pre-implementation report chapter: university of...

Rev. 01-2011

Document 525

PRE-IMPLEMENTATION REPORT

CHAPTER: University of Southern

CaliforniaCOUNTRY: Honduras

COMMUNITY:Corral de Piedras

PROJECT:Honduras H2O

TRAVEL DATES:March 13-19, 2011

PREPARED BY

Stephanie Bache, Kristy Beal, Nikhil Handyal, Arianna

Kovachevich, Gavin Liang, Kuang Liang, Luciano

Nunez, ThomazPaschoal, Max Reynolds, Kristen Sharer,

Kelly Suzuka, Alex Van Roekel, Lillian Ware, Darin

Winter, Craig Western

Sunday, January 17th, 2011

ENGINEERS WITHOUT BORDERS-USA

www.ewb-usa.org

Document 525 - Pre-Implementation Report Rev. 01-2011

University of Southern California

Corral de Piedras, Honduras

Honduras H2O

Page 1

Pre-Implementation Report Part 1 – Administrative

Information

1.0 Contact Information Project Title Name Email Phone Chapter Name

or Organization

Name

Project Leads Lillian Ware

Craig Western

[email protected]

[email protected]

805-279-8989

678-427-4996

USC

USC

President Kristy Beal [email protected] 909-635-5662 USC

Mentor #1 Stephanie Bache [email protected] 619-459-8624 LAPP

Mentor #2 NA

Faculty Advisor

(if applicable)

Dana Sherman [email protected] 818-640-7567 USC

Health and

Safety Officer

Sarah Cusson [email protected] 978-807-0463 USC

Assistant Health

and Safety

Officer

Jenna Crisp [email protected] 503-869-3339 USC

Education Lead AlexaHudnut [email protected] 818-292-0994 USC

NGO/Communi

ty Contact

Diana Calix [email protected] 9911-2505 ADEC

2.0 Travel History

Dates of

Travel

Assessment or

Implementati

on

Description of Trip

March 14-22, 2008 Assessment Surveyed potential pipeline location, talked with community, met project partners,

found material suppliers

March 12-19, 2010 Assessment Evaluated solutions in greater detail after initial proposal was not accepted: surveyed

new pipeline route, madecontacts, measured river

flow, etc.

January 3-9, 2011 Assessment Collected information on materials and

schoolhouse dimensions needed to finalize

design for rainwater catchment system;

established contact with local contractor; and

discussed MOU with community.

mailto:[email protected]








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3.0 Travel Team:

# Name E-mail Phone Chapter Student or

Professional 1 Stephanie Bache [email protected] 619-459-8624 LAPP Professional 2 Lillian Ware [email protected] 805-279-

8989 USC Student

3 Sarah Cusson [email protected] 978-807-0463 USC Student 4 Craig Western [email protected]

678-427-

4996 USC Student

5 Josue Enriquez [email protected] 323-351-

9344 USC Student

6 AlexaHudnut [email protected] 818-292-

0994 USC Student

7 Kristen Sharer [email protected] 805-450-

0577 USC Student

8 Student (not yet

determined) USC Student

4.0 Health and Safety

The travel team will follow the site-specific HASP that has been prepared for this specific trip and

has been submitted as a standalone document along with this pre-trip report.

5.0 Budget

5.1 Cost

Expense Total Cost

Airfare $7200

On Ground $2400

Materials $2600

Other $300

Total $12500

5.2 Donors and Funding

Donor Name Type (company, foundation, private,

in-kind)

Account Kept

at EWB-USA?

Amount

Anonymous Private No $2600

USC Viterbi School of

Engineering

University No $3500

USC Philanthropy Fund University No $600








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Travel Team Members In-Kind No $5800

Total Amount Raised: 12500

** University donations are still being determined and this is the expected contribution. In-kind

donations will be adjusted when these values are finalized.

6.0 Project Discipline(s): Check the specific project discipline(s) addressed in this

report. Check all that apply.

Water Supply __X__ Source Development __X__ Water Storage ____ Water Distribution __X__ Water Treatment ____ Water Pump Sanitation ____ Latrine ____ Gray Water System ____ Black Water System Structures ____ Bridge ____ Building

Civil Works ____ Roads ____ Drainage ____ Dams Energy ____ Fuel ____ Electricity Agriculture ____ Irrigation Pump ____ Irrigation Line ____ Water Storage ____ Soil Improvement ____ Fish Farm ____ Crop Processing Equipment Information Systems ____ Computer Service

7.0 Project Location Longitude: 88° 2' 0" W

Latitude: 14° 9' 0" N

8.0 Project Impact Number of persons directly affected: 300 residents of the community

Number of persons indirectly affected: 300 residents of neighboring community that

shares the same river as a water source; we are

working with that community on another

water project and the efforts will not interfere

with each other.




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9.0 Mentor Resume

Please see the following two pages for the professional mentor’s resume. A CV for Dr.

FariborzTehrani, mentor for the EWB-USC La Estanzuela group who performed foundation and

column calculations found in this report, is also available upon request.




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STEPHANIE BACHE, P.E.

Parsons Water and Infrastructure 100 West Walnut

Pasadena, CA 91124 626-440-3283

EXPERIENCE SUMMARY

Eleven years of diverse project engineering experience in civil design and the planning and design

of water, wastewater, and stormwater projects.

EDUCATION

B.S. Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley

M.S. Engineering Systems and Project Management, Texas A&M

PROFFESIONAL REGISTRATIONS

Registered Professional Civil Engineer, California #65867

EXPERIENCE SUMMARY

Parsons Corporation, Jan 2004 - present

Projects include:

City of Los Angeles Wilmington Drain Multi-use Project and Machado Lake Ecosystem Restoration Project (in progress). Project Manager for the planning and design phase of $117M project to improve a 150-ft wide soft-bottom stormwater runoff channel, and enhance and restore a 40 acre lake and approximately 90 acres of adjacent wetlands. Key project components include dredging of lake, enhancement of wetlands for habitat creation and treatment, and BMP installation at storm water discharge points. Tasks include hydrology and hydraulic modeling using Mod-Rat and HEC-RAS, design of sedimentation basins, and modeling of treatment potential of wetlands and other BMP’s.

City of Los Angeles Hyperion Treatment Plant 1-Mile and 5-Mile Outfall Structural Evaluation. Engineering Lead for the $1.5M project to determine the structural integrity of the City of Los Angeles’ existing 5- and 1-mile outfalls. Prepared alternatives analysis for rehabilitation options for pump station header. Other duties included management of subcontractors during field studies and analysis of hydraulic data from piezometric testing.

LA County Sanitation Districts Ocean Outfall. Lead for 4 technical memoranda during planning phase of proposed $1B outfall project. Participated in alternatives analysis for multiple outfall alternatives.

San Vicente Reservoir Interconnect Pipeline. Project Engineer during construction of $8M Interconnect Pipeline System including 42- to 90-inch steel pipelines, valves, appurtenances, and connection vaults. Construction included a major creek crossing.

In-State Water Resources Planning for the Southern Nevada Water Authority. Surface Water Planning Lead for project valued at over $1B. Prepared Concept Development Report and Alternatives Analysis for various flow and water quality options and associated intake, reservoir, treatment, pipeline, and power requirements. Performed

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reservoir routing simulations, evaluated water quality impacts, conducted sediment transport and geomorphology studies, and prepared HEC-RAS hydraulic models. Evaluated in-stream effects of flow diversions and reservoir placement with respect to evapotranspiration and associated phreatophyte survival in wetlands. Evaluated reservoir dredging frequency given projected sediment inflow. Participated in public outreach during NEPA scoping.

Stormwater Facilities for Bakersfield Wastewater Treatment Plant. Drainage Design Lead for $200M plant expansion. Responsible for drainage and grading design, storm water quality treatment design (including design of several infiltration basins and associated geotechnical evaluations), and civil site design.

SNWA Tikaboo Valley. Planning for the development of the 10,000 acre-feet/year Tikaboo Valley groundwater system. Project involved a well field with 7 wells, 500,000 linear feet of pipeline ranging from 8- to 24-inch diameter, two booster pump stations with storage tanks, and power transmission system.

Rick Engineering, September 2001 – December 2003

Principal Engineering Designer. Projects include:

Eastlake III Vistas. Design and preparation of grading and drainage plans for the 777 home development in East Chula Vista. Responsibilities included design of drainage, sewer, and water systems. Performed hydrologic and hydraulic studies for the design of desiltation basins, inlets, BMPs and storm drain systems.

Nobel Research Park. Drainage Design Lead for the Nobel Research Park business center.

Zulu Burrow Engineering Ltd. (Lusaka, Zambia), June 1999 – June 2001

Project Engineer; Performed as a project engineer for an international consulting engineering company (formally a subsidiary Black & Veatch) located in southern African county of Zambia. Projects included:

Chirundu Border Town Water Supply System Project Engineer for treatment plant. Included design of new fresh water intake, water treatment plant and pipelines for the Zambia/Zimbabwe border town of Chirundu.

