preclinical approaches: what is of combinations t. tsuji ......what about the in vivo picture other...

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19/06/2013 1 Preclinical approaches: What is important – synergy or activity of combinations Brian T. Tsuji, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, State University of New York Director, Laboratory for Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics Rationale for Polymyxin Combinations An increasing body of evidence based on in vitro and clinical studies demonstrate that colistin monotherapy results in emergence of resistance (at increasing bacterial densities) and poor clinical outcomes in patients. Clinical Practice Yesterday (May 2 nd ) Prato Conference: Dr. David Patterson: Polymyxin monotherapy is inferior to combinations against CRE Dr. Mical Paul: Colistin is not as effective as Betalactams Dr. Alexandre Zavascki: Empiric therapy now involves combinations 3 drugs with polymyxin Dr. Helen Giamarellou: Empiric therapy involves carbapenem and colistin Dr. Nation: The difficulty of achieving adequate formed colistin conc. in patients with normal to high CLcr Not to be copied and distributed to others without the permission of the author

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Page 1: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

19/06/2013

1

Preclinical approaches: What is important – synergy or activity

of combinations

Brian T. Tsuji, Pharm.D.Assistant Professor of Pharmacy 

School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Director, Laboratory for Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics

Rationale for Polymyxin Combinations

An increasing body of evidence based on in vitro and clinical studies demonstrate that colistin monotherapy results in emergence of resistance (at increasing bacterial densities) and poor clinical outcomes in patients.

Clinical Practice Yesterday (May 2nd) Prato Conference:

Dr. David Patterson:  Polymyxin monotherapy is inferior to combinations against CRE

Dr. Mical Paul: Colistin is not as effective as Beta‐lactams

Dr. Alexandre Zavascki: Empiric therapy now involves combinations 3 drugs with polymyxin

Dr. Helen Giamarellou:  Empiric therapy involves carbapenem and colistin

Dr. Nation: The difficulty of achieving adequate formed colistin conc. in patients with normal to high CLcr

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Page 2: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Goal of Combination Antibiotic Therapy: Polymyxin and Second Antibiotic

CombinationTherapy

Killing Resistance

Maximize Minimize

Differing Mechanisms of Action & PK/PD

Optimize combination of antibiotics in difficult to treat infections based PK/PD 

strategies

Exploit

Toxicity

Minimize

What agents do we have left: Combinations with differing PK/PD and 

Mechanisms of Action

AUC/MICPolymyxin

T>MICCarbapenem

Cmax/MICAminoglycosides

Rifampicin

AUC/MICFluoroquinolonesGlycopeptidesTigecycline

MICROBIOLOGICAL SCENARIOS• Susceptible active agents• Intermediate or resistant agents• Agents with no intrinsic activity 

CLINICAL SCENARIOS• Empirical at the Beginning of Therapy• Rescue or Salvage Therapy with Colistin• Rescue or Salvage Therapy with 2nd Abx

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Page 3: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Heterogeneous Resistance to Polymyxins

Li et. al. AAC. 2006.Li et. al. CID 2007. 

Colistin monotherapyAmplification of colistin‐resistant sub‐population

Colistin‐susceptible population

Colistin‐resistant sub‐population

Colistin

Slide from J. Li & R.L. Nation

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Page 4: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Promising therapeutic optionsColistin + second antibiotic

Colistin‐susceptible population

Colistin‐resistant sub‐population

Colistin 2nd antibiotic

May not be a synergistic effect against a homogeneous population

Rather, different antibiotics tacklingtheir respective susceptible populations

Slide from J. Li & R.L. Nation

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

Log 1

0(C

FU

/mL)

Time (h)

Total Population 0.5 mg/L colistin1 mg/L colistin2 mg/L colistin3 mg/L colistin4 mg/L colistin6 mg/L colistin8 mg/L colistin10 mg/L colistin

Polymyxin Monotherapy results in Rapid Emergence of Resistance

colistin monotherapy(5mg/L CI) vs. hetero‐resistant P. aeruginosa.

Amplification of resistance in the HFIM with colistin monotherapy.

Ly NS, Rao G, Kelchlin PA, Holden PN, Forrest A, Bulitta JB, Bergen PJ, Nation RL, Li J, Tsuji BT.  ICAAC.2011.

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Page 5: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

19/06/2013

5

Challenges when combining agents: Do any of the Traditional Methods apply ?

