Pre-Civil War (1846-1860)

North v. South

•Agricultural

•Plantations

•“King Cotton”

•Slave Labor

•Industrial

•produced nearly 90% of the nation’s manufactured goods

•Most railroads and munitions

factories are located in North

•Immigrant Labor/Growing Population (few immigrants move to

South because of less employment opportunities (no need for immigrant labor)

Rebellion of Nat Turner Nat Turner was an American slave who started the largest

slave rebellion in the antebellum southern United States, in

Southampton County, Virginia. His Methodical slaughter of

white civilians during the uprising in 1831 makes his

legacy controversial.

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Said he was

Called by God

To slay his

Enemy with their

Own weapons

A solar eclipse was

His cue.

Rise of Abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison- prominent American Abolitionist - editor of the radical

abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the

American Anti-Slavery Society

Frederick Douglas- was an African American abolitionist, editor,orator, author,

statesman and reformer.

Grimke Sisters- Sarah Grimke and Angelina Grimke Weld known as the

Grimke sisters, were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers

who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.The Grimke

sisters were born in Charleston, South Carolina. Throughout their life they

traveled throughout the North, lecturing about their first-hand experiences with

slavery on their family's plantation.

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• Missouri Compromise- Northern states feared new

territories being “Slave states” Southern states feared

territories being “free states”1820- Missouri would be

admitted as a “Slave State” - Maine would be “free”

all new territories below Missouri would be “Slave” –

Everything North would be “Free” this would maintain

balance in congress

Nullification Crisis

February 1833

South Carolina did not feel that they should have to pay a full

Federal tax and refused to pay. John C. Calhoun Jackson’s

VP resigned over the issue. He supported state nullification.

Jackson reduced the tarriff, but not enough for the liking of SC.

They threatened to not pay and Jackson threatened to send in the

military. SC agreed to terms.

This helped add to Sectionalism - placing the good of your area

over The good of the country (North and South)

Wilmot Proviso

• Proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman

David Wilmot stating that all territory obtained

in the Mexican American War would prohibit

(not allow) slavery. This infuriates the South.

Congress did not pass this

Compromise of 1850

• Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free

state as well as unorganized Western territories. All

other states would be decided by “POPULAR

SOVEREIGNTY” or let the states vote on it. Fugitive

Slave Act also passed as a part of this compromise

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Daniel

Webster

John C.

Calhoun

Henry

Clay

“”Fugitive” Slaves had to be returned to owners. Assisting the slaves

Would result in $1000 fine and/or 6 months in jail

The Underground Railroad

•Created in response to Fugitive Slave

laws.

•Most famous “conductor” was Harriet

Tubman, nicknamed “Black Moses.”

“There’s two things I got a right to and

these are Death and Liberty.

One or the other I mean to have.”

~Harriet Tubman~

Harriet Tubman

Which of these events can be

viewed as being a result of the

failure of the Compromise of

1850?

• A. Spanish American War

• B. American Civil War

• C. Revolutionary War

• D. Mexican War

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe

•Written by abolitionist, Harriet

Beecher Stowe in 1852

•Sold over 1 million copies in

the first year alone

•Strengthened Northerners’

resolve to end slavery

When Stowe met Abraham Lincoln in

1862, he reportedly said:

“So, you’re the little lady who

started this great big war…”

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas

•Divided territory west of Missouri into:

•Kansas in the South

•Nebraska in the North

•Repealed the Missouri Compromise (Maine=Free / Missouri=Slave / North =Free South=slave)

•Slave/Free status would be decided

based on Popular Sovereignty: It was a

failure

•Idea supported by Stephen Douglas

“If the people of Kansas want a slaveholding state, let them have it, and if they want a free state they have right to it, and it is not for the people of Illinois, or Missouri, or New York, or Kentucky, to complain, whatever the decision of Kansas may be.”

-Senator Stephen Douglas

•Douglas believed Kansas would vote for slavery and

Bleeding Kansas

• According to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the issue of slavery in Kansas was to be decided by popular sovereignty, meaning that the people who lived in the territory would vote on whether or not slavery would be allowed there. Since the status of Kansas as a slave or free state was to be determined by a vote, people from free states and slave states moved to Kansas with the hopes of becoming the majority in the state. In 1856, people who were pro-slavery burned the Free State Hotel in the town of Lawrence. A few days later, abolitionist John Brown and several others killed five people who were pro-slavery.

Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857

Dred Scott

• Dred Scott claimed that since he had lived in free territory with his owner, he should be free

• Supreme Court ruled that:

1. Slaves were not citizens and therefore had no legal claim in court

2. Living in free area did not make you free

3. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it interfered with slaveholders’ right to property (protected by the 5th amendment)

• Cleared the way for the expansion of slavery and increased tension between the North and South

Harper’s Ferry

“John Brown’s Fort”

•John Brown attacked Harper’s

Ferry, Virginia on October 16, 1859

•planned to free the slaves and

create a general uprising of

slaves throughout the south

•Eventually captured by

Colonel Robert E. Lee

•John Brown was convicted of

treason and hanged on December

2, 1859

•Became a martyr in the abolitionist

movement, and a cold blooded killer to

others (Southerners)

The Election of 1860

Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln

•Douglas favored popular sovereignty; Lincoln favored abolition

•accused Lincoln of being a radical abolitionist who advocated racial equality; Lincoln accused Douglas of defending both slavery and the Dred Scott decision.

•Douglas, although more experienced, was at a disadvantage because his party had split.

•Lincoln emerged as the winner

•Received less than 1/2 of popular vote.

•Received no electoral votes in the South (wasn’t even on the ballot in

many Southern states).

•Major candidates: Lincoln and Douglas Ran against each other in the

Senatorial race of 1858 (Ill)

Secession of the Southern

States

• Abraham Lincoln’s election sparked the secession of the southern states.

• Believed they would not be represented in the government under Lincoln’s leadership.

• Believed he would seek to abolish slavery

• Based their secession on States’ Rights:

• Said the Constitution was a contract between the states and that the government had broken the contract by refusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law and denying the southern states their equal rights in the territories.

• As the southern states secede, they seize US arsenals, fortresses, and other public property in the name of the newly formed Confederate States of America.

The Stars and Bars

(Flag of CSA before Ft

Sumter-added 5 stars later)

The Confederate States of

America • The CSA:

1. South Carolina-December 20, 1860

2. Mississippi-January 9, 1861

3. Florida-January 10, 1861

4. Alabama-January 11, 1861

5. Georgia-January 19, 1861

6. Louisiana-January 26, 1861

7. Texas-February 1, 1861

8. Virginia-April 17, 1861

9. Arkansas-May 6, 1861

10.North Carolina-May 20, 1861 11.Tennessee-May 6, 1861

• Kentucky and Missouri were made honorary states of the CSA since their secession committees voted to stay in the union (hence 13 stars on the flag).

• Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware were border slave states that remained in the Union.

• The Western counties of Virginia (anti-slavery), including Harpers Ferry,

break away from Virginia when she secedes and form West Virginia

Confederate Battle

Flag

Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

• One of last southern forts held by the Union (located in Charleston).

• CSA commander Pierre Beauregard ordered an attack on the fort when USA commander Robert Anderson refused to surrender it.

• At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, Confederates began firing upon the fort, and Anderson was eventually forced to surrender

• The attack on Fort Sumter sparked the beginning of the Civil War. • No casualties occurred at Fort Sumter until the surrender ceremonies, when a Union

soldier was accidentally killed by an exploding gun.

Pierre G. T. Beauregard Graduated 2nd in his class at West Point in 1838 (learned English as a second language)

Robert Anderson Taught Beauregard at West Point

The Causes of the Civil War 1. Sectional Differences Between the North and South

2. States’ Rights

3. Slavery

• Wilmot Proviso- Proposed that Western territories acquired thru Mex. / Amer. War be closed to slavery (The U.S. and Mexico disagreed on the boundary between Texas and Mexico). Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mex/Amer War (US acquired all of California, Nevada, and Utah. The U.S. also acquired parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for this land.) Texas had always allowed slavery

• Compromise of 1850 New territories included w/out discussion of free/slave status, Fugitive Slave act issued,

Washington DC no slave trade (slavery allowed)

• Fugitive Slave Act

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• The Dred Scott Decision

4. The Election of Abraham Lincoln

5. The Secession of the Southern States

6. The Attack on Fort Sumter (the spark)

Abraham Lincoln’s main goal at the beginning

of the war is to preserve the Union (not end slavery).

USA v. CSA USA/Union/North

• President: Abraham Lincoln

• Vice-Presidents:

• Hannibal Hamlin ( 1st term)

• Andrew Johnson (2nd term)

• Capital: Washington, D.C.

• Flag: Stars and Stripes

• Anthem: Star Spangled Banner

• Commanding Generals:

• George McClellan

• George Meade

• Ulysses S. Grant

• 2nd In Command:

• William T. Sherman

CSA/Confederacy/South

• President: Jefferson Davis

• Vice-President:

• Alexander Stephens

• Capitals:

• Montgomery, Alabama

• Richmond, Virginia

*most Industrialized city in the

South

• Flag: Stars and Bars

• Anthem: Dixie

• Commanding General: Robert E.

Lee

• 2nd In Command:

• Stonewall Jackson

USA v. CSA USA Advantages

• Industrial (control majority of the nation’s

munitions factories, etc.)

• Larger Population (23 states, 22 million people)

• Better Transportation (longer supply lines)

• More Resources (held 3/4 of nation’s wealth)

• Established Government (strong federal

government with the ability to raise taxes, etc.)

• Less Dependent on Europe

• Abraham Lincoln

CSA Advantages

• Better Military (South had strong military tradition, best military leaders on either side, West Point educated, etc.)

• Fighting For A Cause (Fighting for their independence; strong will of the Southern people)

• Home Advantage (Most battles are fought in the South--they know the territory; can be a disadvantage as well (more damage, etc.)

• Blockade Runners (Able to sneak much needed supplies into Southern ports)

• Robert E. Lee USA Disadvantages

• Weak and Inexperienced Military Leaders (refused to pursue Confederates)

• Generals (many US generals were born in the South-divide loyalties, sympathetic to South)

• North Must Seize and Hold Territory (USA had to conquer and hold territory: CSA hoped that if they refused to give up, the North would eventually end the war and let them go)

CSA Disadvantages

• Smaller Population (11 states, 9 million people-3.5 of which are slaves)

• Fewer Resources (blockade eventually ”starves“ the South; few transportation networks)

• Economy Based on Slavery (blockade prevents the South from selling cotton to England/North; neglected industry--couldn’t produce industrial goods)

• No Established Government (no way to raise money for the war until 1863; sectionalism)

USA v. CSA

Battle Strategy for North

Three Pronged Attack

“The Anaconda Plan”

1) Blockade the Confederate

Ports

2) Invade the Confederacy, split

it in half along Miss. R.

(“divide and conquer”)

3)Capture Richmond (the

capital)

Military Strategy for

South

Defensive War

• fight when attacked

• Keep winning battles until the

Union gives up and allows

the South to secede

successfully.

• Many of Davis’ military leaders were

against fighting a defensive war.

Robert E. Lee repeatedly tried to

convince Davis to take the battles into

the North, but Jefferson did not want

President Jefferson Davis,

CSA

“The time for compromise has now

passed.”

