SCI E N T I F IC M ET H OD

(Standard B-1: Demonstrate an understanding of how scientific inquiry can be used to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions.)

Lab EquipmentSteps of the Scientific Method

Volume (equipment; units of measurement): Mass

(equipment; units of measurement): Length/Height

(equipment; units of measurement): Temperature

(equipment; units of measurement):

Other Equipment:

Parts of a Microscope

Analyzing Data Lab Safety

Qualitative:

Quantitative:

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Control/Constant Variable:

Indicators Graphing

SEM:

TEM:

Microscopes - Types and Purposes

Purpose:

Examples:

X-Axis:

Y-Axis:

Types of Graphs:--

-

*Compound Light:

C el l s (Standard B-2: Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.)

Transport and HomeostasisCell Theory

1.

2.

3.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic (List the differences)

Eukaryotic Organelles (know function)

nucleus mitochondria chloroplasts lysosomes vacuoles

ribosomesendoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) Golgi

apparatus ciliaflagella

cell membrane nuclear membrane

cell wallcytoplasmcentrioles

Cell (Plasma) Membrane Description:

Concentration Gradient:

Homeostasis:

Passive Transport:

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Facilitated Diffusion:

Active Transport:

Protein pumps:

Endocytosis:

Exocytosis :

Cell Labeling List the Levels of Organization

Plant vs. Animal

C ell R e prod u c t ion (Standard B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle; the phases of mitosis; and plant/animal cytokinesis.)

(Standard B-2.7: Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division; recognize consequences of uncontrolled cell division.)

(Standard B-4.5: Summarize the characteristics of meiosis and compare it to mitosis.)

Cell Cycle Mitosis Meiosis

Cell Regulation

Checkpoints:

Internal signals:

Cancer:

Tumor:

Mutations:

Cytokinesis:

*Plant vs. Animal

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Haploid vs. Diploid

C h e m i s t r y of l i f e (Standard B-3.5: Summarize the functions of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids in the human

body.) (Standard B-2.8: Explain the factors that affect the rates of biochemical reactions.)

Monomer (building block):

Functions:

Examples:

Proteins

Monomer (building block):

Functions:

Examples:

Nucleic Acids

Monomer (building block):

Functions:

Examples:

*saturated vs. unsaturated

Lipids

Monomer (building block):

Functions:

Examples:

Carbohydrates

Reactants:

Products:

Biochemical Reactionsadhesion:

cohesion:

Properties of WaterBiological Catalyst:

Special Properties:

Enzymes

Activation Energy:

Exothermic:

Endothermic:

surface tension:

capillary action:

pH:

acid: base: neutral:

Denaturing:

CELLULAR ENERGY

(Standard B-3: Demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems.)

Equation:

Light Dependent Reactions:

Light Independent Reactions:

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Aerobic (oxygen present) Equation:

Anaerobic:

Fermentation

ATPLactic Acid Alcoholic

ATP-ADP Cycle

ATP:

ADP:

“Recharging a battery”:

0

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

(Standard B-4: Demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity – DNA, genes, chromosomes.) (Standard B-4.1: Compare DNA and RNA.) (Standard B-4.3: Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and blueprint for proteins.) (Standard B-4.4: Summarize the process of protein

synthesis.)

Structure:

Nucleotides:

DNA

Structure:

Types:

RNA? ?

DNA mRNA Proteins

Blueprint on life: Nucleotides:

Messenger:

mRNA Codon Chart used duringTRANSLATION

DNA vs. RNAProtein Synthesis

Transcription

Translation

ReplicationmRNA Codon matches with tRNA Anticodon

Done by enzymes…

Semi-conservative model:

Steps:

+

GENETICS

(Standard B-4.6: Predict inherited traits by using the principles of Mendelian genetics.) (Standard B-4.9: Explain ways modern genetics can be used to introduce new genetic characteristics.) (Standard B-4.7:

Summarize the chromosome theory of inheritance and Mendel’s principles of genetics.)

Mendel’s Laws

1.

Key Terms

Chromosomes: Purpose:

Punnett Squares

2.

3.

Special Situations

Polygenic traits:

Multiple Alleles:

Environmental Interactions:

Genes:

Alleles:

Dominant vs. Recessive

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Monohybrid Cross: Dihybrid Cross:

Codominant:

Special Cases of InheritanceCommon Ratios/Percentages: Common Ratio: TT x tt - BbSs x BbSs - Tt x Tt -Tt x tt -Ttx TT -

Incomplete Dominance:

Sex-Linked:

Dominant:

Recessive:

Autosomal:

Sex-linked:

Pedigrees

EVOLUTION & Classification(Standard B-5.1& 5.3: Summarize the process of natural selection and how diversity within a species increases the chances of its survival.)

(Standard B-5.4: Explain how genetic variability and environmental factors leads to evolution.) (Standard B-5.5: Provide examples of evidence for evolution.) (Standard B-5.7: Use a phylogenetic tree/cladogram to identify relationships among different groups of organisms.)

Natural Selection – Four Principles(always acts on PHENOTYPES!)

1. Overproduction of Offspring:

2. Variation:

3. Adaptation:

* fitness:

4. Descent with modification:

Factors Influencing Genetic Variability Leading to Evolution(in addition to natural selection)

Genetic drift:

Gene flow:

Non-random mating:

Mutations:

Micro- vs. Macro-evolution

Species:

Gene pool:

Taxonomic Categories

Speciation

Reproductive/Temporal:

Geographic:

Behavioral:

Patterns of Evolution

Paleontology:

Embryology:

Biogeography:

Biochemistry:

Anatomy:

Evidence of Evolution K P C O F G S

Binomial Nomenclature:

Gradualism:

Punctuated Equilibrium:

Adaptive Radiation/Divergent Evolution:

Convergent Evolution:

Coevolution:

Extinction:

ECOLOGY

(Standard B-6.1: Explain how interrelationships among organisms generate stability within ecosystems.) (Standard B-6.2: Explain how populations are affected by limiting factors.)

(Standards B-6.4 & 6.5: Explain how ecosystems maintain themselves naturally and the role organisms (especially humans) play in biogeochemical cycles.)

Symbiotic Relationships

Predation Pioneer species:

Ecological Succession

Carbon

Biogeochemical Cycles

Commensalism

Parasitism

Mutualism

Competition Niche:

Climax community:

Primary succession:

Secondary succession

Nitrogen

Ecosystem Maintenance

Population Density and Limiting Factors

Density-dependent:

Density-independent:

Abiotic:

Biotic: Greenhouse effect:

*vs. Global Warming

Disposing of Wastes & Recycling

Nutrients: Soil Erosion & Deposition (Weathering):Water

Mutations and creating genetic variation(Standard B-4.9: Exemplify ways that introduce new genetic characteristics into an organism or a population.)

Causes:

1.

2.

Mutations Selective Breeding = Artificial Selection

Inbreeding:

Hybridization:

In a body cell…

In a gamete…

Genetic Disorders= BAD

Beneficial mutations…can be favored by natural selection and increase in a frequency.

Risks of Genetic Engineering

Cloning:

Gene therapy:

*Genome:

*Gene map

Genetic Engineering

Results/Future Implications: