pre-sports evaluation thomas r. kimball, md professor of pediatrics university of cincinnati...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pre-Sports Evaluation
Thomas R. Kimball, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Cincinnati
Director
Echocardiography
Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research Laboratory
![Page 2: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Acknowledgement
• Waldemar Carlo– Current PL-III at Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital– Future pediatric cardiology fellow at Texas
Children’s Hospital
![Page 3: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Case DiscussionCC: Sports pre-participation physical
HPI: 15yo boy presents prior to football season for you to fill out his pre-participation form. Has been healthy. Passed out one time after feeling his heart racing after running 5 miles last week.
ROS: any recent injuries, eye problems, hypertension, chest pain
PMH: none
![Page 4: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Case DiscussionMeds: none
FHx: no sudden deaths, no heart disease
SHx: denies steroids or supplements, drugs, alcohol, smoking, sex
Physical Exam: normal
As the pediatrician, what do you do?
![Page 5: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
OutlineWhat are the issues?
Sports Intensity
Problematic Pediatric Cardiovascular Diseases
Learning from the Past: Profile of Sudden Death Victims
• Often, party interests are competing (not complementary)
• Sports were not created all equal
• Leading causes of cardiac sudden death:
– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
– Coronary artery anomalies• Sudden death victim profile:
– Asymptomatic high school male
– Track, cross country, basketball
• Current practice: – Hx, FH, PE
• Future practice:– Echo
Current Customary Practice
Future Practice?
![Page 6: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Major Players
• Athlete• Family• School/NCAA• Lawyers and Courts• Physicians• Consensus Guidelines
![Page 7: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Unique Pressures for Primary Care Physicians
• See many patients (high denominator), low prevalence of disease (small numerator)
• First symptom is frequently sudden death
• Usually no physical findings
• Athlete may by stubborn and/or non-compliant
![Page 8: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Athlete’s Issues
• Desire to play outweighs almost every concern
• Spend enormous effort on sport
• Self worth is wrapped up in sport
• Sense of invincibilitySahara Marathon
![Page 9: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Problem of Public Health or Perception
• Athlete is a symbol of health to society
• High visibility of sudden death events
• High stakes of sports as business
• Athlete has celebrity status• Event is riveting, puzzling and
challenging• Intense interest may be
disproportionate to its actual public health problem
![Page 10: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cost-Effectiveness Issues
• Not possible to achieve zero-risk
• Implied acceptance of risk on part of athlete
• Testing is expensive– Occurrence of HCM is 1:500
– Echo ~$500
– $250,000 to detect even 1 previously undiagnosed case
• Problem of false positives
• F/U of abnormal results leads to more costly procedures
![Page 11: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scope of the Problem
• 200-300 young athletes / year in USA
200,000 competitive
athletes screened
1000 with CHD
0.5%
10 with disease capable of causing sudden death
1%
1 with sudden death
10%
![Page 12: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
All Sports are not Created Equal
• Dynamic (soccer, long distance running, racquet sports
• Static (weight-lifting, karate, water skiing, gymnastics, field events)
• Combination (football, sprint running)
![Page 13: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sports Intensity: Static Classification
High Static
Low Static
![Page 14: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sports Intensity:Dynamic Classification
Low Dynamic
High Dynamic
![Page 15: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mitchell JH, et al. JACC 45:1364-67. 2005
Sports Classification
MVC = maximum voluntary contraction
Max O2 = maximum oxygen consumption
![Page 16: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HCM
Poss HCM
Cor Anom
O ther
Ao aneur
ASMyoPoss myo DCM
ARVD
CAD
Cardiac Etiologies of Sudden Death in < 35 y.o.
![Page 17: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Marc-Vivien Foe
• Cameroon midfielder
• 28 y.o.
• Expires in 72nd minute in soccer match vs. Columbia in Lyon, France in 6/2003
• 2 autopsies:– No obvious cause of death
– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
![Page 18: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Relatively common 1:500
• Primary disease of cardiac muscle (molecular defect in cardiac sarcomere)
• LV hypertrophy without dilatation
• More common in African-Americans
• Male to female ratio of 9:1 for sudden cardiac death
• Autosomal dominant
![Page 19: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Most common cause of SCD in athletes
• Patients with HCM who die suddenly:– 70% die before 30 y.o.– 50% show no limitations before death– 40% engaged in physical activity
• Death probably due to dysrhythmia
![Page 20: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
HCM Phenotype
• Cardiac Defects– Abnormal cellular
architecture
– Hypertrophied LV
– Intramural coronaries
• Risks– Myocardial ischemia
– Arrhythmogenic cardiac tissue
– LVOT obstruction
– Annual risk of SCD is 1%
![Page 21: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
HCM
• History– ½ pts are asymptomatic
– ½ pts have DOE, angina, syncope, palpitations, etc.