-Jefferson Davis

• Resigned his position of Major General in the US Army to

accept the office of President of the Confederate States of

America (CSA)

• 1st and only Confederate president (elected to 6 year term)

• In May 1861, the Confederate Congress chose to move the capital

from Montgomery to Richmond, and Davis and his family moved into

what became known as the “White House of the Confederacy.”

White House of the Confederacy

General Robert E. Lee

“It is well

that war is

so terrible,

or we should

grow too

fond of it”.

-General

Robert E.

Lee

• Considered one of the most brilliant military minds in America’s history

• His war tactics were studied up to World War I (when mechanized warfare was introduced)

Robert Edward Lee

• Offered command of both the

Union and Confederate forces

• He wanted to remain loyal to his

home state of Virginia

• Lee’s home, Arlington (located

outside Washington, D.C.) was

the 1st plantation to be seized

by Federal forces

• Became the site for a

national cemetery

“Whatever may be the result of the contest,

I foresee that the country will have to pass

through a terrible ordeal…for our national

sins.”

-General Robert E. Lee

General Thomas Jackson

• 2nd in command to Lee

• Nicknamed “Stonewall” after the Battle of Bull Run (No fear)

• Injured by “friendly fire” in the later part of the war

Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest

•Only man on either side of the war to enter as a private and

leave with the rank of Lt. General

•His war tactics are still studied today

•Founder and 1st Grand Wizard of the KKK

Abraham Lincoln

•Lincoln’s views on slavery led him into politics and he eventually became

instrumental in the creation of the Republican party

•His debates with Stephen Douglas gained him national attention (and the

Republican presidential nomination in 1860)

“A house divided against

itself cannot stand.

I believe this government

cannot endure

permanently half slave

and half free.”

Abraham Lincoln •Lincoln’s views were

considered moderate

compared to most

abolitionists of the day

•Lincoln won the election

of 1860, defeating

Stephen Douglas, to

become the 16th

president

“Lincoln was the first great man that I talked

with in the United States freely who in no

single instance reminded me of the difference

between himself and myself, of the difference

of color.”

-Frederick Douglass

Stephen Douglas called his opponent “two-

faced” in the 1858 Senate race. Upon hearing

this, Lincoln replied, “If I had another face to

wear, do you really think I would be wearing

this one?”

•1st president to be reelected

since Andrew Jackson

•Tallest president (at nearly

6’4)

•Suffered from extreme

depression and nightmares

(often premonitions of his

death)

•1st president to be

assassinated

President Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln 1860 1865

Vice President Andrew

Johnson

•Lincoln’s 2nd vice-president

•Became president upon

Lincoln’s assassination

•1st president to be impeached

General George B. McClellan

•Nicknamed “Young Napoleon”

•Entered West Point at the age of 15 and graduated 2nd in his class

•Had a very volatile relationship with President Lincoln

•Ran against Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election

General Ulysses Simpson

Grant

•When considering Grant as a replacement for Meade, Lincoln began hearing reports that Grant was often drunk during battles

•Instead of being angry, Lincoln asked what kind of liquor Grant drank so that he could buy some for all of his generals

•Often credited for winning the war as Union Commander

•Elected president in 1868 and 1872 becoming the 18th president

General William Tecumseh

Sherman •Became 2nd in command when

Grant was appointed commander

of Union forces

•When Grant was elected president,

Sherman became commander of

US forces--which were

concentrated in the West

•Both Sherman and Grant

believed that total war was the

only way to end the war quickly

•Federal officers were required to wear

white bands on their uniforms for 6

months after President Lincoln’s

assassination

~Life of Soldiers~

Soldiers’ Pay

Pay for the average US soldier was $13 per month

Outnumbered

Union men outnumbered Confederates by a ratio of 3.5

to 1

Soldiers

About 42,000 men fighting for the US were under the age of

18 or over the age of 46. The number of confederates was

much higher.

