precipitation interception throughfall stemflow evaporation transpiration evaporation ocean lake...
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Precipitation
Interception
ThroughfallStemflow
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Ocean
Lake Ground water
Overlandflow
Returnflow
InfiltrationRedistribution
Evaporation
Snow pack
Percolation
Capillaryrise
Depression storage
Interflow
Wetland
Plant uptake
Overland flow
Soil water
Figure 11.1Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Storm Rainfall (mm)
Wat
er F
lux
(mm
)
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Inte
rcep
tion
(mm
)
Rainfall Throughfall Throughfall
Stemflow Stemflow
Interception Interception
Full leaf Leafless
Figure 11.2Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
0.0
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Eva
potr
ansp
iratio
n (m
m p
er d
ay)
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Cum
ulat
ive
(mm
)
Boreal Spruce Forest
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Day of Year
Eva
potr
ansp
iratio
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m p
er d
ay)
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Cum
ulat
ive
(mm
)
Tropical Rainforest
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Day of Year
Eva
potr
ansp
iratio
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m p
er d
ay)
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Cum
ulat
ive
(mm
)
Temperate Grassland
Figure 11.3Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Volumetric Soil Moisture
-0.2
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-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
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0.0
Fol
iage
Wat
er P
oten
tial (
MP
a)
Figure 11.4Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 11.5Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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Time (minutes)
Cum
ulat
ive
Infil
trat
ion,
I (m
m)
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Infil
trat
ion
Rat
e,
i (m
m p
er s
econ
d)
I (mm)
i (mm/s)
Figure 11.6
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Time (minutes)
Cum
ulat
ive
Infil
trat
ion,
I (m
m)
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Infil
trat
ion
Rat
e,
i (m
m p
er s
econ
d)
I (mm)
i (mm/s)
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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0.1
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (minutes)
Infil
trat
ion
Rat
e (m
m p
er s
econ
d)Sand
Sandy loam
Loam
Clay loam
Clay
Figure 11.7Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
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24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Run
off (
mm
)CN 30
CN 40
CN 50
CN 60
CN 70
CN 80
CN 90
CN 100
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24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Run
off (
mm
)
Forest
Lawn
Pasture
Crop
Dirt road
Paved road
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24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Run
off (
mm
)
Sands (A)
Loams (B)
Clay loams (C)
Clays (D)
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24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Run
off (
mm
)
Dry
Normal
Wet
Loam, normal soil water
Forest, good litter, normal soil water Forest, good litter, loam
Figure 11.8Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Impermeable Layer
Groundwater (saturated)
Capillary Fringe (saturated)
Root Zone(wilting point to
saturation)saturated duringrain, otherwise
depleted
Intermediate Zone(field capacity to
saturation)saturated during
heavy rain
WP FC SAT
Water Content
Transpiration
InfiltrationEvaporation
Percolation
Figure 11.9Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 11.10
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Mon
thly
Wat
er F
lux
(mm
)
Precipitation AET
AET=PET AET=PET
AET<PET
Runoff Runoff
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 11.11Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan