Preah Vihear Temple 1

Preah Vihear Temple

Preah Vihear Temple

Coordinates: 14°23′35″N 104°40′49″E

Name

Proper name: Prasat Preah Vihear

Location

Country: Cambodia

Province: Preah Vihear

Architecture and culture

Primary deity: Shiva

Architectural styles: Banteay Srei style and others

History

Date built:(Current structure)

11th & 12th Centuries CE

Creator: Suryavarman I and Suryavarman II

Preah Vihear Temple (Khmer: ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ) is a Hindu temple built during the reign of Khmer Empire, that

is situated atop a 525-metre (1,722 ft) cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the Preah Vihear province, Cambodia. In1962, following a lengthy dispute between Thailand and Cambodia over ownership, the International Court ofJustice (ICJ) in The Hague awarded the temple to Cambodia.[1]

Affording a view for many kilometers across a plain, Prasat Preah Vihear has the most spectacular setting of all thetemples built during the six-centuries-long Khmer Empire. As a key edifice of the empire's spiritual life, it wassupported and modified by successive kings and so bears elements of several architectural styles. Preah Vihear isunusual among Khmer temples in being constructed along a long north-south axis, rather than having theconventional rectangular plan with orientation toward the east. The temple gives its name to Cambodia's PreahVihear province, in which it is now located, as well as the Khao Phra Wihan National Park which borders it inThailand's Sisaket province and through which the temple is most easily accessible. On July 7, 2008, Preah Vihearwas listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]

Preah Vihear Temple 2

Nomenclature

The temple is located on a hill, oriented along anorth-south axis and facing the plains to the north

in what is now Thailand.

Prasat Preah Vihear is the compound of words Prasat, Preah andVihear. Prasat (ប្រាសាទ) mean "castle", sometimes "temple"; in

Sanskrit प्रासाद. Preah (ព្រះ) mean "sacred". "Vihear" (វិហារ) mean

"shrine" (the central structure of the temple). The word Vihear could berelated to the Sanskrit word Vihara (विहार) which means "abode."

Preah Vihear is transliterated into Thai as Prasat Phra Viharn(ปราสาทพระวิหาร) or Prasat Khao Phra Viharn(ปราสาทเขาพระวิหาร). Prasat (ប្រាសាទ) has the same meaning in

Khmer, Thai, and Sanskrit ("castle", sometimes "temple"; in Sanskritप्रासाद), and Khao is the Thai word for "hill" or "mountain" (in Khmer:"phnom" (ភ្នំ). Cambodians occasionally refer to it as "Phnom Preah

Vihear" (ភ្នំព្រះវិហារ) and Thais usually call it "Khao Phra Viharn"). The words "Preah" (ព្រះ) and "Phra" (พระ)

mean "sacred", and the words "Vihear" (វិហារ)/"Viharn" (วิหาร) mean "shrine" (the central structure of the temple).

In Thai, the word "khao" (เขา) has recently (as of 2008) been omitted from the name in order to differentiatebetween the temple and the cliff it is built atop.

The two versions of the name carry significant political and national connotations (see below: New dispute overownership).

Location

Map of Cambodia and Thailand, showing the locationof the temple

The temple sits atop Pey Tadi, a steep cliff in the DângrêkMountains which located in Cambodia. During different periods ithas been located in Cambodia and Thailand in turn. FollowingCambodian independence and during the Thai occupation of thetemple site, it was listed as being in Bhumsrol village of BuengMalu sub-district (now merged with Sao Thong Chai sub-district),in Kantharalak district of the Sisaket province of eastern Thailand.It is 110 km from the Mueang Si Sa Ket district, the center of SiSa Ket province.

After the ICJ ruled in 1962 that it belonged to Cambodia, thetemple was listed as being in Svay Chrum Village, Kan ToutCommune, in Choam Khsant District of Preah Vihear province ofnorthern Cambodia. The temple is 140 km from Angkor Wat and320 km from Phnom Penh.[3]

Preah Vihear Temple 3

Ancient historyConstruction of the first temple on the site began in the early 9th century; both then and in the following centuries itwas dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva in his manifestations as the mountain gods Sikharesvara and Bhadresvara. Theearliest surviving parts of the temple, however, date from the Koh Ker period in the early 10th century, when theempire's capital was at the city of that name. Today, elements of the Banteay Srei style of the late 10th century canbe seen, but most of the temple was constructed during the reigns of the Khmer kings Suryavarman I (1002–1050)and Suryavarman II (1113–1150). An inscription found at the temple provides a detailed account of Suryavarman IIstudying sacred rituals, celebrating religious festivals and making gifts, including white parasols, golden bowls andelephants, to his spiritual advisor, the aged Brahmin Divakarapandita. The Brahmin himself took an interest in thetemple, according to the inscription, donating to it a golden statue of a dancing Shiva known as "Nataraja". In thewake of the decline of Hinduism in the region the site was converted to use by Buddhists.

The site

Entrance to the temple structure

The temple complex runs 800 m (2,600 ft) along a north-south axisfacing the plains to the north, from which it is now cut off by theinternational border. It consists essentially of a causeway and stepsrising up the hill towards the sanctuary, which sits on the clifftop at thesouthern end of the complex (120 m/390 ft above the northern end ofthe complex, 525 m/1,722 ft above the Cambodian plain and625 m/2,051 ft above sea level). Although this structure is verydifferent from the temple mountains found at Angkor, it serves the same purpose as a stylised representation ofMount Meru, the home of the gods.

The approach to the sanctuary is punctuated by five gopuras (these are conventionally numbered from the sanctuaryoutwards, so gopura five is the first to be reached by visitors). Each of the gopuras before the courtyards is reachedby a set of steps, and so marks a change in height which increases their impact. The gopuras also block a visitor'sview of the next part of the temple until they pass through the gateway, making it impossible to see the complex as awhole from any one point.The fifth gopura, in the Koh Ker style, retains traces of the red paint with which it was once decorated, although thetiled roof has now disappeared. The fourth gopura is later, from the Khleang/Baphuon periods, and has on itssouthern outer pediment, "one of the masterpieces of Preah Vihear" (Freeman, p. 162) : a depiction of the Churningof the Sea of Milk. The third is the largest, and is also flanked by two halls. The sanctuary is reached via twosuccessive courtyards, in the outer of which are two libraries.

Preah Vihear Temple 4

Modern history and ownership dispute

Plan of Prasat Preah Vihear.

In modern times, Prasat Preah Vihear was rediscovered by the outside world andbecame subject of an emotional dispute between Thailand and the newlyindependent Cambodia.In 1904, Siam and the French colonial authorities ruling Cambodia formed ajoint commission to demarcate their mutual border. In the vicinity of the temple,the group was tasked by the two governments to work under the principle that theborder would follow the watershed line of the Dângrêk mountain range, whichplaces nearly all of Preah Vihear temple on Thailand's side. In 1907, after surveywork, French officers drew up a map to show the border’s location. However, theresulting topographic map, which was sent to Siamese authorities and used in the1962 (ICJ) ruling, showed the line deviating from the watershed withoutexplanation in the Preah Vihear area, placing all of the temple on the Cambodianside.

"It was clear from the record, however, that the maps were communicatedto the Siamese Government as purporting to represent the outcome of thework of delimitation; since there was no reaction on the part of theSiamese authorities, either then or for many years, they must be held tohave acquiesced. The maps were moreover communicated to the Siamesemembers of the Mixed Commission, who said nothing, to the SiameseMinister of the Interior, Prince Damrong, who thanked the French Ministerin Bangkok for them, and to the Siamese provincial governors, some ofwhom knew of Preah Vihear. If the Siamese authorities accepted theAnnex I map without investigation, they could not now plead any error vitiating the reality of their consent.The Siamese Government and later the Thai Government had raised no query about the Annex I map prior toits negotiations with Cambodia in Bangkok in 1958. But in 1934-1935 a survey had established a divergencebetween the map line and the true line of the watershed, and other maps had been produced showing theTemple as being in Thailand. Thailand had nevertheless continued also to use and indeed to publish mapsshowing Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia. Moreover, in the course of the negotiations for the 1925 and1937 Franco-Siamese Treaties, which confirmed the existing frontiers, and in 1947 in Washington before theFranco-Siamese Conciliation Commission, it would have been natural for Thailand to raise the matter: she didnot do so. The natural inference was that she had accepted the frontier at Preah Vihear as it was drawn on themap, irrespective of its correspondence with the watershed line.[4]"

Drawing of temple structures

Following the withdrawal of French troops from Cambodia in 1954,Thai forces occupied the temple to enforce their claim. Cambodiaprotested and in 1959 asked the International Court of Justice to rulethat the temple and the surrounding land lay in Cambodian territory.The case became a volatile political issue in both countries. Diplomaticrelations were severed, and threats of force were voiced by bothgovernments.

