preface - knowledge management centre for urban … sytem...preface preface this toolkit is prepared...

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Bus System Toolkit 1

Preface

Preface

This Toolkit is prepared by This Toolkit is prepared by Wilbur Smith AssociatesWilbur Smith Associates, in association with , in association with CRISIL for the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of IndiCRISIL for the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. a.

The project is funded by the World Bank through a grant from theThe project is funded by the World Bank through a grant from theDepartment of Foreign and International Development (DFID).Department of Foreign and International Development (DFID).

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Volume 4 - Index

OPERATIONS PLANNING

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What it DOESNWhat it DOESN’’T do T do ……

Does not provide Technical Guidelines for the development of transport measures

UNDERSTANDING THE TOOLKIT

What does the Bus System Toolkit Do ?What does the Bus System Toolkit Do ?

Provides guidance notes for long-range planning process

Helps in understanding the various terminologies used in Bus Management System

Provides international experiences, case studies, examples and various options available

Takes the user through the process of selecting the appropriate contractual agreements

Helps the government departments and other agencies in dealing with potential private partnerships

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USERS

Who will use this toolkit ?Who will use this toolkit ?

Policy MakersPolicy Makers-- Planning CommissionPlanning Commission

UMTAUMTA

City CorporationCity Corporation-- PlannersPlanners-- EngineersEngineers

ConsultantsConsultants

OperatorsOperators

This toolkit needs to be viewed in totality along with the Institutional and PPP guidelines

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STRUCTURE OF THE TOOLKITThe Bus System Management toolkit is addressed under three main components –

1.Operations Planning

2.Operations Management

3.Contracting

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STRUCTURE OF THE TOOLKITUnder OPERATIONS PLANNING, several topics have been discussed as shown below -

Operations Operations

PlanningPlanning

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STRUCTURE OF THE TOOLKIT

Under OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT, the following topics have been discussed -

Operations Operations ManagementManagement

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STRUCTURE OF THE TOOLKIT

Under CONTRACTING, the following topics have been discussed -

ContractingContracting

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Volume 1Volume 1OperationsOperations PlanningPlanning

Transport TerminologiesTransport TerminologiesSetting Performance StandardsSetting Performance StandardsManagement Information SystemManagement Information SystemPlanning for Man Power Planning for Man Power Planning for FleetPlanning for FleetSchedulingScheduling

THE TOOLKIT

The toolkit is arranged in six volumesThe toolkit is arranged in six volumes

Volume 2Volume 2OperationsOperations PlanningPlanning

Route Network PlanningRoute Network PlanningDemand EstimationDemand EstimationFinancial PlanningFinancial Planning

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Volume 4Volume 4Operations PlanningOperations Planning

Planning for TechnologyPlanning for Technology

Volume 5Volume 5Operations ManagementOperations Management

OrganizationOrganizationBus Station ManagementBus Station ManagementMonitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and EvaluationMarketing StrategiesMarketing StrategiesCustomer ServiceCustomer ServiceRegulationRegulation

Volume 6Volume 6ContractingContracting

Public Private PartnershipPublic Private Partnership

Volume 3Volume 3Operations PlanningOperations Planning

Planning for InfrastructurePlanning for InfrastructureIntegrationIntegration

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A number of additional information like frequently asked questions, examples, case studies etc. are included in Appendix A and Appendix B that are referenced in the main volumes.

For Frequently Asked Questionson Bus System Management, refer toAnnexure 1

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BUS SYSTEM TOOLKITVolume 4

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1.TECHNOLOGY

Technological advances have played a key role in advancing the state of art of public transport . Technology conjures up images of modernity and sophistication which helps to sell project concepts to both political officials and the public

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) such as Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) and real – time information displays have done much to dramatically improve operational efficiency and customer service.

“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic”- Arthur C. Clarke,Author,1917“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic”- Arthur C. Clarke,Author,1917

Technology Benefits

• Increased ridership• Travel time reductions• Increased schedule reliability• Improved accessibility• Increased safety and security• Improved fare collection

There is no one right or wrong answer to technology selection. Instead ,each option carries with different sets of benefits that must be weighed against the priorities set by the project developers.

As always, local context is the basis for determining the appropriate solution for any given situation.

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TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

SYSYTEMS

FARECOLLECTION

SYSTEMS

Classification of Technology

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1. Vehicle Technology

The choice of bus technology is important , as it will strongly influence the system’s performance ,but vehicle technology is not necessarily more so than the myriad of other system choices..

Vehicles have direct impact on •Speed•Capacity•Environmental friendliness•ComfortFor passengers ,impression of BRT system comes with their experience with vehicles while for non passengers ,vehicles are the system elements that are most visible.

Attributes that define BRT vehicles:

•Vehicle configuration –size; floor height; body shape•Aesthetic enhancement – paint scheme; styling; quality of interiors•Passenger circulation enhancement – wider doors; seating layouts•Propulsion – impact acceleration; maximum speed, fuel consumption and emission characteristics•Environmental Performance

“ Don’t worry sweetie, don’t worry! Nobody in New York notices a bus until it’s about to hit them . ”

– Kim Cattrall, Actress

“ Don’t worry sweetie, don’t worry! Nobody in New York notices a bus until it’s about to hit them . ”

– Kim Cattrall, Actress

Source: Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide, June 2007 by GEF, GTZ, UNEP, Viva and ITDP

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Vehicle Configurations

Conventional standard• 40 to 45 feet in length• Partial low floor• Two doors• Deployable ramp for wheel chair• Seating Capacity 35-45/50Stylized standard• Similar to conventional standard• Body is more aerodynamic, modern and attractiveConventional Articulated• Longer articulated vehicles• Passenger capacity 50% more than Standard Vehicles• Partial Low floor• Two or three doorsStylized Articulated• Modern, sleek and more comfortable• Step low floors• At least three doorsSpecialized BRT Vehicles

• Modern aerodynamic body similar to rail vehicles• Employ advanced propulsion system• Employ advanced ITS and guidance system

Source : Characteristics of BRT for decision making –August 2004, FTA and US DOT

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Aesthetic Enhancements

Specialized logos and liveryLarger windows and enhanced lightingsEnhanced interior amenities

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Passenger Circulation Enhancement

Alternative seat layoutAdditional door channelsEnhanced wheelchair securement

Propulsion Systems

Internal combustion enginesTrolley ,dual mode and thermal electric drivesHybrid electric drivesFuel cells

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Environmental Performance

Set environmental goalsEmission levelsAmbient air qualityFuel qualityFuel type and propulsion systemLevels on interior/exterior noiseVentilation and temperature standards

Fuel options Standard dieselCompressed natural gas CNGLiquid Petroleum GasBio – dieselHybrid – electric (diesel +electric +CNG)Hydrogen (fuel cell technology)

Photograph Source: Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide, June 2007 by GEF, GTZ, UNEP, Viva and ITDP

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Summary of Effects of Vehicle Elements on System Performance andBenefits


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2. Fare Collection Systems

Impacts of Fare Collection SystemsOperational efficiency of the bus systemAbility of the system to integrate routesFiscal transparency of the system

Effects of Fare Collection Elements on System Performance and Benefits


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Fare Fare Collection Collection ProcessProcess

Pay on Board

System

Conductor

Validated System

Barrier Enforced

Fare Payment System

Barrier free

System

Fare Collection Process

Fare can be collected by any of the the below mentioned processes :

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Pay on Board System

Involves a fare box or a processing unit for tickets or cards adjacent to the operatorAdvantage is that it doesn’t require significant fare collection infrastructure outside the vehicleDisadvantage is that it will increase the ‘dwell times’significantlyIf fares are paid without driver supervision, there is an increased risk of evasion

Conductor Validated System

Requires rider to buy a ticket on board from a conductorHigh labor costs are involved in visually validating all tickets

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Barrier Enforced Fare Payment System(Pay on entering a station or loading area)

Involves turnstiles fare gates and ticket agents or some combination of all the three in an enclosed area or bus platformIt may involve entry control

Barrier free (Self Service) or Proof of Payment (POP) System

Requires the rider to carry a valid ticket or pass when on the vehicle and is subject to random inspection by roving personnelTypically requires ticket vending and/or validating machinesAdvantage is that it supports multiple door boarding and thus lower dwell timesDisadvantage is the increased risk of fare evasion.

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FareTransaction

Media

Cash andPaper Media

Magnetic Stripe MediaSmart Cards

Fare Transaction Media

Fares transaction can be done via three medium like :

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Cash (Coins/Bills/Tokens) and Paper Media (Tickets/Transfers/Flash passes)

Simplest but slowest fare media option because of necessary transaction time, particularly if exact fare is requiredRequire visual verification or manual validationImpacts service times

Magnetic Stripe Media

Plastic cards with imprinted magnetic stripe that stores information about its value or useRequires electronic readers which determine the fare payment timeHave implication on dwell times depending on the fare collection process and machinery

Smart CardsSmart cards generally support faster and more flexible fare collection systemPermits faster processing time than magnetic stripe cardFacilitate processing of differentiated fare structures such as time based and distance based fare structuresPermit fare integration across several modes and operators

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Institutional Relationship in a Typical Fare System

Source: Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide, June 2007 by GEF, GTZ, UNEP, Viva and ITDP

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3. Intelligent Transportation System

Role of Intelligent Transportation System in BRT

ITS helps transit agencies increase safety operational efficiency and quality of serviceITS includes a variety of advanced technologies to collect, process and disseminate real time data from vehicle and roadway sensorsDifferent combinations of technologies combine to form different types of ITS systemAVL (Automatic Vehicle Location)ASD (Automatic Scheduling and Dispatch)TSP (Transit Signal Priority)

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ITS applications in BRT Systems

