children were more effected than adults by some and others reported that everyone was affected the same.

• Fever • joint pains • back pains, • stomach pains, • diarrhea

Additional less common illness reported by villagers

• headache • Breathing problems, itchy throat, cough • skin problems (specifically one that affects fisherman’s legs, may be caused by

salt water, only causes them pain when entering the ocean, prevents them from work)

• appendicitis • Leg pains/ high blood pressure

When symptoms are mild they let them pass, when symptoms are severe, they seek out the government doctors/hospitals for medicines/treatment or go to hospitals/pharmacists where they pay. Common symptoms/causes reported by doctor and health supervisor: The doctor interviewed was 1 of the 3 working at the government hospital, and the health supervisor runs the government hospital that serves Chaki Cherla in addition to others. SYMPTOMS CAUSES Diarrhea Anemia, worm infections, poor sanitation Asthma -------- Fever Anemia, worm infections, poor sanitation,



general colds Skin problems Saltwater in ocean 4.2 Community/NGO Resources and Constraints See Part 2, Section 2 for more information on community financial constrains, local government financial constraints and NGO constraints. Capacity

• There are several plumbers in the village that have been utilized for pipeline installation and connecting the pumps to the electrical grid.

• The villagers hired day laborers from surrounding villages to dig the trench for the pipeline.

• The villagers are also very adept at making nets, operating motorboats for fishing. • A local mason was contracted for constructing the tanks. • The village is governed by several leaders, but is run by one man, the Charpool.

This is typical of fishing villages. • A water board was established during previous site visits and the community has

already identified 2 individuals that could be operators of a water treatment facility.

• Local soil is typically granular sand, however suitability for SSF media and soil stabilized blocks is not clear. The site assessment team will determine whether the soil on site is suitable for these applications

Water • Salt Water is used for all other purposes: animals, household chores, hand-

washing • Currently women collect drinking water 2 x/day in the morning and in the

evening. They report that each trip to the well takes about 25 minutes. Therefore ~1 hour/day is spent in collecting water.

• Bore Well distance: 1 at either end of the village. Approximately 0.5 km from the far end to the bore well at that end.

• Most wells are contaminated with Klebsiella and E.Coli. • No methods of water purification are currently used.

Sanitation

• No sanitation facilities are present in the village based on our survey except for 4 toilets at the elementary school. These were very dirty at the time and not used often. Most villagers use the fields surrounding the village for defecation.

4.3 Community Relations



During the last site assessment, Ram (Director of Public Relations, Rotary District and Director of EWB-India) introduced EWB-SD chapter to the Ongole Rotary club. The team also attended a presentation of free toothpaste from Colgate and the Ongole Rotary to a local elementary school.

Ram Chairman , RB International Foundation. Director Public Relations, Rotary District 3150. Director, Engineers without Borders(EWB-INDIA). Patron, Indian RedCross. +91 40 6450 xxxx(Home) +91 9989 398 xxx(Cell)

Ram introduced the team to K.S.R. a previous Ongole Rotary president and current Executive Director of ASSIST (A Society for Integrated Rural Development).

K.R.S. ASSIST 6th Line Ramnagar, Ongole, 523001, Prakasam Dist., A.P., India off. ph. 0091-8592-233xxx cell ph. 0091-9849-114xxx res. ph. 0091-8592-237xxx fax. ph. 0091-08592-233xxx

Through ASSIST the team conducted a brief interview of a few members of Catholic Relief Services who were providing funds for a housing project in the area.

Rachael Martis – Deputy State Rep, email: xxx M.Sree Nagesh – Program Officer, email: xxx CRS #1-11-253/A(New No. 118), Motilal Nehru Nagar, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016 off. ph. 0091-2776-46xx, xx, xx cell ph. 0091-9347-065xxx fax. ph. 0091-2776-4xxx Raghu Ramaiah, Translator, email: xxx Srinivas Chatla, Coordinator – Monitoring and Learning, email: xxx SARDS Jana Chaitana Nilayam, Kondapi Road, Tangutur Prakasam Dt, A.P., 523274

K. Thirupathi – CPPP Village Leaders Representative, 996350xxxx (Does not speak English)



Naandi Foundation Sreenivas Sreeramula email: 0091 9951400xxx Water Health International Mahendra Misra Director of R&D Email: xxx 4.4 Community Priorities

Potable Water Supply was the villagers number one priority. Other priorities will be discussed with the villagers during the site visit. 5.0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The tasks identified below will be performed to achieve the site assessment objective of determining the best water treatment option for the village. 5.1 Site Mapping

There is currently a proposed location for the well and treatment facility based on prior site visits.

1) Evaluate site for environmental impacts of RO system waste discharge. Discuss discharge with villagers and walk the entire route downstream to evaluate all potential impacts to the community and environment. Photos will be taken and field notes will be taken from site walk and discussions with villagers.

2) Evaluate the site for potential security concerns. Discuss with villagers how the site will be protected from theft or vandalism.

3) Identify locations of various sand sizes for potential use in SSF (see section 5.2 for relevancy). Several sand sieves will be purchased in the US for training in the US of characterizing sand and constructing a pilot SSF. These sieves will be taken to India if necessary to construct the SSF pilot facility. The sieves will be relatively small and easy to transport because of the smaller size of the pilot SSF. Sieves are also available for purchase near Ongole. The team will explore local available materials and local hardware stores through ASSIST prior to departure and in Ongole as part of the site assessment

4) Identify locations of various soils and constituency for stabilized soil block construction. The team will practice categorizing soils at locations in San Diego prior to the site assessment as training. A sedimentation test will be performed using a 2 liter bottle to get a rough idea of the soil classification. Perform a shrinkage test using a wooden box approximately 60cm long by 4cm wide and tall. Other tests will be performed as required.



5.2 Technical Data Collection

1) Collect economic information regarding RO systems through meetings and communication with Naandi Foundation and Water Health International. Collect RO system model information during the same communications. Communication with these organizations has already begun.

2) The groundwater data and site information for Chakicherla currently available are inadequate to characterize the aquifer for the purposes of determining the practicality of relying on the aquifer as a source of drinking water for the long term (at least several generations). Major issues include the potential for depleting the aquifer, the potential for seawater intrusion, and the potential for well contamination from nearby contaminated groundwater. In order to better characterize the local aquifer, we will conduct a hydraulic analysis of the aquifer including the following tasks: GIS mapping and groundwater level measurement, borehole sampling, aquifer testing.

GIS mapping and groundwater level measurement of local wells

Water levels and ground elevations of accessible groundwater wells in the vicinity of Chakicherla will be recorded and the well locations will be mapped using GIS technology. Additionally, locations of local high and low ground elevations will be recorded and mapped. The purpose of this study is to determine the general direction of groundwater flow in the area and to better characterize the local groundwater aquifer. The results of this study will be compared to the results of previous water quality studies to better determine the viability of the aquifer as a source of drinking water for the village. Materials required: Portable GIS Unit, Water Level Indicator

Procedure: Mapping and data recording for this study only requires one person and could be accomplished in one day (this person should be trained in using the GIS equipment before leaving for India). Groundwater levels need to be recorded in the same day. The procedure for this study is relatively straightforward. Wells need to be located and their locations need to be data recorded along with the wells’ ground elevations. If a well is open, accessible, and static (non-pumping) the groundwater level should also be recorded using the water level indicator. Ground elevations and locations should also be recorded for any obvious high and low points in the area to give an idea of the general slope of the land. At the discretion of the GIS operator, locations of prominent landscape features that would be obvious in a satellite image should also be recorded (such as road intersections or buildings. This will help with lining up background images during the data analysis phase of the project.



Borehole sampling

A series of boreholes will be drilled in the immediate vicinity and surrounding area of the existing production well to determine the lithology, water quality, water table elevation and aquifer characteristics of the regional aquifer system. Deep Borehole Purpose & Construction: During the construction of each borehole the lithology encountered will be logged in accordance with the ASTM D 2488 visual manual procedure and a soil sample collected near the screened zone of the production well may be sent to a laboratory for analysis under the ASTM D 2487 if needed. A 2-inch minimum diameter (larger if necessary for borehole stability) hollow stem auger will be used for drilling and will produce lithologic core samples continually. If this is not economically or physically feasible then core samples should be produced at a minimum of ~1-foot per 5-feet interval. Borehole lithology will be recorded on a lithologic log. Boreholes will be drilled to approximately 50ft, or to the capacity of the drill on-site. The goal is to reach an impermeable or semi-impermeable layer acting as an aquitard or aquiclude within the aquifer system. If such a layer is visibly reached well above 50 feet bgs then the borehole depth does not need to extend further below. Groundwater Monitoring & Sampling: Water samples will be collected after penetrating the water table at approximately 7-foot intervals. The saline content of these water samples will be analyzed to determine salt-water intrusion at depth. Samples at selected depths will be sent to the laboratory for analysis for drinking water purposes determining mineral and bacterial content, pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, hardness, nitrate and possibly heavy metals (primarily arsenic) (dependent on lab). Water levels will be recorded using a water level indicator once water levels have equilibrated after completion of boreholes. Location of Boreholes: Borehole A – Pseudo-Production Well This first borehole will be drilled in close proximity yet distant enough to maintain the integrity of the well (10-30ft) from the production well to provide a good representation of the lithology and water quality of the existing well (approximately 20ft deep). This borehole will continue up to 50ft bgs to discover the full thickness of the aquifer if present as previously described. The most extensive water sampling will be performed on this borehole. The data collected from this borehole can then be used to determine whether the well is screened within an unconfined or a confined aquifer and provide insight for the placement of the following observation wells.



Borehole B – Observation Well This borehole will be constructed in the same manner as Borehole A to the full extent of the aquifer determined by the lithology encountered. It will be strategically placed at a set distance north or south (based on accessibility in the field) of the existing production well. Groundwater sampling and water level monitoring will take place as previously described, adjusted as needed. This well will later be used as an observation well during aquifer testing. Borehole C – Observation Well 2 This borehole will be constructed in the same manner as Borehole A to the full extent of the aquifer determined by the lithology encountered. It will be strategically placed a set distance from borehole B with the same directional orientation from the existing production well. Groundwater sampling and water level monitoring will take place as previously described, adjusted as needed. This well will later be used as an observation well during aquifer testing.

Aquifer testing including drawdown and slug test

Aquifer and slug tests will be conducted to evaluate the hydraulic parameters of the hydrogeologic unit in selected monitor wells. Water level drawdown, recovery, and well discharge rates will be monitored throughout the test. Water quality parameter data may also be used in additional investigations.

Equipment and/or Instrumentation: Equipment used during aquifer testing includes discharge and water level measuring devices. A calibrated 5- to 55-gallon container and stopwatch. Equipment utilized during slug testing includes a solid slug or bailer to remove a known volume from the water column. Water levels will be measured with calibrated water level indicators, and synchronized watches will be used to note the time of each measurement. Pressure transducers and electronic data loggers may also be used to record water levels. Solinst® Levelogger™ integrated transducers / data loggers or similar instruments can be pre-programmed and set entirely within the well using a suspension cable, eliminating the need for a data logger unit at the surface. Data loggers can be used long term and will log the info for 1+ yrs without maintenance. This may be beneficial for future use in our pumping well. The team will look into finding a used, borrowed, or even donated one through Solinst and other sources. Constant Discharge Tests:

• Measure the total depth of the well to be tested.



• Familiarize all personnel with the aquifer test procedures. • Connect existing pump to existing well. • Install a gate valve in the pump discharge line. Discharge will be controlled

to maintain a constant flowrate. • Prepare equipment for discharge measurement. A calibrated 5- to 55-gallon

container or an in-line flow meter will be used to monitor discharge from wells.

• Assemble all necessary forms and graph paper. • Prior to the start of pumping, measure static water level in the pumping and

observation wells (a minimum of 2 observation wells), and record measurement time on the appropriate water level record sheet. If the well has been pumped for development or pump performance purposes, water levels must regain pre-pumping levels prior to beginning the test.

• Install pressure transducers if available and water lever meters in selected observation wells prior to initial testing.

• Perform a limited pumping pretest at a low flowrate (approximately 2-5 gpm) to determine appropriate valve settings, to test for leaks in the discharge system, and to ensure that discharge is directed into a location. Allow water level to recover to initial level after pretest is complete and before resuming pumping for aquifer testing.

• Synchronize all personnel's watches and chronometers, then start the pump. • Start pump and maintain a constant discharge. Constant discharge aquifer

tests will be conducted for a pumping period of 12 hours and a recovery period of 12 hours.

• In the pumping well and observation wells, water levels will be measured automatically by the transducer / data logger at one-minute intervals for the duration of the test. Manual water level measurement of the pumping well and observation wells will be conducted periodically. These measurements are used as a check on the response of the transducer. If transducers aren't available in all wells water levels should be recorded at 5-10 second intervals for the first minute, 30 second intervals for the following fifteen minutes, every minute for the following half hour, then every 5 to 10 minutes adjusted as needed for the next 12 hours. When water level stability occurs data recording can be curtailed but not stopped during pumping. This schedule is repeated during recharge of the water level immediately after the pump is turned off. Water levels in all wells, pumping and observation, need to be measured at the same time using synchronized watches or as close as possible. Record measurements on water level record sheets with corresponding measurement time.