The court proceedings focused not on questions of cultural heritage oron which state was the successor to the Khmer Empire, but rather on

Siam's supposed long-time acceptance of the 1907 map.

Arguing in The Hague for Cambodia was former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson, while Thailand’s legal team included a former British attorney general, Sir Frank Soskice. Cambodia contended the map showing the temple as

Preah Vihear Temple 5

being on Cambodian soil was the authoritative document. Thailand argued that the map was invalid and that it wasnot an official document of the border commission, and that it clearly violated the commission’s working principlethat the border would follow the watershed line, which would place most of the temple in Thailand. If Thailand hadnot protested the map earlier, the Thai side said, it was because Thai authorities had had actual possession of thetemple for some period of time, due to the great difficulty of scaling the steep hillside from the Cambodian side, orsimply had not understood that the map was wrong.

Illustration of temple structures

On 15 June 1962, the court ruled 9 to 3 that the temple belonged toCambodia and, by a vote of 7 to 5, that Thailand must return anyantiquities such as sculptures that it had removed from the temple. Inits decision, the court noted that in over the five decades after the mapwas drawn, the Siamese/Thai authorities had not objected in variousinternational forums to its depiction of the temple’s location. Nor didthey object when a French colonial official received the Siamesescholar and government figure Prince Damrong at the temple in 1930(before the Thais realised the map was wrong). Thailand had acceptedand benefited from other parts of the border treaty, the court ruled.With these and other acts, it said, Thailand had accepted the map and therefore Cambodia was now the owner of thetemple.[4]

Australian judge Sir Percy Spender wrote a scathing dissent for the minority on the court, however, pointing out thatthe French government had never mentioned Thai "acquiesance" or acceptance at any time, not even when Thailandstationed military observers at the temple in 1949. On the contrary, France always insisted that their map was correctand the temple was located on their side of the natural watershed (which it clearly is not). Thailand had corrected itsown maps, which in Spender's opinion was sufficient without having to protest to France. Spender said:

Whether the Mixed Commission did or did not delimit the Dangrek, the truth, in my opinion, is that thefrontier line on that mountain range is today the line of the watershed.The Court however has upheld a frontier line which is not the line of the watershed, one which in the criticalarea of the Temple is an entirely different one. This finds its justification in the application of the concepts ofrecognition or acquiescence.With profound respect for the Court, I am obliged to say that in my judgment, as a result of a misapplication ofthese concepts and an inadmissible extension of them, territory, the sovereignty in which, both by treaty andby the decision of the body appointed under treaty to determine the frontier line, is Thailand's, now becomesvested in Cambodia.[5]

Thailand reacted angrily. It announced it would boycott meetings of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, withThai officials saying this step was to protest a U.S. bias toward Cambodia in the dispute. As evidence, Thai officialscited the pro-Cambodia vote of an American judge on the court and Acheson’s role as Cambodia’s advocate; the U.S.government replied that Acheson was merely acting as a private attorney, engaged by Cambodia. Massdemonstrations were staged in Thailand protesting the ruling.Thailand eventually backed down and agreed to turn the site over to Cambodia. Rather than lower the Thai nationalflag that had been flying at the temple, Thai soldiers dug up and removed the pole with it still flying.[6] The pole waserected at Mor I Daeng cliff, where it is still in use. In January 1963, Cambodia formally took possession of the sitein a ceremony attended by around 1,000 people, many of whom had made the arduous climb up the cliff from theCambodian side. Prince Sihanouk, Cambodia’s leader, bounded up the cliff in less than an hour, then made offeringsto Buddhist monks. He made a gesture of conciliation in the ceremony, announcing that all Thais would be able tovisit the temple without visas, and that Thailand was free to keep any antiquities it may have taken away from thesite.[7]

Preah Vihear Temple 6

Civil warCivil war began in Cambodia in 1970; the temple's location high atop a cliff served to make it readily defensiblemilitarily. Soldiers loyal to the Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh continued to hold it long after the plain belowfell to communist forces. Tourists were able to visit from the Thai side during the war.Even though the Khmer Rouge captured Phnom Penh in April 1975, the Khmer National Armed Forces soldiers atPreah Vihear continued to hold out after the collapse of the Khmer Republic government. The Khmer Rouge madeseveral unsuccessful attempts to capture the temple, then finally succeeded on May 22, 1975 by shelling the cliff,scaling it and routing the defenders, Thai officials reported at the time. The defenders simply stepped across theborder and surrendered to Thai authorities.[8] It was said to be the last place in Cambodia to fall to the Khmer Rouge.Full-scale war began again in Cambodia in December 1978 when the Vietnamese army invaded to overthrow theKhmer Rouge. Khmer Rouge troops retreated to border areas. In January, the Vietnamese reportedly attacked KhmerRouge troops holed up in the temple, but there were no reports of damage to it. Large numbers of Cambodianrefugees entered Thailand after the invasion. Guerrilla warfare continued in Cambodia through the 1980s and wellinto the 1990s, hampering access to Preah Vihear. The temple opened briefly to the public in 1992, only to bere-occupied the following year by Khmer Rouge fighters. In December 1998, the temple was the scene ofnegotiations by which several hundred Khmer Rouge soldiers, said to be the guerrilla movement's last significantforce, agreed to surrender to the Phnom Penh government.[9]

The temple opened again to visitors from the Thai side at the end of 1998; Cambodia completed the construction of along-awaited access road up the cliff in 2003.

Expulsion of Cambodian refugeesOn June 12, 1979, the government of General Kriangsak Chomanan, who had come to power in Thailand by amilitary coup, informed foreign embassies in Bangkok that it was going to expel a large number of Cambodianrefugees. It would allow the governments of the United States, France, and Australia to select 1,200 of the refugeesto resettle in their countries. Lionel Rosenblatt, Refugee Coordinator of the American Embassy, Yvette Pierpaoli, aFrench businesswoman in Bangkok, and representatives of the Australian and French governments rushed to theborder to select the refugees that night. In three frantic hours the foreigners picked out 1,200 refugees forresettlement from among the thousands being held by Thai soldiers behind barbed wire in a Buddhist temple andloaded them on buses to go to Bangkok. The remaining refugees were then loaded on buses and sent away, theirdestination unknown.It later became known that Cambodian refugees had been collected from many locations and sent to Preah Vihear.An American Embassy official stood beneath a tree along a dirt road leading to the temple, counted the buses, andestimated that about 42,000 Cambodians were taken to Preah Vihear.[10]

Preah Vihear is situated at the top of a 2,000 foot high escarpment overlooking the Cambodian plains far below. Therefugees were unloaded from the buses and pushed down the steep escarpment. “There was no path to follow,” onesaid. “The way that we had to go down was only a cliff. Some people hid on top of the mountain and survived.Others were shot or pushed over the cliff. Most of the people began to climb down using vines as ropes. They tiedtheir children on their backs and strapped them across their chests. As the people climbed down, the soldiers threwbig rocks over the cliff.”[11]

At the foot of the cliffs were minefields placed by the Khmer Rouge during their rule in Cambodia. The refugees followed a narrow path, the safe route indicated by the bodies of people who had set off land mines. The refugees used their bodies as stepping stones to cross the three miles of land mines to reach the Vietnamese soldiers, occupiers of Cambodia, on the other side. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees later estimated that about 3,000 Cambodians had died in the push-back and that another 7,000 were unaccounted for. General Kriangsak's objective in this brutal operation apparently was to demonstrate to the international community that his

Preah Vihear Temple 7

government would not bear alone the burden of hundreds of thousands of Cambodian refugees. If so, it worked. Forthe next dozen years the UN and Western countries would pay for the upkeep of Cambodian refugees in Thailand,resettling thousands of them in other countries, and devising means by which Cambodians could return safely totheir own country.[12]

Preah Vihear as a World Heritage Site

Temple of Preah Vihear *UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country Cambodia

Type Cultural

Criteria i

Reference 1224 [13]

Region ** Asia-Pacific

Inscription historyInscription 2008 (32nd Session)

* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List[14]