1) Checkerboard Synergy Methods 2) Time Kill Methods

A  2.0 log10 increase in killing as measured by viable cfu/ml between the combination and the most active agent

Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) =

MIC A (with B) + MIC B (with A)MIC A MIC B

<0.5                     Synergy>0.5 to 4.0 Additivity/Indifference

>4.0 Antagonism

Combination

Mono

Lorrian V.  Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine.  2005. 

Synergy with Polymyxin Antibiotics: Examples for colistin based on FIC

Year 1st Author Journal Polymxyin 2nd Agent Bug Synergy

1993 Richards J. Pharm

Colistin &Polymyxin B

Cipro PA 2 strains SynergyFIC <1.0

2006 Tascini  Int J. Wound

Colistin ImipenemRifampin

PA Case Report: Synergy based on FIC

2004 Tascini J. Chem Colistin Rifampin PA 1 of 7 strains Fully Synergy based on FIC

2006 Timurkaynak IJAA Colistin Rifampin ABPA

4 Fully synergistic 2 Fully synergisticFIC <0.5

2011 Mitsugui IJAA Colistin Polymyxin B

CeftazP/T

PAPA

35% Strains Synergy24% Strains SynergyFIC <0.5 of 34 strains 

Not an comprehensive list

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Page 6: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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6

Polymyxin Combinations based on FIC

ABisolates (8)

PB, mean Etest MIC

MER, mean Etest MIC

Synergy method (1× MIC), mean ∑FIC

TKA (change after 24 h)

Log10change PB 1× MIC + MER 1×MIC

Log10change PB 1/2 MIC + MER 1×MIC

Log10change PB 1/4 MIC + MER 1×MIC

A 0.5 24 0.5 syn −4.4 syn −5.0 syn −5.0 syn

B 0.5 >32 0.5 syn −2.7 syn −5.0 syn −4.3 syn

C 0.5 32 0.4 syn −3.2 syn −5.0 syn −5.0 syn

D 0.5 >32 0.5 syn −4.3 syn −3.4 syn −3.3 syn

E 0.5 >32 0.4 syn −2.2 syn −2.0 syn −2.3 syn

F 0.5 24 0.6 ind −4.2 syn −3.1 syn −3.1 syn

G 0.5 >32 1.1 ind −4.6 syn −5.0 syn −5.0 syn

H 0.5 >32 0.7 ind −3.6 syn −4.2 syn −5.0 syn

Pankey GA, Ashcraft D.  DMID. 2009.

Polymyxin Combinations based on Time Killing Experiments

Time (Hour)

0 24

Log

10

CF

U/m

l

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Growth ControlMeropenem 1 X MICPolyB 1 X MICMeropenem PolyB Combo at 1 x MIC

Growth Control 

Meropenem 1 x MICPolyB 1 x MIC

Meropenem 1 x MIC + PolyB 1 x MIC

Pankey GA, Ashcraft D.  DMID. 2009.

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Page 7: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Preclinical Studies for Effective TranslationStudy Limitations:

• Checkerboard FICs are based Turbidity• Time points of FICs are based on an incubation of 24h, of growth is dynamic 

• Concentrations selected are below the MIC may not be clinical relevant

• Duration of static time kill systems may not be enough to allow for resistance 

• Studies do not capture dynamic course of microbial populations in the case of heteroresistance over an extended duration

• Impact of Inoculum 

The presence of in vitro synergy by itself is unimportant unless it is accompanied by activity in a clinically relevant context.

Is our eye on the wrong ball ?

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Page 8: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Adapted from NIAID/NIH : Grant R01A1079330 Grant (PI: Nation. Co-I: Li)

Synergy Panel ExperimentsRifampin, Ciprofloxacin, Doripenem, Imipenem, Ceftazidime

In vitro static time killImipenem, Doripenem, Rifampin

In vitro one compartmentDoripenem, Imipenem, Rifampin

Hollow fiber modelDoripenem, Rifampin

Animal Infection ModelsDoripenem, Rifampin

Translational Approaches for Combinations

Driven by PK/PD

36 Strains, 12 for each species: P. aeruginosa, A. baumanniiK. pneumoniae:1 PolymyxinS

1 PolymyxinHR

1 PolymyxinR

Brian

Colistin (mg/L)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Lo

g10

CF

U/m

L

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LOQ

Time (h)

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96

Lo

g10

CF

U/m

L

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

LOQ

A B

Control Col 0.5 mg/L CICol 2 mg/L CIDori Cmax=2.5 mg/L Dori Cmax=25 mg/L Col 0.5 mg/L CI + Dori Cmax=2.5 mg/LCol 0.5 mg/L CI + Dori Cmax=25 mg/LCol 2 mg/L CI + Dori Cmax=2.5 mg/L Col 2 mg/L CI + Dori Cmax=25 mg/L