– FHx
• EKG– LVH
• Signs– Prominent LV impulse
– Frequently have no murmur
– If present, murmur increases with a decrease in venous blood return (supine standing)
• ECHO
![Page 22: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LVH and sudden cardiac death
From Spirito P, et al. NEJM 342:1778-1785, 2000.
![Page 23: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Activity level and sudden cardiac death in HCM
0
5
10
15
20
25
Sedentary Walking Exercise
# o
f H
CM
pati
ents
Adapted from Spirito P, et al. JACC 15:1521-6, 1990.
![Page 24: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HCM Treatment
• Treatment– Medications (e.g.β-blockers) reduce symptoms but not incidence of
sudden death– Ventricular septal myomectomy– Alcohol septal ablation
• Avoid– Competitive sports (except class 1A)– Digitalis– Diuresis/Dehydration
• Screen 1st degree relatives
![Page 25: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Athlete’s Heart vs. HCM
Athlete’s Heart HCM
LV thickness < 16mm > 16mm
LVH pattern Concentric Asymmetric
LV cavity Large Small
Diastolic Fxn Normal Impaired
Left Atrial Size Normal Dilated
![Page 26: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Long QT Syndrome
• Ion channel mutation• Delayed myocardial
repolarization• Prolonged QTc• Risk of Torsades• QTc > 470 (men), 480
(women)• Annual mortality rate
4.5%
![Page 27: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cardiac Events in Long QT
From Zareba W, et al. NEJM 339:960-965, 1998
![Page 28: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SCD in Long QT syndrome
Schwartz PJ, et al. Circulation. 2001;103:89.
(particularly swimming)
![Page 29: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Long QT Recommendations
• Symptomatic LQTS patients – Class 1A
• Asymptomatic LQTS patients with prolonged QTc – Class 1A
• Genotype positive / phenotype negative patients – no restrictions *
* Except no water sports for LQT1 patients
![Page 30: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Implantable cardiac defibrillator
• Risk of ICD damage/displacement
• Recommendations– Class 1A sports only
![Page 31: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Congenital Coronary Artery Anomalies
• Coronary arises from wrong sinus
• Passes between great vessels• Can be compressed when
cardiac output increased• Can be surgically corrected• EKG is usually normal • Found in 1% of population• Cause up to 20% of sudden
deaths on the athletic field
Nl pattern
![Page 32: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Single Coronary Artery
Pete Maravich – Atlanta Hawks, New Orleans and Utah Jazz, Boston Celtics, expired at 40 y.o. in 1988 during pick-up game
![Page 33: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Anomalous Coronary Artery
• Possible Consequences– Myocardial ischemia during exercise– Ventricular tachyarrythmias from scarred
myocardium
• Recommendations– No competitive sports– Three months after surgical correction, may
participate in all sports, with normal maximal stress testing
![Page 34: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Kawasaki Disease
• Acquired coronary artery aneurysm(s)
• Sports participation depends on presence and size of aneurysms
![Page 35: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hank Gathers
• Basketball star for Loyola Marymount University
• In 1989, at 22 y.o. collapses during LMU game against UCSB
• Echo shows damaged area in LV• Diagnosed with exercise-induced
ventricular tachycardia, treated with propranolol, LMU bought defibrillator for courtside
• Felt medication adversely affected play, cut back on dosage
• In 1990, at 23 y.o., collapses during tournament game against Portland
• DOA at hospital• Autopsy –
cardiomyopathy/myocarditis
![Page 36: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Myocarditis
• Inflammatory disease of the myocardium
• Etiology– Viral (enterovirus, parvovirus, adenovirus)– Drugs
• Symptoms– Chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, syncope,
arrythmias, acute CHF– Non-specific
![Page 37: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Myocarditis
• Frequent cause of non-structural SCD
• Pathogenesis– Myocardial inflammatory infiltrates, myocyte
necrosis, replacement fibrosis– Arrythmogenic substrate
![Page 38: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Recommendations
• 6 month off period
• Re-evaluation by cardiologist– EKG, ECHO– Stress test– Holter monitor– Serum markers of inflammation, heart failure
![Page 39: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Flo Hyman
• American volleball player, 6’5”• Known as “Clutchman” and
could spike ball at 110 mph• Gold medal in 1982 World
Championship• Silver medal in 1984 Olympic
Games• Died at 31 y.o. after being
substituted for during a game in Japan in 1986
• Aortic dissection due to Marfan Syndrome
![Page 40: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Marfan Syndrome
• Connective tissue disorder• Autosomal dominant• Mutation in fibrillin-1 gene• Ocular, skeletal• Cardiovascular
– Dilation of ascending aorta*
– Aortic dissection*
– Mitral regurgitation
– Mitral valve prolapse
– Abdominal aortic aneurysm
![Page 41: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Recommendations
• Aortic root involvement• Moderate/severe mitral
valve regurgitation• FH of Marfan-related
sudden death or aortic dissection
Class IA
![Page 42: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Serginho• Brazilian soccer player for
São Caetano • Died on field at 30 y.o.
(2004)• Autopsy reveals “enlarged
heart”• Team owner and doctor
charged with homicide
![Page 43: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ARVD
• 3rd leading cause of SCD in young athletes• Prevalence
– 1 in 5000 in general population
• Pathology– Fibrofatty replacement of RV myocardium
• Etiology– Unclear
• Diagnostic Criteria
![Page 44: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
ARVD and exercise
• Fibrofatty RV is arrhythmogenic
• Adrenergic stimulation (exercise) induces these arrhythmias
![Page 45: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ARVD
• Prognosis– 3% mortality rate
without treatment
– 1% mortality with pharmacotherapy
• Treatment– Beta Blockers
– Radiofrequency ablation
– Implantable cardiac defibrillator
– No athletic competition except maybe class 1A
?
![Page 46: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Sergei Grinkov
• Along with partner and wife, Ekaterina Gordeeva, three-time World Figure Skating Pairs Champion and 1988 and 1994 Winter Olympic Champion
• Died suddenly at 28 y.o. (1995) in Lake Placid while practicing
• Autopsy – atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and hypertension (diastolic of 110)
![Page 47: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Maron, B. J. et al. JAMA 2002;287:1142-1146.
Commotio Cordis
![Page 48: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Commotio Cordis
• Chest wall impact
• Rare but likely underreported
• Associated with competitive or recreational athletics
![Page 49: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Copyright restrictions may apply.
Maron, B. J. et al. JAMA 2002;287:1142-1146.
Sports Participated in at the Time of Commotio Cordis Events
![Page 50: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Copyright restrictions may apply.
Maron, B. J. et al. JAMA 2002;287:1142-1146.
Age at Time of Commotio Cordis Event
![Page 51: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Pathophysiology
• No underlying heart disease
• No major damage to the heart or great vessels
• Unimpressive force of impact
![Page 52: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Pathophysiology
• Transfer of energy– Increased compliance of pediatric chest wall
• Energy of impact– Greatest at around 30 - 50 mph– Hardness
• Location – center of the heart
• Timing - repolarization
![Page 53: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Prevention (?)
• Chest Wall Protectors
• Soft Balls
![Page 54: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Those Etiologies Readily Detectable by Hx and PE Screening
HCM
Poss HCM
Cor Anom
O ther
Ao aneur
ASMyoPoss myo DCM
ARVD
CAD
Cardiac Etiologies of Sudden Death in < 35 y.o.
![Page 55: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Level of CompetitionHigh
School77%
Youth11%
Pro9%
College3%
![Page 56: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sports in which Sudden Death Occurs
BasketballFootball
Track
Other Soccer
Baseball
![Page 57: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Median age = 17 y.o.• Male (90%)• No obvious race
predilection• High school level of
competition• Asymptomatic (82%)• Sports
• Cross-country, track, basketball
Profile of the Athlete with Sudden Death
![Page 58: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Purpose of Preparticipation Evaluation
• Identify individuals– Known to be at risk
– Not known to be at risk
• Make recommendations regarding participation
![Page 59: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Legal Considerations• Must use reasonable care
• No clear legal precedent
• Malpractice liability for failure to discover a latent condition requires proof that a physician deviated from customary medical practice
• Medical profession allowed to establish the nature and scope of pre-participation screening
![Page 60: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Risk Ratio between Athletes and Non-Athletes
From Corrado D, et al. JACC 42:1959-1965, 2003.
Athletes
Non-athletes
![Page 61: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What is “Customary Practice”?
![Page 62: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Customary Practice
• No accepted standards• Medical clearance by a
health care worker consisting of H and P is generally considered customary
• In Ohio, the Ohio High School Athletic Association requires completion of preparticipation form
![Page 63: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Limitations of Screening
• False positives• Athlete disqualifications• Cost efficiency• Screening volume
![Page 64: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
American Guidelines
(1996)
Family and personal history, physical exam
Negative PositiveEligible for competition
Further testing
Positive
Negative
Further management
![Page 65: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
European Guidelines
(2005)
Family and personal history, physical exam, and EKG
Negative PositiveEligible for competition
Further testing
Positive
Negative
Further management
![Page 66: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Efficacy of Screening with EKG
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Athletes Non-athletes
% o
f SCD
att
ribute
d t
o H
CM
I talyUSA
![Page 67: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
AHA Recommendations• Preparticipation exam is
warranted
• Complete Hx, Family hx and PE targeted to identify cardiovascular lesions known to cause sudden death
• (Noninvasive testing not prudent in large populations)
• Repeat evaluation every 2 years
• Develop a national standard for evaluation
![Page 68: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Cardiovascular History• Exertional chest pain,
syncope, or excessive shortness of breath
• Detection of murmur or hypertension
• FH of premature death or disability < 50 y.o. or specific knowledge of:– HCM, DCM– Long QT syndrome– Marfan syndrome
![Page 69: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Practical Tools• Physical Activity Readiness
Questionnaire (PAR-Q) • Has a doctor ever told you that you have a
heart condition and recommended only medically supervised activity?
• Do you have chest pain brought on by physical activity?
• Have you developed chest pain in the past month?
• Have you on one or more occasions lost consciousness or fallen over as a result of dizziness?
• Do you have a bone or joint problem that could be aggravated by the proposed activity?
• Has a doctor ever recommended medication for your blood pressure or a heart condition?
• Are you aware of any other physical reason that would prohibit you from exercising without medical supervision?
• Stanford University Pre-Participation Form
• Internet-based• Extensive (18 pages)
![Page 70: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Cardiovascular Examination
• BP• Auscultation• Femoral arteries• Marfan’s stigmata
Referral when abnormalities in Hx and PE
![Page 71: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Noninvasive Screening Tests
• Echo will enhance detection of abnormalities– Cardiomyopathy
– AS
– Aortic dilatation
– Coronary artery anomalies
• But no guarantee– Some coronary anomalies
– Arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia
![Page 72: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Echocardiogram
• Miniaturization of technology• Targeted, limited examination• Decreasing costs
![Page 73: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Cost Effectiveness of Screening Modalities
• Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:887, 2000 (Sierra Heart Institute, Reno, NV)
• High school athletes (HSA)• 3 screening modalities
– CV-specific Hx/PE– EKG– Echo
• Assume 700,000 evaluations would occur in search of 70 HSA
• EKG is most cost-effective• To be equally cost-effective:
– Hx/PE would need 2X increase in sensitivity
– Echo would need 4X decrease in cost
Hx/PE EKG Echo
Sensitivity (%) 6 70 80
Specificity (%) 97.8 84.3 100
Screening cost ($) 0 10 350
Abnl response cost ($) 500 365 0
Years saved (yrs) 10% - 40 90% - 20
Overall cost (mill $) 7.7 47.2 245
Years gained 93 1080 1232
Cost effectiveness (cost/yr saved)
84,000 44,000 200,000
![Page 74: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
A Heart For Sports
• Orange County, CA• Individual screenings (EKG and Echo) for $65 tax-
deductible donation• “Recommended for”:
– If you want to learn more about your heart health– If you suffer high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep
apnea, high cholesterol, chronic lung condition, alcohol dependency, smoke cigarettes, suffered a previous stroke, or any heart condition
– If you have a family history of heart disease, or sudden death
– If you have been diagnosed with a heart murmur– If you are an athlete and concerned about your heart
health– If you are not feeling well and are concerned about
your heart health– If you don’t know your Ejection Fraction (EF)– If you have not had an EKG or an echocardiogram in