** Region as classified by UNESCO [15]

On July 8, 2008, the World Heritage Committee decided to add Prasat Preah Vihear, along with 26 other sites, to theWorld Heritage Site list, despite several protests from Thailand, since the map implied Cambodian ownership ofdisputed land next to the temple.As the process of Heritage-listing began, Cambodia announced its intention to apply for World Heritage inscriptionby UNESCO. Thailand protested that it should be a joint-effort and UNESCO deferred debate at its 2007 meeting.Following this, both Cambodia and Thailand were in full agreement that Preah Vihear Temple had "OutstandingUniversal Value" and should be inscribed on the World Heritage List as soon as possible. The two nations agreedthat Cambodia should propose the site for formal inscription on the World Heritage List at the 32nd session of theWorld Heritage Committee in 2008 with the active support of Thailand. This led to a redrawing of the map of thearea for proposed inscription, leaving only the temple and its immediate environs.However, Thailand's political opposition launched an attack on this revised plan (see Modern History and OwnershipDispute), claiming the inclusion of Preah Vihear could nevertheless "consume" the overlapping disputed area nearthe temple. In response to the political pressure at home, the Thai government withdrew its formal support for thelisting of Preah Vihear Temple as a World Heritage site.Cambodia continued with the application for World Heritage status and, despite official Thai protests, on July 7,2008, Preah Vihear Temple was inscribed on the list of World Heritage sites.The renewed national boundary dispute since 2008 has been a reminder that despite the World Heritage ideals of conservation for all humanity, operating a World Heritage site often requires use of national authority at odds with the local cultures and natural diversity of the landscape. Prior to the listing, Cambodia considered Preah Vihear to be

Preah Vihear Temple 8

part of a Protected Landscape (IUCN category V), defined as "Nationally significant natural and semi-naturallandscapes which must be maintained to provide opportunities for recreation." However, Category V is generallydefined as "Land, with coast and seas as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time hasproduced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, cultural and/or ecological value, and often with highbiological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenanceand evolution of such an area."During the People's Alliance for Democracy's seizure of Suvarnabhumi Airport, future Thai Foreign Minister KasitPiromya reportedly called Cambodian Prime Minister in a 2008 television interview "crazy" and a "nak leng"(commonly translated as "gangster").[16]

Temple structures in 2003

In 1994, Thailand held a World Heritage proposal conference inSrisaket in which local cultural traditions were considered along withmonuments such as Preah Vihear that stimulate more nationalisticsentiments. The use of passes in the Dongrak Mountains reportedlytied together cultural communities and practices divided by amilitarized (and imperfectly demarcated) modern border line. AMon-Khmer ethnic minority, the Kui or Suay (the ethnonyms havemultiple spellings), used the passes to hunt and capture elephants in theforests below the Dongrak cliff edge, including the Kulen area which isnow a Cambodian wildlife sanctuary. Kui in Cambodia were skilled

ironsmiths using ore from Phnom Dek.[17]

While elephant hunting in the vicinity of Preah Vihear was touched upon in the International Court of Justiceproceedings, the World Heritage plans overlook local culture and species protection to facilitate national revenuesfrom tourism. One international law professor has urged that practicality calls for laying aside exclusive sovereigntyin favor of an "international peace park."[18] A scholarly article concurs in concluding: "Since Thailand andCambodia have brought only blood and bitterness to this place, it might be desirable to preserve it from both. Itcould be given back to nature and the indigenous peoples, to be managed cooperatively between the twogovernments in equal partnership with local communities, as a transborder Protected Landscape-AnthropologicalReserve (IUCN category V and old category VII)."[19] Given the massing troops in 2008, perhaps such a transborderreserve would create not only a demilitarized buffer zone in which any future demarcation can be amicablyundertaken, but a recognition of the added ecological and cultural aspects of an area which both Cambodia andThailand may still save from the destructive and exploitative impacts of rapid development so often suffered in otherASEAN countries.