United States Peace Corps, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education, February 1997 to May 1999 – Initiated and managed water supply, sanitation, and agricultural projects including needs assessment and groundwater resource development in Eastern Zambia.




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Pre-Implementation Report Part 2 – Technical Information

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to present the design for a rainwater catchment system to be

constructed at the schoolhouse in the community of Corral de Piedras, Honduras, and to describe a

system of in-home water filters to be implemented community-wide. The joint solution presented

here aims to address the issues of both water quality and water quantity within the village that

EWB-USC has identified on previous assessment trips. The rainwater catchment project is

intended to serve as a pilot program for similar rainwater catchment systems either within Corral

de Piedras or in other local communities. The system will be a first step in addressing the

overarching goal of meeting Corral de Piedras’ daily water needs.

After several assessment trips and a detailed Alternatives Analysis of possible solutions (included

as a separate document), the team has determined that a system of rainwater catchment projects

will be the most effective and sustainable way to bring clean water to the village of Corral de

Piedras. The decision was made to use the schoolhouse as the pilot site for a number of reasons.

Currently, water at the schoolhouse is obtained from a contaminated spring. The flow from the

spring delivers less than 10 lpcd during the dry season, which is not sufficient for drinking water,

flushing of toilets, and other uses. Construction of a rainwater catchment system would provide

clean water as well as more than double the water quantity. The schoolhouse building has an ideal

roof for such a system. The suitability of the site was identified during the March 2010 assessment

trip, and the community as a whole agreed that bringing water to the schoolhouse would be an

appropriate first step in meeting the village’s water needs. Constructing a system at the

schoolhouse will bring water directly to the students, who represent a significant portion of the

community and whom the community agrees should have access to sufficient, clean water during

the school day. This decision minimizes social conflicts and tension between neighborhoods that

may arise if the first system were implemented in a particular region of the community. Finally,

the school has in place an Association de Padres de las Familias that will provide a structure for

the ownership and maintenance of the system. This structure was discussed in detail with the

residents during the last assessment trip.

The project will entail construction of a roof gutter catchment system on the schoolhouse that will

feed three plastic 10,000 liter tanks, construction of a concrete foundation for the tanks, and

construction of a first flush system. The plastic tanks were donated to the project on the January

2011 assessment trip and delivered to the project site by staff of the Mayor of Marcala. The tanks

were recovered from another project which ultimately did not require their use. The donation of

the tanks was an unexpected, positive development of the last assessment trip and will lower

overall project costs. The tanks are distributed in Tegucigalpa and could be purchased for future

projects.

EWB-USC will perform a lessons learned process after implementation of the rainwater catchment

system at the school to make any corrections to design or implementation required. The next step




Honduras H2O

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will be to implement a series of catchment systems throughout the community in the most effective

and sustainable way. EWB-USC has sought to develop local relationships in the region with

community members, goverrment workers, and other non-government organizations (NGO’s). We

aware that local NGO’s have expressed interest in participating in larger scale projects to bring a

pumped surface water system and treatment plant to the community of Corral de Piedras. With a

larger source of funding and experience, these NGOs may be able to provide a centralized system

to the community which may prove to be an alternate, long-term solution to rainwater catchment

systems. We are in contact with representatives of these NGOs and will continue monitoring the

status of their proposals, and we have discussed collaborating on future projects. If funding and the

opportunity for future collaboration become available, EWB-USC will certainly be open to

pursuing a future solution that does not involve a distributed network of rainwater catchment tanks.

However, the schoolhouse rainwater catchment system proposed in this document is necessary to

provide immediate water quality and quantity improvement to the school. It is relatively low cost

and provides flexibility, because the 10,000 liter plastic storage tanks could be relocated if

required. In addition, implementation of the project will help EWB-USC to further develop a

relationship with CDP and build trust between both parties. We believe that there is sufficient ,

justification for the implementation of the rainwater catchment system,. The system will function

as a pilot for further catchment systems that could feasibly be implemented in the future.

To immediately address the water quality needs of the entire village, we will also be integrating

into our proposed solution the ceramic filters introduced to the community on a previous

assessment trip. The community is very satisfied with the filters we bought and continues to use

them two years after their introduction despite minimal monitoring and follow-up. For the coming

distribution, the local NGO ADEC (Agua y DesarrolloComunitario) has agreed to assist in training

on proper use; to ensure that subsidized filters are distributed across the community; and to carry

out five follow-up appointments for each filter introduced.The filters will increase the supply of

potable water across the community through filtration of water currently being consumed, and the

monitoring and follow-up structure is in place to ensure their sustainability.

The rainwater catchment system will provide an average of approximately 10 liters per capita per

day (lpcd) for each of the 50 students attending school during the dry season (December to June)

and a minimum of 15 lpcd during the wet season (July to November). The system as a whole will

cost approximately $1600. An evaluation of project yield, description of design components and

associated drawings, and detailed cost estimate are provided herein.

2.0 PROGRAM BACKGROUND

Corral de Piedras is a mixed rural and semi-urban Lenca community of approximately 300

residents distributed over roughly seventy households. The community is approximately 12

kilometers (km) from the town of Marcala, Honduras, at an elevation of over 4000 feet MSL. The

area receives approximately 200 inches of rainfall per year. The La Estanzuela River runs through

an adjacent valley. There are many small springs discharging naturally in the sedimentary rock




Honduras H2O

Page 9

hills of the area. Residences are arranged into “barrios,” each of which contains two to six houses

centered around a small spring.

Drinking water is either collected with buckets from the open springs or delivered through small-

diameter, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe laid over-ground that brings the spring water to

a central location. The springs often have insufficient flow, especially during the dry season, and

are not adequately housed to protect water quality. The pipes suffer from UV damage and cracks

and have multiple leaks that are sometimes tied off with plastic bags. Some of the barrios do not

have a nearby spring, and the residents either collect water by walking to nearby barrios or to the

river. Many community members walk long distances over the hill to the La Estanzuela River

Valley to do washing because there is insufficient water for washing at the springs.

Water quality is poor in the La Estanzuela River and in the springs. Although EWB’s provision of

ceramic water filters on a previous assessment trip (2008) has improved water quality for those

families that purchased the filters, water quality remains a problem. The lack of potable water

continues to cause countless gastro-intestinal sicknesses (dysentery, acute diarrhea, etc), which

affect mostly children.

Representatives of our chapter first met the community of Corral de Piedras in the summer of

2007, at which time they agreed to work with the citizens of this city to address their lack of clean

drinking water. In March of 2008, a travel team worked in the area for one week assessing the

drinking water situation. After returning from this trip, the team spent the fall of 2008 designing a

water pipeline from a local river that would bring 20 liters per capita per day to the residents of

Corral de Piedras (as well as to the neighboring village of La Estanzuela, our chapter’s other

project). The TAC did not approve the project for several reasons including the high cost of the

system juxtaposed with the relatively low quantity (20 lpcd), which was significantly below the

government standard of 100 lpcd set by SANAA (ServicioAutonomoNacional de Acueductos y

Alcantarillados). This setback caused several funders to back out due to a delay in our Rotary

International Matching Grant, and approximately $20,000 of potential funding was lost. The La

Estanzuela group decided to proceed with the water wheel-based system, and the project has been

improved and construction has started.

The project team spent the spring and fall semesters of 2009 reevaluating other design options to a)

deliver more water per person to the community, b) lower the cost of the project per liter of water

delivered, and c) provide redundancy in the system. In the fall of 2009, a new professional mentor

joined the project and helped the team to evaluate these solutions. The assessment trip in March

2010 was carried out to fill in important knowledge gaps. The trip was conducted with the intent to

design the project in 2010.

During the March 2010 assessment trip, the project team interviewed all households in the

community regarding water use and availability. The group took GPS information for every

household and spring location. Spot flow calculations were taken at three places on the La

Estanzuela River. Since March is near the end of the dry season in Honduras, these flow

measurements represent low season flow rates. The group also interviewed representatives from

almost all households in the community, asking questions that addressed where the people




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obtained their water for drinking and washing purposes, whether the people used the clay filters

introduced in 2008, and where the people thought a central water tank should be placed for the

benefit of the entire community if a centralized system were to be introduced.