~Camp Life~

Bull Run (Manassas) July 21, 1861

•1st official battle of the war

•Located 25 miles from Washington, D.C. on Bull Run Creek,

near Manassas Junction

•Confederates named battles after the nearest settlement, while the US

named them after the nearest body of water (hence the 2 names)--also

applies to armies

Bull Run (Manassas)

Leaders at Bull Run:

CSA=Thomas J. Jackson

USA=Irwin McDowell

•Both sides expect a short, glorious war

Bull Run (Manassas)

•Washington civilians came out to watch the battle dressed in their Sunday best, carrying picnic baskets

•South’s 1st of many victories

•Fortunately for the USA, the CSA were too exhausted to continue on to Washington

•Proved the war would not be short

•For the 1st 2 1/2 years, the CSA win nearly all the battles, until shortages begin to effect the war effort

Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing)

•Confederates, led by Nathan Bedford Forrest, launch a

surprise attack on US troops led by Ulysses S. Grant

•Confederates appear to be victorious, but on the 2nd day of the

battle, Grant reorganizes and launches a counter-attack

Battle of Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing)

•Confederates are forced to retreat

•Grant gains the attention of President Lincoln at this battle

because of his refusal to give up (and because of his victory)--could have

been another victory for CSA if not for Grant)

•Battle demonstrates what a bloody slaughter the war was

becoming because of the 100,000 men who fought there, nearly

1/4 were killed, wounded or captured.

The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg,

MD)

•Lee finally convinces Davis to let him attack Washington, D.C.

•A Union corporal, exploring a meadow where the Confederates

had camped found a copy of Lee’s battle plans wrapped around

cigars

•The plans revealed that Lee and Stonewall’s armies were

Antietam (Sharpsburg)

•Battle occurred on September 17, 1862 in Sharpsburg, Maryland

•Antietam becomes the bloodiest single day battle in American History

Antietam Dead

In a single day, Confederate losses at Antietam were over

13,700 and Union losses over 12,400, bringing total losses to

close to 26,000.

Antietam Bridge (Sharpsburg)

• Slight Northern Victory

•McClellan refused to pursue the battered Confederate Army and missed an opportunity to possibly end the war

•Lincoln fires McClellan on November 7, 1862

Antietam (Sharpsburg)

Upon hearing false reports that McClellan had gained a

clear victory at Antietam, Lincoln decided the time was

right to issue his Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation

•The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the Confederate States ONLY (slaves in the border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware) remained slaves)

•When word reaches the South, Confederates are furious, declaring that Lincoln has no authority in the CSA, but slaves will begin to run away, destroy plantations (killing some plantation owners). Some will chose to remain on the plantations, others return

•Great Britain decides against helping the CSA because of the proclamation

“Contraband”

“My paramount

object in this

struggle is to save

the Union, and is

not either to save or

destroy Slavery. If I

could save the

Union without

freeing any slave, I

would do it….”

-Abraham Lincoln

The Emancipation

Proclamation •The CSA continued to win the majority of battles and Great Britain was considering officially recognizing them as a nation

•Lincoln sees emancipation as an opportunity to increase morale in the north and keep Britain from recognizing the CSA (and seize enemy resources as well)

•Lincoln uses the Emancipation Proclamation as a weapon of war and turns the war into a fight against slavery

Other War Tactics/Opposition to

Lincoln •US government collects 1st income tax to raise money for the war effort

•Take over telegraph lines and railroads to use for military purposes

•Copperheads=northern democrats who advocated peace with the South

•Lincoln is also opposed by members of his own party, who become known as Radical Republicans, because they want him to focus more on slavery and less on reunification only

Conscription

•Both armies relied on volunteers at the beginning of the war, but will eventually have to resort to conscription, or the draft

•Confederates draft men between the ages of 18 and 35 (although the ages widen as the war continues); allowed wealthy draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place, exempted planters who owned more than 20 slaves

•USA drafts men between the ages of 20 and 45, who may also hire substitutes or pay $300 to avoid the draft