Disputes over ownership since 2008The ongoing conflict between Cambodia and Thailand over land adjoining the site has led to periodic outbreaks ofviolence.A military clash occurred in October 2008.[20] In April 2009, 66 stones at the temple allegedly were damaged byThai soldiers firing across the border.[21] In February 2010, the Cambodian government filed a formal letter ofcomplaint with Google Maps for depicting the natural watershed as the international border instead of the line shownon the 1907 French map used by the International Court of Justice in 1962.[22]

In February 2011, when Thai officials were in Cambodia negotiating the dispute, Thai and Cambodian troopsclashed, resulting in injuries and deaths on both sides.[23] Artillery bombardment in the area occurred during theconflict. The Cambodian government has claimed that damage occurred to the temple.[24] However, a UNESCOmission to the site to determine the extent of the damage indicates that the destruction is a result of both Cambodianand Thai gunfire.[25][26]

Preah Vihear Temple 9

Since February 4, both sides have used artillery against each other, and both blame the other for starting theviolence.[27] On February 5, Cambodia had formally complained in a letter to the U.N. "The recent Thai militaryactions violate the 1991 Paris Peace Accord, U.N. Charter and a 1962 judgment from the International Court ofJustice", the letter claims.[28] On February 6, the Cambodian government claimed that the temple had been damaged.Cambodia's military commander said: "A wing of our Preah Vihear temple has collapsed as a direct result of theThai artillery bombardment".[29] However, Thai sources spoke only of minor damage, claiming that Cambodiansoldiers had fired from within the temple.[30]

ASEAN, to which both states belong, has offered to mediate over the issue. However, Thailand has insisted thatbilateral discussions could better solve the issue.[27] On February 5, the rightwing People's Alliance for Democracycalled for the resignation of Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva for "failing to defend the nation's sovereignty".[27]

An UNESCO World Heritage convention held in Paris in June 2011 determined to accept Cambodia's managementproposal for the temple. As a consequence, Thailand withdrew from the event, with the Thai representativeexplaining, "We withdraw to say we do not accept any decision from this meeting."[31]

Following a February 2011 request from Cambodia for Thai military forces to be ordered out of the area, judges ofthe International Court of Justice by a vote of 11–5 ordered that both countries immediately withdraw their militaryforces, and further imposed restrictions on their police forces. The court said its ruling would not prejudice any finalruling on the where the border in the area between Thailand and Cambodia should fall. It could take the court manymonths or even years to reach that decision.[32] Abhisit Vejjajiva (caretaker Prime Minister since the just-concludedThai general election, 2011) said that Thai soldiers will not pull out from the disputed area until the military of bothcountries agree on the mutual withdrawal. "[I]t depends on the two sides to come together and talk," he said,suggesting that an existing joint border committee would be the appropriate place to plan a coordinated pullback.[33]

AccessFrom Cambodia, the temple can be approached either by Tbeng Meanchey in Preah Vihear province or from SiemReap in Siem Reap province via Anlong Veng. Although the highway is paved when it leaves Siem Reap, both roadsare (occasionally) graded gravel once they begin to approach the Dangrek escarpment.It can be approached more easily from Thailand. The approach is from Kantharalak district (amphoe) of Sisaketprovince. Cambodia allows day-trip access to the temple from Thailand on a visa-free basis. An entrance fee ofUS$5 or 200 baht is charged foreigners (as of 2006, reduced to 50 baht for Thai citizens), plus a fee of 5 baht forprocessing a photocopy of their passport. Foreign nationals must pay an access fee of 400 baht to enter thesurrounding Khao Pra Wihan National Park.Cambodia has periodically cut off access from Thailand during times of dispute with the Thai government.

Notes[1] "Geography ::Cambodia" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ cb. html). .[2] http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ ap/ 2008/ 07/ 08/ america/ NA-Canada-Thailand-Cambodia-Temple. php 900-year-old temple on disputed

Thai-Cambodia border named world heritage site[3] Bunruam Tiemjarn, ไทยแพ้คดี เสียดินแดนให้เขมร (Thai Lost the Case - Lost territories to Khmer), Animate Group Publishing Limited,

Thailand, 2007 ISBN 978-974-09-1683-3 (Thai)[4] International Court of Justice (http:/ / www. icj-cij. org/ docket/ index. php?sum=284& code=ct& p1=3& p2=3& case=45& k=46& p3=5)[5] http:/ / www. icj-cij. org/ docket/ files/ 45/ 4885. pdf[6] Prasat Phra Viharn, truth that Thais need to know, Baan Phra A Thit Publishing. July 2008, Bangkok. ISBN 978-974-16-5006-4. (Thai)[7][7] The New York Times, Jan. 8, 1963, p. 7.[8][8] United Press International, May 23, 1975[9][9] The New York Times, Dec. 6, 1998, p. 18.[10] Thompson, Larry Clinton. Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co, 2010, 175[11][11] Thompson, 176[12][12] Thompson, 178