• Adjust valve as needed to maintain constant discharge. • After the pump is turned off, begin water level recovery measurements

according to the schedule indicated above. Record measurements and measurement times on the water level record sheets.



• If the on-site hydrogeologist/engineer determines that recovery has reached approximate pre-pumping water levels before 12 hours, the test may be terminated.

Instantaneous Discharge Slug Tests (if necessary):

• Measure the total depth of the well to be tested. • Prepare a bailer or slug capable of removing or displacing 0.5 foot to 2 feet of

water inside the well casing. • Measure the static water level in the well prior to placing the bailer or slug

downhole. Water levels should be measured regularly during a sufficient period of time to ensure that static conditions (constant water level) exist at the start of the test. If using a transducer, calibrate the transducer to this measurement.

• Position a pressure transducer of sufficient sensitivity and range to a depth below the level that the water is expected to decrease upon bailing or removal of the slug. Set the logging interval to 1 second or less.

• Insert the bailer or submerge the slug in the well. • Allow the water level in the well to stabilize, then measure depth to water and

check the transducer calibration and the operation of the data logger. • After the water level in the well has stabilized with the bailer or slug in place,

quickly lift the bailer or slug above static water level in the well. • If possible, measure the water level in the well with a water level indicator

several times during the first minute of recovery. These measurements are also used as a check on the response of the transducer if used.

• The slug test will be terminated when the water level has reached static conditions or, if more than one hour has passed since the start of the test, when the water level has reached 90 percent of static. The on-site personnel will determine when the water level recovery is sufficient for the test to be terminated.

3) If SSF is determined to be an appropriate technology, the team will construct a pilot SSF utilizing their experience constructing one in the US prior to departure as a guide. The team, in coordination with a group of undergraduate students at the University of California San Diego, developed a report for a proposed SSF facility in Chakicherla. This document includes information on the appropriate design and operation of SSFs and will be used as a guide during the project. EWB-San Diego has also been in contact and conducted an informational interview with the EWB-Cal Poly regarding the SSF project EWB-Cal Poly has been working on for the past few years. The information from this interview will also be used during the site visit.

5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Data Success for the project will ultimately be measured by the quantity and quality of potable water provided to each village resident. In addition, measurement of community health based on



EWB-USAs health assessment guidelines shall be conducted to determine any health benefits to the community as a result of the project. A health assessment will be completed approximately 1 year after completion of the project and will be compared to the original health assessment performed for the project.



6.0 SCHEDULE OF TASKS



7.0 PROJECT FEASIBILITY

If the project is social, environmental and economically sustainable then the project will be feasible. Environmentally, if the hydraulic evaluation determines that there is a high risk for salt water contamination, then slow sand filtration will be eliminated as a treatment option. Economically, if the cost of a slow sand filter or reverse osmosis system is not sustainable for the community over the long term (several generations), the project will not be feasible. Socially, if village priorities have changed or if the treatment options are not socially acceptable to the community, the project will not be feasible.

8.0 MENTOR ASSESSMENT Eric as the project lead worked closely with Joel and Amanda to gather much of the information on hydrogeology and stabilized soil blocks required for the site assessment. The teams research includes UN documents, EWB-Cal Poly report and related journal articles on stabilized soil blocks. In addition, research on journal articles relating to typical geology and groundwater conditions along the coast of Andhra Pradesh, India have also been researched. Eric coordinated a research report on SSFs through coursework for undergraduate students at the University of California San Diego. In addition, the team conducted an informational interview with an EWB – Cal Poly team member regarding their SSF project in Thailand. New guidelines have become available recently through the updated EWB-USA website. The team will also review these documents in the coming weeks and incorporate any requirements prior to the site assessment. The team intends to practice applicable field activities in the US prior to departure including soil characterization for stabilized soil blocks, sand characterization for SSF media, and SSF pilot construction and operation. The team also intends to continue their communication with ASSIST to determine more exact site assessment costs, a preliminary cost estimate for a full sized SSF, locally available materials, and logistics for the site assessment. Communication will be continued with Naandi Foundation and Water Health International to gather information on available RO systems.

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