EWB-USC evaluated several alternatives for improving water quality and quantity in Corral de

Piedras, which are documented in the Alternatives Analysis (provided as a separate document). In

Appendix A is the summary chart from Alternatives Analysis document. A full discussion will not

be repeated here, but groundwater systems were eliminated mainly due to the rocky geography and

significant risk of drill refusal. Surface water systems were also evaluated but would have very

involved construction management requirements and would be too expensive for EWB to perform

without partnership with a locally based NGO and significant funding. Rainwater catchment along

and an expansion of the in-home filter program were selected as the best current option for the

community and EWB-USC, with a rainwater catchment system at the schoolhouse representing a

first phase in meeting the village’s overall water needs. The system will provide water to students,

minimize any tension that may arise among community members regarding water availability,

represent forward progress in the community, keep cost low, and maintain high flexibility as

EWB-USC continues to move forward in expanding water availability for the community as a

whole. EWB-USC has been actively reaching out and forming relationships with local government

and NGOs in the region to discuss opportunities for partnering on a larger scale surface water

project. With the number of active NGOs in the area, many of whom have access to extensive

funding, it is feasible that a joint solution may be developed in the coming years.

The first phase of the project will provide a rainwater catchment system for the Corral de Piedras

schoolhouse. The school currently gets contaminated water from a spring, with a current yield of

approximately 700 liters per day, or approximately 10 liters per capita per day (lpcd) for the 70

students attending school. The community reported that the flow from the spring has been

decreasing over time. The yield was determined by measuring the concrete basin into which the

spring water is delivered via a pipe, which was reported to fill up approximately once per day. At

the time of the January assessment trip (during the dry season) no water was being delivered from

the spring. The project will at least double the yield for the schoolhouse.

During Fall 2010, the project team worked to use information gathered on the March 2010

assessment trip to develop the design of a rainwater catchment system. Additional information has

been gathered from bi-weekly calls to the community, which have been put in place in order to

keep the community updated on our progress and to acquire information which was not noted

while on-site. The team traveled on another assessment trip in early January 2011 to gather data

still necessary to finish design. During this trip the team took detailed elevation data on the

schoolhouse, finalized an MOU with the parties involved in the project, met with potential

contractors, and collected information on material availability and cost. The trip was very

successful, and we quickly integrated the new information into our design, which will be presented

in this document.

Our evaluation of the overall water use and need in CDP is as follows:




Honduras H2O

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Yield in the village varies by barrio, with some barrios having access to more ample

springs than others.

All CDP members drink from springs, which all tests so far have proved to be

contaminated and unfit for human consumption. ADEC will test filtered water in the future

to determine the local effectiveness of the filters

Current yield is between 10 to 100 lpcd. This was determined by interviews with each

household. Almost all households had enough water for drinking and personal bathing.

Approximately half did not have sufficient water for washing clothes, and had to walk to

the river for washing. Only a few households had sufficient water to to irrigate small

vegetable plots or make bricks, but even these complained of lack of reliability. All

households said they were in need of more reliable, higher quality water.

3.0 FACILITY DESIGN

The solution discussed here is two-pronged, being composed of (1) a rainwater catchment system

for the schoolhouse and (2) a system of in-home filters for all families in Corral de Piedras. The

rainwater catchment system design will be discussed in detail in the following sections, followed

by a detailed description of filter functionality, cost, implementation, and follow-up.

3.1 Description of the Proposed Facilities

The proposed rainwater catchment system consists of a roof gutter collection system, first flush

treatment, and water storage in plastic tanks. The system will be implemented at the community

schoolhouse with the intention of serving the students. This cause was agreed upon by the

community during the last assessment trip as a primary community concern. As a result,

implementation of this system should minimize any tensions caused by constructing the first

system in a particular barrio within the community.

The system to be constructed at the schoolhouse will serve as a pilot program, or Phase I, for a

more extensive network of rainwater catchment systems to be implemented within individual

barrios across the community. EWB-USC determined in its Alternatives Analysis (included as a

separate document) that rainwater catchment, when paired with a system of in-home filters, would

be the most effective method of delivering water to the community. Full justification can be found

within the document. Surveys of individual households revealed that current water supply from

springs is low and that rainwater catchment would significantly increase the availability of clean

water; filters may be put to use with remaining water to filter out contaminants to further increase

yield of the system as a whole. Implementation at the schoolhouse is the first step in working

toward this complete system. Additionally, the rainwater catchment solution and its phased

approach allow for flexibility – if a system is unsuccessful or if the opportunity for collaboration

with another NGO arises, a more advanced solution may be pursued with minimal money lost and

an operational, sustainable system still in place.




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The system design proposed here allows for scalability as the network of systems is expanded.

While pilot tanks were donated and recycled from the community, identical tanks are distributed in

Tegucigalpa and can be purchased and delivered. This also allows replacement parts to be ordered

in-country. Foundation work is straightforward, and gutter attachment mechanisms are similar to

standard mechanisms used in-country for standard gutters. All materials (with the exception of

sand to be delivered from La Paz) can be found just 15 minutes away in Marcala. Cost of the pilot

system is kept very low as detailed in the cost summary. Implementation of more systems

throughout the community in Phases II and III will proceed roughly according to the project

schedule provided in Appendix D. Given the skill level of the work and the ability to finish a set of

systems largely within a single school break, EWB-USC has determined that the project as

proposed will make for a highly feasible university project.

The pilot system will consist of the following elements:

Roof gutter collection system

Piping system to transport water to tanks and regulate flow between tanks

First flush system

Three plastic storage tanks, approximately 2,500 gallons each, with drains and locking hatches

Treatment system

Systems to follow will be similar but will be catered toward the needs of individual barrios. Justification

for proposed tank size and additional details of design and construction of this particular system are

provided in the following sections.

3.2 Description of Design and Design Calculations

Justification for Proposed Storage Volume (Detailed calculations available upon request)

The rainfall data used in calculating the potential water supply for Corral de Piedras was obtained

from a local government agriculture representative in Marcala, who has been recording rainfall

data for Marcala since January 1993 (18 years). Marcala data is appropriate for Corral de Piedras,

which is located approximately 12 km from Marcala.




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Rainfall Data (mm)

Month 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

January 22 1 1 3 8 0 5 8 13 0 6 9 11 11 0

February 11 8 0 10 9 3 0 2 6 2 8 0

March 21 30 28 13 35 60 15 10 1 46 1 7 0 5 15 6

April 58 123 78 116 52 52 19 60 31 7 68 34 119 43 19 142 13

May 165 164 236 264 87 194 198 286 188 301 301 186 123 291 110 369 388

June 233 161 271 323 225 216 311 275 159 277 328 204 255 399 260 243 325

July 88 88 261 208 88 318 122 119 279 99 229 101 238 439 363 350 133

August 275 267 297 162 94 250 549 195 381 142 260 223 193 274 369 388 331

September 157 325 325 447 361 81 275 315 391 408 436 387 455 335 253 295 531

October 91 210 130 157 76 386 257 85 194 208 189 110 162 398 180 374 213

November 1 30 15 30 91 50 7 1 14 22 61 10 102 31 27 1 75

December 5 5 12 4 22 2 26 20 3 8 2 38 2 10 48

Total mm 1116 1373 1655 1736 1099 1589 1836 1353 1688 1502 1937 1264 1664 2263 1601 2206 2063

A routing analysis was performed using the 18 years of rainfall data. The analysis estimated the

rainfall volume by month and volume of water in the tank. The spreadsheet allows the user to

change various inputs, including number of tanks, and dry and wet season yield per student. The

spreadsheet also calculates the reliability of the water yield. The spreadsheet takes into account

the school attendance, and does not include water withdrawals during weekends or holidays.

Appendix B.1 and B.2 presents the spreadsheet. The graph below shows output from the

spreadsheet for the months between January 1993 and October 1995.

The system can provide 10 lpcd during the dry season and 15 lpcd during the wet season with over

90% reliability, and 8 lpcd during the dry season and 12 lpcd during the wet season with almost

100% reliability.




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-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

Jan-93 May-93 Aug-93 Nov-93 Mar-94 Jun-94 Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95 Oct-95

Tank Volume (L)

Inflow (L)

Outflow (L)

Rainfall (L)

Roof Gutter Collection System

Gutters will be purchased from the local hardware store in Marcala, along with all accessories

necessary for installation. Gutters are made from PVC and are typically attached to roof supports

according to the standards provided by the manufacturer. Based on our evalution on the recent

assessment system, we propose to add more metal plate supports to the gutter system to increase

reliability and life of the gutters.

Gutters were designed to handle the region’s highest-intensity rainfall, which was estimated by a

local government agriculture representative to be about 90 mm/hr. However, taking extremes from

the provided rainfall data led to estimates that the most intense rainfall in a five-minute period

could be up to 200 mm/hr, which was taken as a conservative value for the intensity. The gutters

available in country are 6” wide and 3.5” deep. They have a 4” downspout connection. In order to

determine the slope that would be necessary for the gutters we used Manning’s equation of normal

flow. The quantity of flow (Q) was calculated using the rainfall intensity and the plane area of the

larger of the two sides of the roof (about 100 m3). The maximum flow that the gutters would need

to carry came out to 5.75 L/s. When entered into Manning’s equation a full gutter would need to be

sloped about 0.5% in order to carry the maximum flow.




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The gutters will be connected to the roof via wood studs attached to metal trusses under the roof

(See Appendix C.8 for Gutter Detail). The studs will be attached to the gutter at 2.5 foot intervals;

standard practice is to attach studs each meter according to manufacturer specifications. The wood

studs will be attached to the metal trusses under the roof using wire and will be sawed to be

parallel to the gutter sides. The PVC gutter will be attached to metal supports crafted from a strip

available stock in Marcala, and the metal supports will be screwed into the wood studs.

The gutter will run along the front and back sides of the school (about 54 feet each) and will drain

into a downspout which will then connect to the first flush system and tanks. All PVC,

downspouts, and accessories are available stock in Marcala.

Piping System

The piping system will run from the gutter along the side of the schoolhouse supported by metal

supports, out to the first flush system and then to the tanks. A gutter attachment piece will connect

4” PVC pipe to the gutter at the end of the schoolhouse roof. From here the pipe will drop down

about one foot and then run along the side of the schoolhouse for about 9 feet. The pipe will then

leave the wall and run perpendicular to the side of the schoolhouse, and a T-connection will allow

drainage to a 6” pipe that will serve as the first flush system. After the first flush the 4” pipe will

continue towards the tank. The distance from the schoolhouse to the tank is about 10 feet. The pipe

will be sloped at least 5% for the entire distance from the gutter to the tank.

Calculations show that PVC can span an unsupported distance of about 8 feet when full of water

(see Appendix B). The distance from the schoolhouse to the tanks is about 10 feet. We propose

having two supports made of 6” PVC filled with concrete and buried to support the PVC over this

distance. Such supports were used on a similar system at Santa Rosita and have been successful,

and these supports were verified by Dr, FariborzTehrani (structural mentor for the La Estanzuela

group - see mentor resume section) to be thoroughly designed and functional for this particular

purpose.

Hydraulics calculations were carried out to calculate head losses for the piping system. The total

head loss from friction and minor losses was calculated to be 0.33 feet for one side of the system.

The total elevation change is over 2 feet, so there is ample fall in the system (See Appendix B-7).

The pipes will connect each gutter to a separate tank. An overflow pipe will flow from each tank

into the third tank. Water will be accessed from taps in the tanks near the bottom of the tank. The

tanks have built in outlet pipes to allow for emptying and cleaning the tanks. All fittings can

easily be installed on site.




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First Flush System

The first flush system is designed primarily to remove large organic and inorganic debris that may

collect on the schoolhouse roof between rainfalls. Based on research done by the Texas Water

Development Board, an ideal amount of water to be filtered out before diverting water to the main

storage tanks is 10 gallons for every 1000 square feet of roof. Therefore, for the planned system,

approximately 16 gallons of water must be diverted before the rainfall can be sent to the main

storage tanks.

For each side of the schoolhouse there will be an 8 gallon first-flush system. This basically

consists of a primary storage tank that diverts the first 8 gallons of rainwater. The storage tank will

be made out of 6” PVC pipe. The tank will be connected to the 4” pipe with a T-connection and an

expansion piece. The 6” PVC pipe tank will be 6.25 feet long and will be fitted with a 90˚ elbow

at the bottom, which will rest on the ground between the two concrete-filled PVC supports. As this

tank fills up there is a floater ball at the top of the tank that seals off the entrance to the tank once it

is full. After the first flush tank is full and sealed, the rest of the rainwater is sent directly to the

main storage tanks.

The first flush system must be emptied manually after a rain occurs. Solid matter must be cleared

from the system manually through a hatch or valve at the bottom of the tank where such matter

collects.

The manual first flush system was chosen over an automated system for the following reasons:

The system is easiest to maintain.

The system is predicted to last the longest before heavy maintence is required.

The system requires the most user input to operate, which encourages user ownership.

Storage Tanks

During the last assessment trip to CDP in January 2011, three 2,500 gallon (about 10,000 liter)

Rotoplas™ plastic tanks were donated to the team by the Mayor of Marcala.These tanks include a

top hatch for access, side valves for drainage, intakes, and side valves for withdrawal of

water.Additionally, easy methods for drilling holes in the tanks’ sides and inserting a plastic tap or

PVC attachment piece are available in-country and are commonly used. A photo of one tank is

shown below.




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10,000 liter Rotoplas tank

Before this trip,the team was considering constructing two masonry or ferrocement tanks.

However, we now believe the plastic tanks to be the best option. Because they were donated from

a previous project that is no longer in operation, using the plastic tanks significantly decreases the

project costs and promotes recycling and sustainability within Marcala. In addition, the tanks’

portability makes the system more flexible in the case the system is changed or a large-scale

surface water system is implemented in the future; in this case, storage would be needed at an

alternative location, and the plastic tanks could provide that option. Finally, they reduce the need

for a contractor specializing in tank construction, and allow for a faster and more feasible

construction process. The tanks are built to last 35 years when protected and can withstand the

environmental conditions. Future project ideas consist of building a roof over the tanks to shade

and protect them and to ensure maximum lifetime. The size of the tank is justified in previous

sections (see justification for tank size).




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Storage Tank Foundation:

For the foundation we will use an 8" thick plain concrete footing with f'c=2500 psi, which will be

20 ft on each side. The footing will extend 1 foot past the tanks on each side and will allow for 3 ft

between the tanks to allow for pipe connections and ease of access to the entire tank. The footing

has been designed by the project mentor for the La Estanzuela project and registered Structural

Engineer, Professor Tehrani. His calculations are available in Appendix B.8. The calculations use

information from the Geotechnical Exporation Report for Corral de Piedras, which has been

attached as a separate document. A photo of the tank site and a photo of the schoolhouse are shown

below.

Proposed site for the tanks, to the left of the schoolhouse




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Front view of the schoolhouse

Calculations are included in the appendix for the mix proportions for concrete with a design

strength of 2500 psi. These calculations will mainly be used in the cost estimate, and the contractor

will be held responsible for designing the concrete to the requested strength.

Additionally, in front of the foundation will be a four-foot wide drainage channel that will be dug

out and lined with six inches of gravel. During previous assessment trips, a septic tank was

identified near the current construction site. A significant part of the January assessment was

devoted to finding alternative locations; however, the community strongly prefers the site

discussed in this report, and it was decided to proceed while taking key precautions to prevent

contamination – one of which is the drainage channel. In addition to the channel, which will

prevent contaminated water from reaching the tanks, the contractor will be instructed to grade

away from the foundation to ensure that any contaminated water flows away from the foundation.

Community members assured the team that no septic tank overflow has occurred in past years, but

all necessary precautions are being taken to avoid contamination.




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Treatment Methods

Description of Filtration Methods

A key benefit of rainwater catchment is that the water collected is already very clean. Therefore, it

may only be necessary to have a first-flush system, which diverts organic material and other

contaminants from the first run-off from the roof during storm events. Once the water system is

installed and working, we can test the water and determine whether an additional treatment system

needs to be designed. As a precaution, however, we have designed chlorination into the system to

ensure that the water being consumed is potable. The community is currently familiar with treating

their water using chlorine tablets and has expressed that obtaining chlorine is not a problem for the

residents.

Chlorination

During the chlorination process,chlorine is added to the water and reacts, forming many chemical

compounds including hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hypochlorite acid (ClO-). The two

compounds are known as “free chlorine.” They destroy the lipid surface of bacteria and its

enzyme, causing the bacteria to oxidize and die. Some concerns with chlorine are the formation of

tri-halomethanes.

The schoolhouse currently has a chlorination tank where they disinfect the water they collect from

the spring. We will encourage them to use this tank to treat the water from the rainwater catchment

system, as using water that has been removed from the tanks in a “chlorinator” will minimize the

formation of tri-halomethanes, as opposed to chlorinating the water in the tank directly. We will

collaborate with ADEC to collect and test some of the water after the first rain. This will allow us

to make further provisions for the treatment of the water if necessary.

The following calculations are provided in Appendix B of this report:

APPENDIX B: Calculations

B.1 Rainfall Catchment Spreadsheet, greater than 90% reliability

B.2 Rainfall Catchment Spreadsheet, approximately 100% reliability

B.3 Maximum Spacing of Divide Supports

B.4 Gutter Slope Calculations

B.5 Mix Proportioning of Concrete




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B.6 First Flush Sizing Calculations

B.7 Hydraulic Calculations

B.8 Foundation Calculations

3.3 Drawings

The following drawings are provided in Appendix C of this report:

APPENDIX C: Design Drawings

C.1 Cover Page

C.2 Site Plan

C.3 Tank Foundation Site Elevations

C.4 Rainwater Catchment Elevation View

C.5 Elevation View Detail

C.6 Rainwater Catchment Side View

C.7 Rainwater Catchment Plan View

C.8 Rainwater Catchment Gutter Detail

C.9 Rainwater Catchment First-Flush Detail

3.4 Description of Ceramic Filters

EWB-USC originally distributed ceramic filters to the community during the first assessment trip

in 2008. Filters consist of three parts: a plastic bucket, which has proven extremely durable and is

designed to capture filtered water; a ceramic insert, which requires replacement every two years;

and a tap, which has been observed to break frequently in the past (although higher-quality taps

will be included in the coming distribution). A photo of the filtration system and its components is

shown below, during distribution in January.




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Filtration system, including bucket, ceramic filter, and tap

They were very successful in the community as demonstrated in follow-up surveys of residents

(see the Post-Assessment report from the March 2010 trip), and a reduction in water-borne

diseases was noted. The community requested additional filters for family members who never

received a filter or to replace broken filters. However, initially problems arose with determining

which families would receive filters and replacement parts; determining the cost that the

community would pay for the filters; ensuring proper follow-up, which would ideally occur more

frequently than EWB-USC can physically be onsite; and ensuring that ceramic inserts for the

filters are properly replaced after their two-year expiration.

As the filters have proven popular and relatively sustainable even without proper, regular follow-

up, EWB-USC continued to investigate methods of continuing the use of in-home filters by

integrating them into the overall solution for provision of potable water to Corral de Piedras.

EWB-USC has made the decision to partner with ADEC, a local NGO based in Marcala that

provides these filters to residents of local communities, to distribute the filters and ensure proper

follow-up. EWB-USC has agreed to subsidize the first round of filter distribution such that all

families can have access to a lower-cost comprehensive system (one per family), and additional

systems can be purchased at full cost by families who are interested in having more than one.

ADEC has agreed to continue selling all replacement parts at full cost after distribution and after

the two-year follow-up period so that all parts are available and sustainability is ensured. After all

families receive a subsidized system, replacement of the ceramic filter once every two years will

be the only required cost; the need for replacement of the bucket and taps will be dependent on the

family’s care of the system.

ADEC has agreed to accept $1000 in exchange for provision of the following: 30 complete

systems (buckets, ceramic filters, and taps, 330 lempira full cost), 25 ceramic filters only (180




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lempira full cost), 25 taps (25 lempira full cost), and 55 follow-up sessions, which include the

following for each system:

Initial community training when filters are distributed in mass

Follow up 30-45 days after initial distribution

Follow-up 4-5 months after initial distribution

Follow-up 9 to 12 months after initial distribution

Follow-up 21-24 months within initial distribution

Each individual session is provided at a cost of 30 lempira, at a total of 150 lempira per system.

The initial distribution of filters (approximately one per family) will be subsidized by EWB-USC

such that the cost to residents will be 180 lempira for the complete system; 100 lempira for the

ceramic filter only; and 10 lempira for a replacement tap only. Initial distribution was carried out

along with the initial community training when EWB-USC was on-site in January, and ADEC has

agreed to go house-to-house to ensure that all residents are given the option to purchase one

subsidized system. ADEC is keeping records of filters purchased and names of purchasers. ADEC

will carry out follow-up as described above, which will provide information in addition to EWB-

USC’s own follow-up procedures described in Section 8. EWB-USC will continue following up on

subsequent trips to Corral de Piedras and follow up by phone with ADEC as progress is monitored.

ADEC has agreed to continue distributing filters and parts after the two-year follow up period to

ensure availability and sustainability long-term.

A plan of filter ownership is described fully in Section 4: in brief, families will be responsible for

their own filters, and replacement of parts will be assisted and coordinated by the Patronato of the

village. The operations and maintenance plan is described in full in Section 6.

4.0 PROJECT OWNERSHIP

During the January assessment trip, EWB-USC discussed ownership in detail with community

leaders and with the community as a whole through town hall meetings. The community agreed

that the rainwater catchment system and the in-home filters will be managed by separate governing

bodies.

Because schoolchildren and teachers will receive primary access to the water provided by the

rainwater catchment system, community representatives agreed that the system will be adopted by

the Associacion de Padres de lasFamilias (the community’s Parent-Teacher Association) upon

completion, as described in the MOU. The organization’s executive board is listed below:

President: Pedro Jeremias Gonzales Rivera

Vice President: Telma Luz Mesa




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Secretary: Aurora Tursio

Treasurer: Jose Arturo Hernandez

The school’s professors are Carlos Alberto Aguilar and Aurora Tursio. Professors will be

responsible for overseeing the system when school is in session, and the President of the

Associacion de Padres de lasFamilias will be responsible for overseeing the system when school is

not in session. System operations and funding for maintenance are described in greater detail in

Section 6.

The filters will benefit each household in the community, and as a result the distribution and

maintenance of these systems will be handled differently. Once all filters are distributed initially

by ADEC, individual families will be responsible for the maintenance and care of their own

systems and replacement of filters approximately every two years.

However, ADEC and other individuals and organization who have observed community responses

to similar systems of filter distribution have noted that residents often fail to replace filters when

they expire after two years. Residents also have a difficult time replacing broken parts due to

limited transportation options and additional cost. As a result, the community has agreed that the

Patronato of Corral de Piedras will be responsible for overseeing the proper use of the filters and

managing replacement parts and filters in order to facilitate filter care and maintenance. Details of

this plan are discussed in Section 6.

5.0 CONSTRUCTION PLAN

The construction schedule is provided below. (An overall project schedule for the rainwater

catchment system network is included in Appendix D.)




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While in-country in January, EWB-USC identified two potential contractors (Freddy Giovanni of

Marcala and Alfonso Palacios of Corral de Piedras) who are capable of constructing the tank

foundation and overseeing project work. Once a selection between these two contractors is made,

excavation and construction of the foundation will proceed such that the tanks and gutters can be

installed when EWB-USC arrives for implementation on March 13. The contractor will direct

construction of the foundation, which will be detailed by EWB-USC and inspected by Fred

Stottlemyer of ADEC. Once the foundation is set, EWB-USC will arrive in-country and participate

directly in placement of the tanks; gutter attachment; installation of supports; and plumbing. EWB-

USC will be overseeing this work as well, and the contractor will continue the work if EWB-USC

is unable to finish while in-country. All unskilled labor will be provided by the community of

Corral de Piedras, with the exception of that undertaken by EWB-USC while onsite.

In the case that foundation construction is delayed, the team will move forward with gutter

construction and support placement while in-country, and tanks will be placed on the foundation

once the concrete cures. If the system is not finished in the spring, Fred Stottlemyer of ADEC will

oversee continued construction, and EWB-USC will arrange for a small contingent of members to

travel to the site in early summer to ensure that all is in place before the system is commissioned.




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However, all materials have been previously identified in local hardware stores, so EWB-USC is

hopeful that complications will be minimized.

6.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN

Rainwater Catchment System and Tanks

All Operations and Maintenance activities for the rainwater catchment system and tanks are

identified below.

First Flush System:

The first flush system is fully manual, so the first flush cavity must be emptied and cleaned after

every rainstorm. In order to clean the system the end cap must carefully unscrewed and water

allowed to drain out. Any debris that has collected at the bottom of the pipe must be removed, and

then the end cap must be screwed back on. Maintenance of the first-flush system will require about

ten minutes after every rain.

Gutters and Pipes:

Gutters and pipes should be checked monthly for leaks, blockages or rotting wood near

attachments. Metal components used to attach gutters to the schoolhouse roof should be checked

monthly for rusting and breakage. Cracks in gutters can be repaired with silicon glue, and rust can

be repaired with sandpaper and aluminum gloss paint. Blockages can be removed manually. PVC

pipe is readily available in the nearby town of Marcala and can be quickly replaced in case of

damage or aging. EWB-USC will also investigate the availability of black PVC, which is less

susceptible to sun damage over time; water-based paint can also be used to cover the pipe in order

to protect from sun damage. Replacement frequency will be dependent on how careful

townspeople are around the catchment system and if it is subjected to unnecessary strain. Time

needed to maintain gutters and pipes is estimated to be approximately 30 minutes per month.

Tanks:

Tanks must be cleaned and disinfected annually and should be checked along with the gutters for

leakages monthly. One should not enter the tank when cleaning. In order to clean, first drain the

tank and close the tap. Wash the inside surfaces of the tank with water and then drain the

freshwater and sediment from the bottom by opening the spigot. Chlorination and bleach can be

used to disinfect it but both include mixing with water (5 mL of bleach per liter of water), which

would be difficult. In using chlorine and bleach, the solution needs to sit for 2-5 hours and then let

drain until the smell of chlorine disappears. The spigot should be tightly closed and secured after

every use. When tanks are protected from weather, their lifetime is 35 years; thus, after tanks are

covered with trees, vines, or a roof to be constructed in a future phase, there is little danger of the

tanks as a whole becoming greatly damaged. Estimated time for cleaning and inspecting tanks is 4

to 6 hours per year.