Preah Vihear Temple 10

[13] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 1224[14] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list[15] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region[16] Pavin Chachavalpongpun, "Glorifying the Inglorious Past: Historical Overhangs in Thai-Cambodian Relations", paper presented at

Historical Overhangs in East Asian International Relations Workshop, Jeju Peace Institute, 21–22 April 2010[17][17] Seidenfaden, Erik (1952) "The Kui People of Cambodia and Siam," Journal of the Siam Society 39(2): 144-180.[18][18] Roth, William, Bangkok Post July 22, 2008[19][19] Cuasay, Modern Asian Studies 32, 4 (1998), pp. 849-890.[20] "Let's deal with this calmly" (http:/ / www. bangkokpost. com/ opinion/ opinion/ 218399/ let-deal-with-this-calmly). Bangkok Post. January

27, 2011. .[21] Sambath, Thet (8 April 2009). "Preah Vihear Damage Significant" (http:/ / preahvihear. com/ ?p=189). The Phnom Penh Post. .[22] Cambodia Complains of Google Map Mistake at Preah Vihear Temple (http:/ / www. devata. org/ 2010/ 02/

google-map-mistake-at-cambodian-temple-preah-vihear/ )[23] Daniel Schearf (February 4, 2011). "Thailand, Cambodia Border Fighting Breaks Out Amid Tensions" (http:/ / www. voanews. com/

english/ news/ asia/ Thailand-Cambodia-Clash-at-Border-115266974. html). Voice of America. .[24] Petzet, Michael (2010). "Cambodia: Temple of Preah Vihear". In Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer (Eds.), "Heritage at

Risk: ICOMOS World Report 2008-2010 on Monuments and Sites in Danger" (http:/ / www. international. icomos. org/ risk/ world_report/2008-2010/ H@R_2008-2010_final. pdf). . Berlin: hendrik Bäßler verlag, 2010

[25] UNESCO (February 8, 2011), UNESCO to send mission to Preah Vihear (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ news/ 708/ ), unesco.org, , retrievedJune 6, 2011

[26] UNESCO (February 6, 2011), Director-General expresses alarms over escalation of violence between Thailand and Cambodia (http:/ / whc.unesco. org/ en/ news/ 707/ ), unesco.org, , retrieved June 6, 2011

[27] "Shells fly around the temple" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ blogs/ asiaview/ 2011/ 02/ open_fire_between_thailand_and_cambodia). TheEconomist. February 7, 2011. . Retrieved February 7, 2011.

[28] "Thailand, Cambodia trade shots, charges over ancient temple" (http:/ / www. cnn. com/ 2011/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 02/ 06/ cambodia.thailand. violence/ ). CNN. February 8, 2011. .

[29] "Thai-Cambodia clashes 'damage Preah Vihear temple'" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-asia-pacific-12377626), BBC, February 6,2011

[30] www.manager.co.th/IndoChina (http:/ / www. manager. co. th/ IndoChina/ ViewNews. aspx?NewsID=9540000015960) (Thai)[31] "Thailand quits heritage body amid temple row" (http:/ / www. mysinchew. com/ node/ 59492). Sin Chew Daily. AFP. 26 June 2011. .

Retrieved 26 June 2011. "Suwit said that Thailand took the decision because the Convention agreed to put Cambodia's proposed managementplan for the Preah Vihear temple on its agenda."

[32] "UN orders troops away from temple" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ world/ asia/ un-orders-troops-away-from-temple-2315713.html). The Independent: Asia. July 18, 2011. . Retrieved 18 July 2011.

[33] Arthur Max (July, 18 2011). "UN court draws DMZ for Thai, Cambodia troops" (http:/ / www. sfexaminer. com/ news/ 2011/ 07/un-court-draws-dmz-thai-cambodia-troops). The San Francisco Examiner. AP. . Retrieved 18 July 2011.