the past year– If you are looking for peace of mind
![Page 75: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Eddie Curry• Chicago Bulls center• 2 bouts of irregular heart
rhythm• Suspected to have HCM,
genetic testing recommended• Curry refuses testing, Bulls
refuse to play him• In 9/2005, traded to NY
Knicks who were willing to play him (2005-2006 season: 72 games, 26 min/gm)
• “Genetic discrimination” vs. privacy rights
![Page 76: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Jason Collier
• #1 NBA draft pick of Milwaukee Bucks in 2000
• Atlanta Hawks center• Died on 10/15/05 (at
28 y.o.) at home
![Page 77: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
NBA Mandatory Screening
• Begins 2006 season• Consists of:
– Personal and family hx– Physical examination– Blood work– EKG– Resting echo– Stress echo
• Administered annually• If positive, no ban• No training camp until
tests complete
![Page 78: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Other League Policies
• MLB and NHL– No uniform league-wide heart
screening program • NFL
– Mandates cardiovascular exam and EKG
– Partnered with Living Heart Foundation
• Active and retired players especially those at risk – i.e. large body mass index
• Echo, EKG, Pulmonary Function Test, Cholesterol Analysis, Cardiac Risk Score, Blood Glucose, Urine Drug check, Body Fat and Body Mass Index, and vital signs
![Page 79: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
NCAA
• Left to individual athletic departments
• Georgia Tech– Echo required for all
volleyball, basketball and football
• Purdue– 2.5 min echo ($35) on all
incoming athletes• Ohio State University
– Currently performing echo on every OSU athlete (research study)
![Page 80: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Will Kimble:Athletics is His Life
• In 2002 - starting center for Pepperdine University
• Fainted• Echo shows HCM, defibrillator placed,
restricted from playing• “I felt like I’d had something taken
away from me. It felt like the world had just come down on me. I had invested so much time and had worked so hard”
• Transferred to UTEP, NCAA grants medical waiver, Kimble plays 2005 season
• Not without controversy:– “The defibrillator was never designed
to operate in intercollegiate basketball. The reliability is unknown” Barry Maron, MD
![Page 81: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Fred Hoiberg:Risks Are Too Much
• Diagnosed with bicuspid aortic valve at Iowa State in 1995
• Drafted by Pacers, traded to Bulls, then Timberwolves
• Shooting guard, led league in 3-point percentage in 2004-2005
• Echo as part of insurance policy in 2005 – Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm
• Surgery and pacemaker in 6/2005• 1st NBA player to play with a
pacemaker???• Announces retirement on 4/17/06 • Now coach for Timberwolves
![Page 82: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Rony Turiaf:Possible Success Story
• Signed rookie contract with LA Lakers in 2005
• PE and echo show enlarged aortic root
• Lakers void rookie contract• However, Lakers also pay for
aortic root replacement (7/26/05)
• In 1/06 signs new contract with Lakers
• After rookie season played for France in 2006 World Championships
![Page 83: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Take-Home Messages
• Sudden death is rare• Issue of public perception (not
necessarily of public health)• Most common causes are
– HCM– Coronary anomalies
• No legal precedent for malpractice• Standard care• Follow AHA recommendations• Refer to cardiology if any positive Hx,
FH, or PE• Echo is becoming and will continue to
become more critical part of evaluation
![Page 84: Pre-Sports Evaluation Thomas R. Kimball, MD Professor of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati Director Echocardiography Cardiovascular Imaging Core Research](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649cf55503460f949c3834/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Frequently Asked Questions• What are the American Heart Association
recommendations for preparticipation evaluation?
– http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1478
• What are the American College of Cardiology recommendations for allowing participation in the case of known cardiac disease?
– Recommendations for Determining Eligibility for Competition in Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Bethesda Conference 26: (Revision of Bethesda Conference #16), January 6-7, 1994. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:845-99)
• What are the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations for screening, staffing and emergencies at health facilities?
– http://www.acsm-msse.org• Where can I find the Ohio High School Athletic
Association preparticipation form?– http://www.ohsaa.org/medicine/physicalform.pdf
• Where can I find the internet-based Stanford University preparticipation form?
– http://www.stanford.edu/dept/sportsmed/visitors/visitors98.html