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Drainage channel:

The drainage channel designed to redirect any flows from uphill would need to be checked for

sediment and refilled with sand monthly.

In general, maintaining the tank will take a 15-20 minute inspection every month and a 10 minute

first flush cleaning after every rain. The tank will also need a cleaning which will require 4-6 hours

and cost of 1 U.S. dollar for bleach. If cracks are found in cement they can be repaired using grout,

with an average cost of about 6 dollars per container, which will get multiple uses.

All parts will be procured in-country for easy replacement in case of damage. The gutters,

attachment mechanisms, PVC and PVC joints will all be available at the hardware store in nearby

Marcala, and all materials for the foundation will be procured from this location as well. The tanks

themselves are being reused from a previous application within the region of Marcala, but the

distributor Rotoplas is located three hours away in Tegucigalpa and could provide replacement

parts if necessary. At the end of the tanks’ lifetime, replacement tanks may be procured from this

distributor as well. Detailed prices of replacement parts will be approximately equal to the costs

allocated to individual parts in our cost estimate, which can be found in Section 10. Additionally,

ADEC has agreed to monitor overall construction of the system to ensure that the contractor is

building to specifications when EWB-USC is not in-country to supervise work directly.

During the last assessment trip, discussions were held with community representatives to

determine a method of maintaining the system that would be suitable for the community members.

It was decided that the Associacion de Padres de Las Familias would own the system and be

responsible for its upkeep. The Associacion currently has a method of collecting funds in place to

support school-related projects; for example, current donations by all families (approximately 5

lempira per month) are going toward the construction of a new dining hall for the students. This

collection is flexible and can be adjusted based on current needs. As a result, any damage to the

system could be quickly paid for if collections are increased; additionally, as seen in the MOU,

EWB-USC has recommended that the Associacion collect approximately 6.50 USD per month

(totaling about 80 USD per year) in order to maintain an emergency fund that will support any

unexpected damage. This contribution amounts to approximately 2-3 lempira per family per

month, which is reasonable considering current payments made monthly to the Associacion. EWB-

USC is still in the process of forming an operations and maintenance manual for the system as a

whole to be provided to the Associacion upon completion of the system, but this manual will cover

all operations and maintenance points mentioned above and include EWB-USC’s

recommendations on fund collection. The President of the Associacion and the schoolhouse

professors will both be present during phases of the construction to ensure proper understanding of

the system and its operation.

In order to minimize necessary funds, this collection does not take into account the replacement of

the entire system at the end of two years. The reasons for this are twofold: first, as mentioned

above, it is likely that a collection of NGOs will bring running water to the village within the next

20 years, and changing circumstances may eliminate the need for the exact same system. Second,




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tank life is 35 years (when tanks are protected), so it is likely that tanks will last longer than 20

years if well-maintained.

In-Home Filters

A lesson conducted by ADEC with assistance from EWB-USC was carried out to teach CDP

residents general operations and maintenance of the in-home filters. The lesson covered proper

setup of the filtration systems, proper cleaning techniques, methods of maximizing filter lifetime,

and expiration of the ceramic filters themselves and how to replace them. Two vials were also

shown to the residents: one containing test results of clean water (clear and light brown) and one

containing test results of contaminated water (opaque and black). This demonstration had a clear

effect on the residents and is designed to promote proper filter usage. The lesson was led by an

employee of ADEC under the direction of Diana Calix (ADEC director). For those families who

were not present at the initial training, ADEC has agreed to conduct visits to every home to assess

whether a filter is needed; to distribute a filtration system if necessary; and to conduct basic

training similar to that carried out at initial distribution. All families in the community will have

one-time access to one filtration system of a price subsidized by EWB-USC, as described in

Section 3.

ADEC has also agreed to monitor the continued use of the filters through a series of follow-ups

carried out at each home across CDP. An ADEC employee will carry out a total of four follow-up

sessions at each home in addition to the initial filter distribution, as detailed in the MOU: (1) a

follow-up 30 to 45 days after initial distribution, (2) a follow-up 4 to 5 months after initial

distribution, (3) a follow-up 9 to 12 months after initial distribution, and (4) a follow-up 21 to 24

months after initial distribution. Follow-up appointments will include additional training if

necessary, instruction on health and hygiene, general supervision of filter operation, and simple

chemical testing to evaluate water quality.

Within the community, the Patronato of CDP has agreed to provide support for the proper usage of

the filters. The Patronato, who holds regular meetings to discuss community issues such as roads

and infrastructure, will facilitate communication between families who own filters and the filter

provider, ADEC. The two key issues mentioned above (regarding replacement of expired filters

and replacing damaged parts) were discussed with representatives from the Patronato.

Representatives expressed the opinion that individual families should be responsible for paying for

and replacing expired filters. However, to facilitate the purchase of replacement parts, the

Patronato plans to gather numbers of parts that families request and send one representative from

each meeting to the nearby town of Marcala to buy the parts in mass from ADEC.

While this plan will likely be effective, EWB-USC has developed an alternative plan for proposal

to the community. Families will buy replacement parts such as taps from the Patronato, who will

maintain a stock of parts with the board of the organization. This will facilitate part replacement by

bringing parts closer to the residents themselves, and parts should be available immediately within

the community itself when devices break. Additionally, to encourage replacement of filters before




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they become ineffective and contaminated, EWB-USC will encourage the establishment of a filter

replacement fund to be held by the Patronato and ADEC. Families will pay approximately 8

lempira (less than 50 cents) per month to the fund, and after 24 months families will have paid for

and will receive a new filter. Both of these policies will be presented as recommendations to the

Patronato, but ultimate decision power will be with the Patronato itself so as to ensure that the

residents themselves approve of the plan that is put in place.

Finally, to ensure sustainability, ADEC has agreed to continue selling filtration systems and

accessories (buckets, ceramic filters, and taps) after the two-year completion of the follow-up

sessions. Prices are detailed in Section 3. Replacement of ceramic filters after two years will be

encouraged and overseen by ADEC and facilitated by the Patronato. After initial filter distribution

by EWB-USC two years ago, it has been noted that the filters are in high demand within the

community. With ADEC monitoring proper usage regularly for two years, the structure is in place

for individual families and the Patronato to successfully operate and monitor filter usage after a

period of two years, with ADEC serving as the distributor.

7.0 SUSTAINABILITY

We have designed our system to be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable for the

community. Sustainability of rainwater catchment systems in this area has been demonstrated by a

similar system currently in place in the neighboring town of Santa Rosita. Located at the

schoolhouse, the system provides water for Santa Rosita’s schoolchildren year-round. Those using

the system are very satisfied with it. Photos of the system are included below.




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Rainwater catchment system at Santa Rosita




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Gutter attachment system at Santa Rosita (Gutters attached to wood studs using screws and plastic

components spanning the width of the gutter)

The materials used to build the system can all be found in hardware stores in Marcala which is a 15

minute drive from CDP (with the exception of sand delivered from La Paz, which is about an hour

away). In addition, the plastic tanks we will be using were donated to our team from the Mayor of

Marcala. The tanks had originally been set aside to increase the capacity of the existing water

storage tank in Marcala but were never integrated into the system. Therefore, our project is

recycling these tanks that would otherwise go unused. If additional tanks are needed for future

projects, more can be purchased in-country. Furthermore if our system fails or is replaced by

another system, the tanks can still be moved and reused again. By using materials found in-

country, the system is more easily maintained and understood by the community. In addition, we

have designed the components of the system that require maintenance, like the first flush system,

to be as simple as possible and we will provide the community with an Operations and

Maintenance guide to ensure the system is understood by the community. By using a local

contractor we also ensure that the system will be able to be sustained by the community, and




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replicated as EWB-USC moves forward with implementing similar systems in barrios across the

community. Section 4 describes in more detail the community ownership of the system through the

Association de Padres de lasFamilias. The system is economically sustainable because it has a

relatively low maintenance cost. If the community desires to replace the system at the end of 20

years, residents can do so by making relatively small contributions over that 20-year period.

Alternatively, if a more comprehensive water provision system is developed over that time, the

tanks can be used for storage in an alternative system.

The integration of the ceramic filters into the project is also sustainable because the NGO

providing them is local and able to assist with questions and issues with the filters. The community

has used the filters in the past and been satisfied with them. The community has agreed to buy

replacement parts for the filters when necessary, and have assured us that they are financially

capable to do so. Additionally, ADEC has agreed to continue selling replacement filters and parts

in the community after the two-year follow-up period. Section 6 further describes operations and

maintenance of the in-home filters, designed to be sustainable.

Rainwater catchment is environmentally sustainable for this community because the disruption of

the surrounding environment is minimal. As opposed to the river pumping systems we considered

in the past, we will not be removing water from the ground or a river and disrupting the local

ecology and terrain. The amount of water harvested should not affect the local terrain, as it is a

relatively small area over which it is being collected.

8.0 MONITORING

A series of water quality tests will be conducted of the drinking water provided by the solution that we

develop with the community. We already have water quality tests on the existing spring and river water to

compare to. The goal here will be to see if the water they are drinking after the intervention is cleaner than

that which they were drinking before.

Another method for monitoring is to conduct surveys of the community that seeks information regarding

occurrence of water borne illnesses. Surveys and observations regarding the health of the community and

specifically the school children have been conducted on previous assessment trips and will be conducted

again post-project implementation. The team understands that survey data is not necessarily reliable, but it

will still provide another source of information. The survey will also include a question regarding the

amount of time spent gathering water before and after the system is put in place. Especially when it comes

to children, this will have a measurable impact on time converted from carrying to water to time spent in

school or playing.

Our project’s success will also be measured by how much water the system actually holds and stores, and

how much water it provides to the community throughout the year. We will continue to be in contact with

the community after our implementation trip and will ask them regularly to update us on how much water

is available in the tanks. The goal for our system is a minimum of 5 litres of water per student per day. If




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we are able to meet this throughout the time the school is in session we will consider our project

successful.

Finally, follow-up visits will include maintenance checks to determine how much is spent on maintenance

(with lempiras/month, for example, taken as the metric). This number will be compared with our initial

estimates and also with residents’ ability to pay. All metrics mentioned above will be considered as EWB-

USC moves forward with project implementation in barrios across the community.

To summarize, we will measure the success of our project using these four metrics:

1. Water quality tests: Tests on current water sources have been collected and more will be collected

during this trip. Post-implementation we will carry out water-quality tests on the water provided by

the rainwater catchment system and compare the results.

2. Occurrence of water born illnesses: We will measure this through community surveys before and

after implementation.

3. Time spent gathering water: We will measure this through community surveys and observation

before and after implementation.

4. Quantity of water available: Our goal is to provide a minimum of 5 litres of water per student per

day throughout the school year.

5. Maintenance cost: We aim to keep maintenance costs within initial estimates described in this

document, and maintenance observations will come into play in future implementation projects.

8.1 Monitoring of past-implemented projects

While we will not be monitoring past-implemented projects in this trip, we will be monitoring the

success of filters brought to the community during the January 2011 Assessment trip.

We will measure the success of the filters using these three metrics, which have already been

applied to the filters introduced to the community in 2008:

1. Quality of water provided: We will take water quality tests of the water provided by the

filters to ensure that the water is of drinking water quality. ADEC’s test samples show that

water from properly used systems is of high quality.

2. Satisfaction of community: We will survey the community to determine their satisfaction

with the quality of water provided and the distribution of the filters. Based on previous

survey results, community satisfaction is high.

3. Functionality of filters: We will take a survey of the number of filters and parts that have

broken in order to ensure a majority of the filters are working properly. The new filters

have new taps that should break less often than the original taps. A previous survey

revealed that buckets require little maintenance, while taps must frequently be replaced;




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additionally, further monitoring should be integrated into the system. This round of

distribution aims to address the issue of both taps and follow-up sessions.

9.0 COMMUNITY AGREEMENT/CONTRACT

The Memorandum of Understanding among EWB-USC, ADEC, the contractor to be selected, the

community of Marcala, and the community of Corral de Piedras is below. Pre-approval has been

provided by ADEC and the community of Marcala, and terms have been discussed with the

community of Corral de Piedras.

Memorandum of Understanding

Corral de Piedras, Marcala, La Paz

This Memorandum of Understanding is entered into effect January 9, 2011, between Engineers

Without Borders, University of Southern California Chapter (hereafter EWB-USC); the contractor;

the Village of Corral de Piedras near Marcala, Honduras (hereafter the “Village”), ADEC, and the

Municipality of Marcala, Honduras, with regard to the funding, design and installation of a new

water system and access to in-home water filters for the Village to be installed in March 2011

(hereafter the Project).

The parties to this Memorandum of Understanding, in an effort to define and specify the

duties and responsibilities of each of them, mutually agree as follows:

1. Project Scope:

The objective of this Project is to build a rainwater catchment system and rainwater

catchment tanks as defined in Engineers Without Borders design documents at the schoolhouse in

Corral de Piedras in Marcala, Honduras, and to distribute water filters to the residents of the

Village.The purpose of the Project is to improve both access to, and quality of, water for drinking

in the Village and its schoolhouse in particular. This Project is Phase I of a plan to provide the

whole village with access to potable water.

Construction tasks are as follows:

(A) Install a set of rainwater catchment tanks and foundation in the schoolyard as defined

by the design documents.

(B) Build a rainwater catchment system to direct water from the roof of the schoolhouse to

the tanks.

(C) Install a first-flush system to filter the water entering the tank.




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2. Responsibilities of EWB-USC

EWB-USC will perform the following tasks for the Project:

(A) Work with the Village to design and develop a rainwater catchment system to be

located at the schoolhouse and to develop a system of in-home filter distribution and

follow-up to be carried out by ADEC

(B) Provide overall Project coordination

(C) Prepare the rainwater catchment system and tank design

(D) Work with the contractor to prepare a construction budget for the rainwater catchment

system and tanks

(E) Work with the contractor to identify the materials to be purchased for the rainwater

catchment system and tanks

(F) Prepare a project schedule to be acknowledged by the parties

(G) Coordinate and perform fund raising for the Project to support contractor fees, expenses

for those materials that EWB-USC agrees to purchase, and an initial deposit and

support for filter provision as stated in Section 5

(H) Send a contingent of students to the Village to commission the system.

(I) Conduct training in rainwater catchment system operations and maintenance to the

residents of Corral de Piedras, and assist ADEC in providing training on filter usage

and maintenance

(J) Provide an Operation and Maintenance manual including a maintenance schedule and

support information for the community if the rainwater catchment system were to break

down.

(K) Provide as-built drawings of the rainwater catchment system and tanks to the Village

after Project completion

(L) Work with the community to provide potable water to the rest of the community if

Phase I of the project is successful

(M)Provide construction foreman with necessary design documents for the construction of

the rainwater catchment system and tanks and be available to the foreman if any

questions arise during construction

(N) Help community establish a sustainable fee system that will provide money for

maintenance of the rainwater catchment system and tanks

3. Responsibilities of the Village of Corral de Piedras

The Village of Corral de Piedras will perform the following tasks for the Project:

(A) Allow EWB-USC and the contractor to work on the Project

(B) Allow ADEC to distribute filters and carry out follow-up sessions as described in

Section 5




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(C) Allow the formerly established Associacion de Padres de Familias and the community

professors to accept ownership of, accept responsibility for, and oversee operation and

maintenance of the rainwater catchment system and tanks

(D) Allow the Patronato of the Village to oversee the installation and proper usage of the

filters

(E) Arrange for the performance of all non-professional labor including, but not limited to,

transportation of materials, excavation and concrete mixing.

(F) Accept responsibility for community participation in construction

(G) Provide storage for materials

(H) Participate in instruction and training in operations and maintenance of the rainwater

catchment system, tanks, and filters as organized by EWB-USC and ADEC.

(I) Provide regular maintenance on the system according to the guidelines established by

EWB-USC

(J) Allow the Associacion de Padres de Familias to determine a fee to be paid by all

members to establish a fund for maintenance and repairs to the rainwater catchment

system, which can be increased or decreased according to the state of the system

(K) Allow ADEC to oversee and ensure replacement of ceramic inserts every two years

(L) Agree to allow the Patronato of the Village to hold motions that will determine the

method of purchase and distribution of replacement parts

(M) Agree to pay fees for filters (all-inclusive systems, ceramic inserts, and taps) as

stated in Section 5

(N) Agree that the goal of Phase I of the project is to provide water to the schoolhouse, and

thus students and teachers will receive primary access to the water, with details of water

distribution among these individuals to be determined by the Associacion de Padres de

lasFamilias and the community

(O) Agree that the village of Corral de Piedras will provide room and board for the project

contractor.

4. Responsibilities of the Construction Foreman

The construction foreman will perform the following tasks for the Project:

(A) Represent EWB-USC and Corral de Piedras for the scope of this project as

outlined in this Memorandum of Understanding and the design documents.

