pre world war i
DESCRIPTION
Pre World War I. Unresolved Tensions. "Coffin Nails" was a term used by British soldiers to describe cigarettes. I. Competition for Africa. North Africa Fashoda Affair Moroccan Crisis 1905 Algeciras 1911 French Protectorate. Boer War. II. Nationalism in Eastern Europe. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Pre World War I
Unresolved Tensions
"Coffin Nails" was a term used by British soldiers to describe cigarettes.
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I. Competition for Africa
North Africa Fashoda Affair Moroccan Crisis
1905 Algeciras 1911 French Protectorate
•Boer War
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II. Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Russification Pan Slavism Balkan Crisis-Serbia and collapse of
the Ottoman Empire
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BalkansOttomans, Russia & Austria
1. Crimean War 1853-562. Russo-Turkish War 1877-783. Bosnian Crisis 19084. Balkan crisis 1912-19135. Turkish nationalism-Young Turks -
Committee for Union and Progress
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The Causes of WWIThe Causes of WWIMilitarismAlliancesImperialismNationalismSignificant individuals
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Militarism
Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.
The British feared an attack on their Empire
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Militarism
Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies
18801914
Germany 1.3m 5.0m France 0.73m 4.0m Russia 0.40m 1.2m
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Alliances
By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.
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Alliances
Triple Entente – UK, France & Russia Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-
Hungry & Italy
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Imperialism
All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans
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Nationalism
This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.
Serbia’s national flag
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Significant Individuals
Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army
and navy Aggressive foreign policy Determined to make
Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other
powers
“Germany must have its place in the sun”“The world belongs to the strong.”
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Significant Individuals
Count Berchtold Austrian Prime
Minister. During the July
Crisis, decided on a very tough ultimatum for Serbia
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Significant Individuals
Bethmann Hollweg German Prime Minister Gave very strong
support to Austria during the July crisis while Kaiser was cruising on his yacht
Germany issues a “blank check”
“The Austrian demands are moderate. Any interference by Britain, France and Russia would be followed by incalculable consequences”
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The Crisis
28 June 1914 Heir to Austrian
throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.
Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria.
Hotbed of Slav nationalism Seal of the
Black Hand group
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The Crisis
“Black Hand” terrorists attack the Arch Duke
Bomb attempt fails in morning Gavrilo Princip shoots
Archduke and wife in the afternoon.
Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists.
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The Crisis
Austrians, supported by Germany, send Serbia a tough ultimatum.
Serbia agrees to all but two terms of the ultimatum.
Russia mobilises her troops to support Serbia
Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down.
Germany declares war on Russia
“Demands must be put to Serbia that would be wholly impossible for them to accept …”
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Why did Britain get involved?
Britain had Ententes with France and Russia.
Only “friendly agreements” but French and Russians given impression Britain would fight.
The Schlieffen Plan
Sir Edward GreyBritish Foreign Secretary … “There’s some devilry going on in Berlin”
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The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s military plan to defeat France and Russia.
“Knock out blow” aimed at France first.
Avoid French defences by invasion of Belgium.
Germans thought Britain would not intervene.
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Britain’s Reaction 1838- UK had signed a
Treaty to protect Belgium.
Britain also scared of Germany controlling Channel ports.
Did not want Germany to defeat France and dominate Europe. Britain next?
UK issued ultimatum to Germany to withdraw troops from Belgium. War declared August 4 1914
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Propaganda
GERMANY USA
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Propoganda
Australian Germany
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Propaganda
FRANCE
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Nationalism – Rupert Brooke 1914 V: The Soldier
If I should die, think only this of me:That there's some corner of a foreign fieldThat is for ever England. There shall beIn that rich earth a richer dust concealed;A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,A body of England's, breathing English air,Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.And think, this heart, all evil shed away,A pulse in the eternal mind, no lessGives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.
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Mid War – Seigfried Sassoon Absolution The anguish of the earth absolves our eyes
Till beauty shines in all that we can see. War is our scourge; yet war has made us wise, And, fighting for our freedom, we are free. Horror of wounds and anger at the foe,And loss of things desired; all these must pass. We are the happy legion, for we know Time’s but a golden wind that shakes the grass. There was an hour when we were loth to part From life we longed to share no less than others.Now, having claimed this heritage of heart, What need we more, my comrades and my brothers?
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Total Warfare
Soldiers Private Citizens
Production Economy
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Two Fronts (oh yeah and Italy)Western Front
Western Front - The Western Front followed a line between France and Germany through Belgium
The French and British fought on one side against the Germans, eventually joined by Americans in 1917.
The war bogged down quickly, with both sides digging trenches, and fighting from them until the war ended in 1918.
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Trench Warfare
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Technologies The stalemate occurred partly because new
technology; machine guns and poison gas; made any offensive attack so lethal that the army had to retreat to trenches.
Attacks were followed by counter-attacks that resulted in huge casualties.
Each side simply hoped that the other would run out of young men first.
That happened when the United States entered the war, and Germany could not match the combined forces on the Western Front.
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Casualties From Gas - The Numbers
Country Total Casualties
Death
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000British Empire 188,706 8,109France 190,000 8,000Germany 200,000 9,000Italy 60,000 4,627Russia 419,340 56,000USA 72,807 1,462Others 10,000 1,000
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Eastern Front
Eastern Front - was on the opposite side of Germany from the Western Front.
Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russia along a much more fluid battle line.
Central Powers overran Serbia, Albania, and Romania. Russians took the offensive in Prussia, but by the
summer of 1915 combined Germany and Austrian forces drove the Russian armies back eastward across Poland, and eventually back into Russia's borders.
Russia's armies were poorly led and badly equipped, with the tsar sending men into battle without guns, food, or shoes.
Mass desertions and loss of confidence in the tsar led to chaos in Russia, where a communist-inspired group called the Bolsheviks eventually took over the government and assassinated the tsar.
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Eastern Front
Russians took the offensive in Prussia, but by the summer of 1915 combined Germany and Austrian forces drove the Russian armies back eastward across Poland, and eventually back into Russia's borders.
Russia's armies were poorly led and badly equipped, with the tsar sending men into battle without guns, food, or shoes.
Mass desertions and loss of confidence in the tsar led to chaos in Russia, where a communist-inspired group called the Bolsheviks eventually took over the government and assassinated the tsar.
War ends of the Eastern Front with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 3 March 1918.
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United States Joins
Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915
German U-Boats Angered Americans America will join
the war April 2, 1917
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Withdrawal and End
Russia withdrew from the war in 1917.
This released German soldiers to transfer to the Western Front.
U.S. soldiers supplemented French and British soldiers on the West so that the stalemate was finally broken.
The armistice occurring in November 1918.
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Net Effect
The net effect of the war was the slaughter of a huge portion of a generation of young men, primarily from Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, England, and France.
Arguably, Europe never fully recovered from the loss.
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Effects
What was the effect on areas other than Europe?
Gallipoli India China South America