References• Coe, Michael D. (2003). Angkor and the Khmer Civilization. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28442-3.• Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23442-1.• Thompson, Larry Clinton (2010). Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982. McFarland & Co. ISBN

0-7864-4529-7

External links• Preah Vihear travel guide from Wikitravel• Preah-Vihear.com (http:/ / www. preah-vihear. com/ ) - Preah Vihear Temple and the Thai's Misunderstanding of

the World Court Judgment of 15 June 1962• Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (http:/ / www. icj-cij. org/ docket/ index. php?sum=284& code=ct&

p1=3& p2=3& case=45& k=46& p3=5) - International Court of Justice• UNESCO Official Preah Vihear World Heritage Site Page (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 1224)• Temple of Doom (http:/ / www. thefirstpost. co. uk/ 44955,news-comment,news-politics,war-at-the-temple) -

slideshow by The First Post

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsPreah Vihear Temple  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516078048  Contributors: A314268, Adunbar505, Ahoerstemeier, Airconswitch, Alison, Andre Toulon, Andycjp,AnonMoos, Aridd, Armourer84, Ashok srinath, AxelBoldt, Badagnani, Bakasuprman, BanyanTree, Biosketch, Bloblaw, Blueblue, Boing! said Zebedee, Bopha, BrightStarSky, Bruinfan12,Bunchhel, CalicoCatLover, Chapin-ILL, CharlieSamsokrith, Chrishmt0423, CommonsDelinker, DHN, DLinth, DQconnect, Dangerous-Boy, Dapsv, Darth Panda, Davejenk1ns, DeAdministrando Imperio, DerechoReguerraz, Doglover991, Ekajatik, EntiaNonSuntMultiplicanda, Eraserhead1, Ev, Faradayplank, Fertejol, Flewis, Gaafiw, Gabe1972, Gak, Ghirlandajo,Ghostofnemo, Good Olfactory, Ground Zero, Gryffindor, Hardworking, Hdamm, Henry Flower, Heron, Hugo999, Huntington, Inwind, Ism schism, Ivirivi00, J.delanoy, Jaba1977, Jalo,JeffreyW75, Joey80, Joseolgon, Josve05a, Jpatokal, Juliancolton, Kaihsu, Kanags, Kapang, KhProd1, Khaosaming, Khmaisoldier94, Khmerrlok, Kiensvay, Kinh Duong Vuong, Kintetsubuffalo,KnightxxArrow, LATom, Ladydunce, Lerdsuwa, LigerThai, Lightmouse, Lihaas, Little Savage, Luwilt, MER-C, MJCdetroit, Mardetanha, Matthewedwards, Mercy, Mimihitam, Minkythecat,Moszczynski, Mountolive, Mythdon, NaiPiak, Nanouk, Ngokimseth, Nickfromboise, Night w, Nouvvithou, Nwbeeson, Oatz, Octahedron80, Ori, Panha169, ParkKimLim, Patiwat, Paul 012,Pawyilee, Paxse, Peripitus, Pitt, Plasticspork, Plastikspork, Podzemnik, Prashanth.ram2002, Prof saxx, Rakai99, Random89, Redakie, Redthoreau, Retireduser1111, Rjwilmsi, Robtj966,Roux-HG, Samuishark, Sardanaphalus, Sazaja, Seattle kh, Shell Kinney, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Smallchief, Smirada, SoWhy, Sophontevy, Sorpagna, Stoub, Sunnyphlong,Superm401, Sylvain1972, Taichi, Tariqabjotu, Terbayang, Tira209, Tkf jr, Trilinguist, V i P, Vipkan, Visoot, Vitouwiki, Wai Hong, Weetjesman, Woohookitty, Writer128, Xtramanx, Xufanc,Yellowdesk, Zanhe, Zoombiie, Амартүвшин, 397 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:preah-vihear.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Preah-vihear.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: William BrehmFile:Preahvihear112.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Preahvihear112.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Ori~, Xufanc, 1 anonymous editsFile:Preah Vihear Temple.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Preah_Vihear_Temple.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MatthewedwardsFile:Phraviharngopura.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phraviharngopura.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Gryffindor,Markalexander100, Mattes, 1 anonymous editsFile:Preahvihear.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Preahvihear.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Modification bySunnyphlongFile:PreahVihear01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PreahVihear01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: วารสารสยามสมาคมFile:PreahVihear02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PreahVihear02.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: วารสารสมาคมFile:Phoukrisharjuna.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Phoukrisharjuna.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Funfood, Gryffindor,Markalexander100, Roland zhFile:Khao phra viharn 001.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khao_phra_viharn_001.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Detlef Garbrecht

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/