Control at baselineControl Col 0.5 mg/L CICol 2 mg/L CI Col 0.5 mg/L CI + Dori 2.5 mg/LCol 0.5 mg/L CI + Dori 25 mg/LCol 2 mg/L CI + Dori 2.5 mg/LCol 2 mg/L CI + Dori 25 mg/L

Colistin and Doripenem Against Colistin Hetero-Resistant P. aeruginosa ATCC

MIC: 1 mg/L (Col), 0.25 mg/L(Dori)

Bergen PB et. al.  AAC. 2011. 

MonotherapyLow Combinations

Combinations

Monotherapy

Combinations

Colistin 0.5 mg/L Continuous Infusion + Doripenem fCmax=25mg/L q8hColistin 2 mg/L Continuous Infusion + Doripenem fCmax=25mg/L q8h

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Page 9: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

19/06/2013

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Colistin and Doripenem Against Colistin Hetero-Resistant P. aeruginosa ATCC

MIC: 1 mg/L (Col), 0.25 mg/L(Dori)

Time (h) Colistin (mg/L)

Log 1

0(CFU

/mL)

Baseline

Total Population Count   Population Analysis Profile at 240 h

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

Col 5 mg/L and Dori

Dori alone

Col 2 mg/L and Dori

Ly N. et. al.  ICAAC.2011.

Col 2 mg/LCol 5 mg/L

Col 2 mg/LCol 5 mg/L

COMBOs

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

Colistin (mg/L)

Time (h) Colistin (mg/L)

Colistin and Doripenem Against Colistin Hetero-resistant P. aeruginosa

MIC: 1 mg/L (Col), 1 mg/L(Dori)

Total Population Count   Population Analysis Profile at 240 h

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

Col 2 mg/L and DoriCol 5 mg/L and Dori

Log 1

0(CFU

/mL)

Ly N. et. al.  ICAAC.2011.

Col 2 mg/LCol 5 mg/L

Dori

COMBOs

Col 5 mg/L

Col 2 mg/L

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Page 10: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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Colistin (mg/L)

Log 1

0 (CFU

/mL)

Time (h)

Colistin and Doripenem against Colistin Resistant P. aeruginosa

MIC: >128 mg/L (Col), 1 mg/L(Dori)

Total Population Count   Population Analysis Profile at 240 h

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 2400

2

4

6

8

10

12

Col 2 mg/L and Dori

Col 5 mg/L and Dori

Ly N. et. al.  ICAAC.2011.

Col 2 mg/LCol 5 mg/L

Dori

What about the in vivo picture in mice

Points to consider in animal infection models• Animal Scaling to humanize pharmacokinetics• Clinical relevant doses in mg/kg (e.g. same mg/kg dose as used in patients) 

unlikely to have human PK• Confirmation of plasma concentrations

Pachon‐Ibanez et. al. AAC 2010. Colistin + rifampicin in murine pneumonia Model.

Mutlu Yilmaz et. al. IJAA 2012.Efficacy of tigecycline + colistin in murine pneumonia model.

Song et. al.  IFAA 2009. Colistin + rifampicin in A. baumannii murine pneumonia model.

Aoki et. al. JAC 2012. Colistin + rifampicin P. aeruginosa murine pneumonia.

Lee HJ, ECCMID, 2012. Colistin + rifampicin versus A. baumannii ATCC 19606.

(Not a comprehensive list)

Dr. Bulitta Talk Next

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Page 11: Preclinical approaches: What is of combinations T. Tsuji ......What about the in vivo picture other models G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

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What about the in vivo picture other models

G. mellonella, Larvae of wax moth, have been used to study pathogenicity

Colistin  Alone <50%  Survival

Colistin Combo100% Survival

Hornsley  et. al. AAC. 2012.

Acknowledgements

US

Alan Forrest

Neang Ly

Gauri Rao

Samira Garonzik

George Drusano

Arnold Louie

Jenny Yang

Robert Hancock

Peter Greenberg

Patty Holden

Australia

Roger L. Nation

Jian Li

Juergen Bulitta

Cornelia Landersdorfer

John Boyce

David Paterson

Hongmei Xu

Funding:

NIAID/NIH: R01AI079330 to RL Nation

AFPE Fellowship to NSL

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Thank you for your attention 

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