Vehicle Prioritization

Driver Assist and Automation Technology

Electronic Fare Collection

Operation Management

Passenger Information

Safety And Security

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Safety And Security

Voice monitoring Video monitoringSilent alarmsEmergency telephones

Emergency Telephone Voice MonitoringSilent Alarm

Video Monitoring

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Digital Camera

Installing a Fixed Installing a Fixed Route Bus Route Bus

Security CameraSecurity CameraTransit

Security Center

Local AreaNetwork

Video Cameras

Video Recorder

PC (for viewing

VideoMonitor

Security Cameras and Systems

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India Bus Rapid Transit Workshop

Bus Rapid Transit Technologies

Boston Silver Line BRT• Silent alarms• Voice monitoring• Video monitoring

Charlotte, NC ’s Independence Boulevard BRT

• Voice monitoring• Video monitoring

San Juan, PR’s R ío Hondo Connector BRT•Voice monitoring •Video monitoring

Safety and Security

Examples

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Vehicle Prioritization

Transit Signal Priority (TSP)

To keep BRT moving…Signal Timing/Phasing/Priority• Traffic Light Pre emption• Traffic Light Extended GreenStation and Lane Access Control• Queue Jumpers

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Transit Signal Priority

Eugene, Oregon ExM BRT•24 intersections with TSP•Early green, Green extension

Pittsburgh East & West Busways•1 intersection each busway with TSP•Bus phase inserted into signal timing

Orlando Lynx LYMMO BRT•10 intersections with TSP•Signal preemption at intersections

Examples

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Driver Assist And Automation Technology

Collision avoidance• Provision to control vehicles so that it avoids striking obstaclesCollision warning• Provision to warn the drivers about obstaclesPrecise Docking• Assist drivers to correctly park the vehicles at a stop both latitude and longitudeVehicle guidance

• Guides vehicles on running ways to safely operate at high speeds.

Collision WarningCollision Sensor Precision Docking Vehicle Guidance

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Examples



Driver Assist & Automated Guidance

Pittsburgh Port Authority Busways• Side collision warning system

– Aid in identifying blind spots for bus drivers– Detect merging traffic– 12 ultrasonic sensors on sides of bus– On-board computer

Phoenix Valley Metro Rapid Bus• Collision warning system

North Las Vegas MAX BRT• Precision docking with optical guidance

–Vertical cameras mounted on bus front–Stripes painted on the pavement–Electronic lateral control in real time

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Electronic Fare Collection

On board paymentSmart cardTicket Vending

Ticket Vending Machine Machine

(TVM)(TVM)

Turnpike Authority

SMART

CARD

On--Board Validator

On--Board Payment

Multiple Use

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Fare Payment and Collection

Los Angeles Metro Orange Line Rapid BRT•Payment on Bus•Smart Card, cash, and paper media•Electronic Farebox On -Board

Chicago Express BRT•Payment on Bus•Magnetic Stripe, cash, & paper media•Electronic Farebox On -Board

North Las Vegas MAX BRT•Proof of Payment•Magnetic Stripe•Ticket Vending Machines•Handheld Validator On-Board

Examples

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Maintenance Management SystemIn-vehicle diagnosticsGarage managementPart inventories

Operation Management

Automatic Vehicle Location/Tracking

Computer Aided Scheduling and Dispatch Systems (CADS)

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Computer Aided Dispatch and Scheduling Systems (CADS)

Utilization of real time vehicle data to manage all vehicles in the system

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Computer Aided Dispatch Screen

MDT Text Communications

AVL --GIS Vehicle

Tracking

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Automatic Vehicle Location/Tracking

Provides personnel with the current location of the vehicle in the networkBased on Global Positioning system (GPS)

GPSGPS

Transit VehicleMDT

GPS Antenna

)))))Dispatch Center

Mobile Data Terminal (MDT)

AVLAVL--GIS GIS Vehicle Vehicle

TrackingTracking

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Maintenance Management System

Automatically monitor the condition of transit vehicle engine components and provide warnings of impending and actual failures

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Maintenance Management

System Processor

Vehicle Scheduled Maintenance

Maintenance Monitoring Equipment

Parts Inventory

Vehicle Inventory

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Passenger Information

Improve passenger satisfactionReduce wait timesIncrease ridershipNext bus arrivalDelaysTrip itinerary planning

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Passenger Information Options

Travel information at stations• Schedule, next bus, delay at stationsTraveler information on vehicles• Next stop, schedule, transfers, delay on vehiclesTravel information on person• Information via PDA, cell phones, e-mails etcTrip itinerary planning• Provision to request trip info by specifying trip origin and destination

In-Station Travel Information

TravelerTraveler

Transit Information Center

Customer Service

En-Route Real- time Transit and Multimodal Information

Work / Home Transit Trip Planning

In --Station Information

KioskKiosk

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Examples



Traveler Information

Los Angeles Metro Rapid BRT• Telephone information line• Automated station announcements• Real-time information at stations

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BUS SYSTEM TOOLKIT

Ministry of Urban Development

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