*At least 116,000 men donned blue uniforms after having been hired as substitutes for those who did not want to fight*

Bounty Jumping and Draft

Riots

With over 5,000 men deserting monthly, the Federal government issued a reward

for $5 to anyone who returned a deserter to his unit. By 1865, the price had been

raised to $30

•US army also offered bounties, or cash payments to join the army

•Bounty-jumping refers to the practice of men enlisting in the army, collecting their bounty, and deserting (often repeating the practice)

•Many of the poor on both sides led draft riots, arguing that it was a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight (resented dying for someone else’s fight: North for freedom of slaves, South for slave owners)

African American Units

•US congress passes a law in 1862 allowing African Americans to serve in the military----nearly 200,000 volunteer (make up about 10% of US army)

•These units are commanded by white officers, segregated from whites, used mostly for manual labor for most of the war

•22 receive the Congressional Medal of Honor

54th Massachusetts

•Most famous African-American regiment is the 54th Massachusetts, led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (and depicted in the movie ‘Glory’)

•Shaw, the son of Northern abolitionists, was chosen to lead the first regiment of black troops organized in a northern state (the 11 previous regiments were raised by groups of freed slaves)

•Began service in May 1863

Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (left) and members of the 54th Massachusetts

54th Massachusetts

•Shaw protested the use of his regiment for manual labor and his troops were finally allowed to see battle

•After leading several successful missions, the 54th Mass. joined with 2 white regiments to attack Ft. Wagner, proving their skills but losing 1/4 of the regiment in the unsuccessful attack, including Col. Shaw

Effects of the War on Soldiers

•Disease (caused by inadequate supplies,

sanitation, wounds, etc.)-many die from

disease rather than battle casualties

•Death

•Filthy Living Conditions (live among

human waste, bathe and drink in the same

water they use for latrines, few wash clothes

or body)

•Poor Diet (few fresh foods, live off “hardtack” (squared biscuits supposedly hard enough to stop a bullet, which are often moldy or worm

infested), CSA are often without food)

•Poor Medical Treatment (limited medical supplies (especially for CSA), limited number of trained nurses/doctors, etc.)

•Lice (caused by lack of sanitation)

•Dysentery (caused by unsanitary conditions and lack of proper nutrition)

US Sanitary Commission

Prison Camps

•Soldiers also faced the possibility of prison…and the horrible conditions there

•The most notorious prison camp on either side is Andersonville, located in Georgia

•Of the approximately 33,000 prisoners there, nearly 1/3 died

•The commander of the prison, Major Henry Wirz, became the only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War

Andersonville Prisoners

Remains of Andersonville Fort Escape Tunnel

Prison Camps

Libby Prison

Richmond, Virginia

Old Capitol Prison

Washington, DC

Andersonville Cemetery

Execution of Major Henry Wirz (Commander of Andersonville)

Only “war criminal” to be executed after the war

Women of the War

•Run plantations and factories

•Government clerks

•Accompany troops to act as cooks, laundresses, etc.

•Spies (some disguise themselves and fight)

•Nurses

Dorothea Dix

*1st superintendent of women nurses

Fought for the rights of the mentally handicapped (jail)

*Required her nurses to be at least 30 and plain

Clara Barton

*Nurse who was nicknamed “Angel of the Battlefield”

*Cared for the sick and wounded on the battlefield, reducing death and infection by getting soldiers immediate medical attention