(B) All mobilization, layout, and execution required for the completion of the construction

listed in the Scope of Work

(C) Order all materials necessary for the completion of the work unless particular materials

are purchased directly by EWB-USC

(D) Schedule and manage all labor

(E) Coordinate with the appointed representatives and inspectors of EWB-USC




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5. Responsibilities of ADEC

ADEC will perform the following tasks for the Project:

(A) Work with the village to establish continuing support of the rainwater catchment

system and distribution and follow-up of in-home filters

(B) Provide transportation for the travel members of EWB-USC

(C) Inspect the continued construction of the rainwater catchment system and tanksin the

case that the Project is not finished during the implementation trip

(D) Maintain contact with contractor and ensure that project remains on schedule as

determined by EWB-USC

(E) Accept responsibility for distribution of and two years of follow-up appointments for

in-home water filters, detailed as follows:

a. Initial deposit of $1000 from EWB-USC to ADEC will support distribution of

30 complete systems (buckets, ceramic filters, and taps), 25 ceramic filters only,

25 taps, and 55 follow-up sessions as described below.

b. Follow up will include no less than five sessions, each at a cost of 30 lempira,

over a period of two years: (1) initial community training when filters are

distributed in mass, (2) follow up 30-45 days after initial distribution, (3)

follow-up 4-5 months after initial distribution, (4) follow-up 9 to 12 months

after initial distribution, (5) and follow-up 21-24 months within initial

distribution.

c. Agreed-upon prices for full charge of systems, filters, and taps are as follows:

330 lempira for the entire system, 180 lempira for only the ceramic filter, and

25 lempira for only the tap.

d. EWB-USC agrees to subsidize the initial round of purchases by the community,

such that prices for CDP residents during initial purchasing are as follows: 100

for the entire system, 50 lempira for the ceramic filters only, and 10 for the taps.

e. ADEC agrees that fees received from CDP residents, which will total 4250

lempira, will be re-invested entirely back into systems, filters, and taps for the

community, with funds distributed across these items as best determined by

ADEC during follow-up sessions.

f. ADEC agrees to provide subsidized systems/ filters to those community

members not present at initial distribution that want a system or filter. Limit one

per family.

g. ADEC agrees to continue selling entire systems, filters, and taps to Corral de

Piedras at full price after a period of two years and in the future to ensure

system sustainability.

(F) Send regular updates on the Project and identify any concerns with the rainwater

catchment system, tanks, and filters to EWB-USC

(G) Will receive reimbursements for transportation from EWB-USC for follow-up trips to

the rainwater catchment site




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6. Responsibilities of the Municipality of Marcala

The Municipality of Marcala will perform the following tasks for the Project:

(A) Support the project and allow EWB-USC members to stay in Marcala and in the

Village

(B) Provide transportation for the travel members of EWB-USC

(C) Provide three 10,000 liter Rotoplas tanks to EWB-USC for incorporation into the

schoolhouse rainwater catchment system.

(D) Provide transportation for the three tanks to the village of Corral de Piedras.

7. Short-term Maintenance:

EWB-USC shall be responsible for the correction of any and all problems due to rainwater

catchment system and tanks design error or omission for a period of one year starting from the date

of final commission. EWB-USC recommends the Associacion de Padres de Familias collect a

minimum of $50 per year to account for yearly maintenance and to replace the system at the end of

the 20-year design life expectancy.However, the system of fees is to be established by the la

Asociacion de Padre de Familia in CDP.

8. Allocation of “Left-Over” Funds:

EWB-USC shall allocate remaining funds from the $10,000 USC account to the expansion

of the rainwater catchment to the six “barrios” within the community. The expansion of the system

is contingent upon the success of the rainwater catchment system at the schoolhouse and will be

evaluated on a post-implementation trip.

9. General Provisions:

(A) No individual or representative of EWB-USC, EWB-USA, the Municipality of Marcala

or resident of Corral de Piedras shall receive personal compensation or remuneration in

any form with regard to or in connection with, the Project.

(B) Upon completion of the Project, the entire Project shall be owned by, and the

responsibility of, the Village of Corral de Piedras

(C) There are no promises, guarantees, representations or warranties of any type with

regard to the performance of the Project.

(D) EWB-USC and its members assume no responsibility for the health and safety of any of

the persons performing services for the project or for the residents of and visitors to

Corral de Piedras

(E) The individuals signing the memorandum are duly authorized to do so on behalf of the

organizations they represent.




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Agreed and Accepted:

Engineers Without Borders- USC Corral de Piedras

By: ________________________ By: ________________________

ADEC Municipality of Marcala

By: _______________________ By: _______________________

Construction Foreman

By: _______________________

10.0 COST ESTIMATE

Cost Estimate – Provide a final cost estimate for the project that includes a contingency and

considers transportation costs. In addition to capital costs, the chapter should prepare an O&M

cost estimate that includes costs for operation, maintenance, replacement parts, and future

expansions.

Below is the project cost estimate, broken into one section detailing rainwater catchment system

cost and one section detailing filter costs. Both sections detail give yearly O&M costs.




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11.0 SITE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

We will not be carrying out any site assessment activities during this trip.

12.0 MENTOR ASSESSMENT

It is my professional opinion that the data gained on the last two site assessment to Corral de

Piedras and design calculations and drawings contained in this report are adequate and appropriate

for the construction of the simple rainwater catchment system proposed. This project will improve

the overall water quality and quantity for Corral de Piedras by providing adequate drinking and

sanitation water for the school. EWB-USC has been diligent in forming and maintaining

relationships with local community members, government officials, and NGO workers. This

project is an important step in the development of the relationship between EWB-USC and the

community, and it will serve as a valuable mutual learning experience that will be beneficial in

future projects that will further improve the water supply system in Corral de Piedras.




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12.1 Professional Mentor/Technical Lead Name (who wrote the

assessment)

Stephanie Bache, P.E.

12.2 Professional Mentor/Technical Lead Affirmation

I have acted as professional mentor to the EWB-USC CDP team for more than one year, and I

support the project and the upcoming implementation trip.




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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Alternative Analysis Chart

APPENDIX B: Design Calculations

B.1 Rainfall Catchment Spreadsheet, greater than 90% reliability

B.2 Rainfall Catchment Spreadsheet, approximately 100% reliability

B.3 Maximum Spacing of PVC Pipe Supports

B.4 Gutter Slope Calculations

B.5 Mix Proportioning of Concrete

B.6 First Flush Sizing Calculations

B.7 Hydraulic Calculations

B.8 Foundation Calculations


C.1 Cover Page

C.2 Site Plan

C.3 Tank Foundation Site Elevations

C.4 Rainwater Catchment Elevation View

C.5Elevation View Detail

C.6Rainwater Catchment Side View

C.7 Rainwater Catchment Plan View

C.8 Rainwater Catchment Gutter Detail

C.9 Rainwater Catchment First-Flush Detail

APPENDIX D: Tentative Project Schedule for Community-Wide Rainwater Catchment

Tank Implementation




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APPENDIX A – Alternative Analysis Chart

Note: The full Alternatives Analysis is included as a separate document.




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APPENDIX B.1 – Rainfall Catchment Routing Spreadsheet, greater than 90% reliability




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APPENDIX B.2 – Rainfall Catchment Routing Spreadsheet, approximately 100% Reliability




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APPENDIX B.3 Maximum Spacing of PVC Pipe Supports




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APPENDIX B.4 Gutter Slope Calculations




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APPENDIX B.5 Mix Proportioning of Concrete




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APPENDIX B.5 Continued




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APPENDIX B.6: First Flush Calculations




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APPENDIX B.7 Hydraulic Calculations

Station Elevation Minor Loss Element / Description Minor Loss

K Pipe

Friction Minor Loss

(ft) (ft MSL) (ft) (ft)

0+00 96.1

0+00 96.1 Entrance to orifice 0.50 0.00 0.04

0+01 95.1 Vertical Length of Pipe 0.01 0.00

0+01 95.1 Elbow (90 degrees) 0.2 0.00 0.02

0+03 95.1 Horizontal Length Along Front of School 0.01 0.00

0+03 95.1 Elbow (90 degrees) 0.2 0.00 0.02

0+19 94.1 Horizontal Lengths Along Side of School 0.10 0.00

0+19 94.1 Tee and expander 0.3 0.00 0.03

0+28 94.1 Length to Tank 0.06 0.00

0+28 94.0 Exit 1 0.00 0.08

0.18 0.18

Total

Losses 0.37

Calculated Values:

Rainfall Intensity 200 mm/hr

0.01 ft/min

Area of Roof 1114 sf

Flow, Q 91 gal/min

Pipe Diameter 4 in

Pipe Area 0.09 sf

Pipe Velocity 2.33 ft/s

Velocity Head 0.08 ft

Hazen-Williams Formula to Calculate Major Headloss:

f = 0.2083 (100/c)1.852

q1.852

/ dh4.8655

c= 130

q= 91 gal/min

dh= 4 in

f = 0.64 ft head loss/100 ft pipe

f = 0.0064 ft head loss/ft pipe




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APPENDIX B.8 Foundation Calculations




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See following pages.




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APPENDIX D: Tentative Project Schedule for Community-Wide Rainwater Catchment

Tank Implementation

See next page.




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pre-implementation report chapter: university of...

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