The Battle of Chancellorsville

The Confederacy gained 2 important victories at

Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Virginia in April-May 1863

The Battle of

Chancellorsville

•After the battle, on May 2, 1863, Stonewall Jackson is

accidentally shot by his own men (when they mistake him for the

enemy) when returning to camp after inspecting his troops

•After losing his left arm to amputation, Jackson catches

pneumonia and dies on May 10, 1863

•Jackson’s death is a tremendous blow to the South and to

Lee

The Later Years

1863-1865

The Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863

•USA and CSA forces meet up at Gettysburg while looking for

shoes

•The south is at a disadvantage because of Stonewall’s death

and the absence of Jeb Stuart, who is on a raid

•Stuart’s absence deprived Lee of crucial information concerning

US troop movements

Pickett’s Charge

•After several unsuccessful attempts to take Cemetery Ridge, a strategic

location on the battlefield, Lee ordered George Pickett to attack the middle

of Union lines, in an attempt to take the field

•“Pickett’s Charge” was a suicide mission, with nearly all of

Pickett’s division being killed…and the field was never taken

•After 3 days of fighting, Lee retreats and General Meade refuses to pursue

the Confederates, claiming the armies are in need of a rest

The Legacy of Gettysburg

•Lincoln is furious with Meade for missing an opportunity to end

the war and makes plans to replace him

•Gettysburg becomes the turning point of the war

because the CSA will never again invade Northern territory or recover

from their losses

•USA casualties=23,000; CSA casualties=28,000 (10,000 from Pickett’s

Charge alone)-----nearly 51,000 total casualties

Gettysburg Dead

Prize of the Battlefield

In the aftermath of battle, soldiers from both sides would swarm to the field to loot the bodies of the dead…looking for a good pair of

shoes

Gettysburg Cemetery

Entrance

Gettysburg Address Only known photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg

•A ceremony is held at the

Gettysburg battlefield on

November 19, 1863 to

dedicate a national cemetery

there

•Lincoln was asked to say a

few words to commemorate

the event:

•His “Gettysburg Address,” although

only 2 minutes long is Lincoln’s most

remembered speech, and one of the

most famous in US history

•“Do not allow the men who died to

die in vain”

•In it, Lincoln expressed his hopes

The Battle of Vicksburg April-July 1863

•Vicksburg is the last

Confederate

stronghold preventing

the Union from

splitting the south in

two at the Mississippi

River

•US commander Ulysses

Grant is determined to take

the city

•Begins daily “bombings”

(night and day), which

The Battle of Vicksburg

•Residents in Vicksburg are

eventually forced to move into

caves, eating dogs, horses or fried

rats to survive

•Finally on July 3, 1863, the

Confederates at Vicksburg agree to

surrender

•The next day, July 4, the

surrender terms are signed and

Grant has another victory

•Importance of the siege at

Vicksburg:

•The South realizes they might

lose the war

•Lincoln asks Grant to command

the US army

The Battle of Vicksburg was

important because it

• A. allowed the Union to gain control of the

Mississippi River

• B. was the last major Confederate victory in

the Civil War

• C. convinced Britain to aid the Union

• D. was an unsuccessful invasion of northern

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“Yankee Sawbones”

Some doctors bragged that they could kill more enemy

soldiers in surgery than the army could kill in battle

Morale in the Confederacy •Morale on the home front

falls:

•Farmers resent the taxes on

their crops

•Soldiers desert after

receiving pleading letters

from home (families starving,

etc.)

•Southern people saw the

devastation of war first-hand

(whereas most Northerners

only read about it in a

newspaper)

•South losing faith that they

will win (realize they might

The Atlanta Campaign

•Grant appoints William Sherman commander of Mississippi

area

•Both Grant and Sherman believe in Total War: war against

civilians and resources as well as armies

• They believed the South’s will to fight must be destroyed

first, before an actual surrender could take place

Sherman in Atlanta

“Atlanta is ours.”

-William Tecumseh

Sherman

•Both generals knew that

casualties would be high, but

saw it as a necessary evil

•Grant and Sherman were

called ”butchers” by both

sides

•While Grant went after Lee

in Virginia, Sherman took

over Atlanta and burned it to

the ground

•Sherman then began his

famous “March to the

Sea”

Atlanta After Sherman

Sherman’s March to the Sea November-December 1864

•After taking Atlanta, Sherman moved South toward Savannah

destroying everything in his path

•Captured Savannah near Christmas and gave it to Lincoln as

a Christmas present (didn’t destroy Savannah)

•Sherman then moved toward South Carolina, declaring “here is

where treason began, and here is where it shall end”

•When Sherman entered North Carolina he stopped destroying homes and

began handing out food

The Election of 1864

•George McClellan runs

against Abe Lincoln in the

1864 presidential election

•Lincoln is re-elected with the

campaign slogan: “Don’t

swap horses in the middle of

the stream”

•At the inaugural address

Lincoln continued his

message of a unified nation

and explained his use of

emergency powers

(Suspension of Habeas

Corpus-certain individual

liberties)

Surrender at Appomattox

•Lee’s army and supplies are virtually wiped out and he is

forced to surrender in Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865

The Surrender at Appomattox

•Lincoln asks Grant to make the surrender terms

generous/lenient:

•Soldiers may return home if they promise not to fight against the US again

•May keep their horses, side arms (weapon), and 3 days rations

•After 4 years of fighting, the Civil War was officially over

Appomattox Court House

Legacy of the War

CSA Casualties

•260,000 dead

•260,000 wounded

USA Casualties

•360,000 dead

•275,000 wounded

•Total dead is nearly equal to that of all other US wars combined

•1 soldier was killed for every 4 slaves freed

*Thousands of amputees*

Legacy of the War

Economy

•$20 billion war debt (5 times what the government spent in the previous 80

years)

•CSA=economy is devastated; much like a 3rd world country

•Homes, businesses, railroads destroyed, food shortages, 9000% rise in inflation

•USA=mostly positive economic growth (some businesses fail---most

Legacy of the War

Other effects:

•Increased power of the federal government

•Established the 13th amendment--abolished slavery

War Technology

•The Civil War is the 1st modern war

•CSA inventions

•Submarine: The Hunley (pictured above)

•Double barreled cannon

War Technology

•Other inventions:

•Repeating Rifle

•Minie Ball (shatters

bone)

•Trench warfare

•Hand grenades

•Land mines

•Iron clad warships (replace wooden warships)

Civil War Firsts

•Aerial photography

•Aerial reconnaissance

(scouting)

•Battle photography

•Cigarette tax

•Flame Throwers/Night

Flares

•Hospital ships

•Ambulance Corps

•Nursing Corps

--Lincoln’s Assassination--

Last Photograph

Just Days Before Death

•Lincoln continued making plans to bring the South back into the US peacefully

•Process becomes known as “Reconstruction”

•Lincoln is opposed by Radical Republicans who want the south punished

•Lincoln believed the president should have control of Reconstruction, while the Radical Republicans believed Congress should be in control

•Lincoln is able to stand up to this

group because of his determination and

because he has the support or

mandate of the people

•His assassination, however, will prevent a

peaceful reunification

Ford’s Theatre

•On April 14, 1865,

Lincoln is shot at Ford’s

Theatre while watching

a play, “Our American

Cousin”

•His assassin, John

Wilkes Booth (an actor-

--although not in this

particular play), is a

confederate

sympathizer

•He is chased to a

nearby warehouse and

killed

•Booth is not praised by

most southerners,

however…

John Wilkes Booth

“I have begun to deem myself a coward

and to despise my own existence.”

-John Wilkes Booth, on not having joined the Confederate Army

“Our country owes all her troubles to him, and God has simply made me

the instrument of his punishment.”

-John Wilkes Booth, on his assassination of Lincoln

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Lincoln’s Death

•Lincoln was carried to a nearby townhouse after he was mortally wounded

•He survived only a few hours

•Lincoln’s death early the next morning (April 15, 1865) results in the Radical

Republican takeover of Reconstruction

Peterson Home

Gun used by Booth

Lincoln’s Chair

Lincoln’s Funeral Procession

Memorials To Lincoln