pregnancy and fetal development

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Pregnancy and Fetal Development John J. Parrish

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Pregnancy and Fetal Development. John J. Parrish. Exchange. Endocrine. Chemical Protection. Physical Protection. Placental Functions. Placenta. Exchange. Endocrine. Chemical Protection. Physical Protection. Placental Functions. Gas Nutrients Waste products. Transient Estrogen - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Pregnancy and Fetal Development

John J. Parrish

Page 2: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Placental Functions

Placenta

Chemical Protection Physical Protection

EndocrineExchange

Page 3: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Placental Functions

Placenta

Chemical Protection Physical Protection

EndocrineExchange

•Gas

•Nutrients

•Waste products

•Immunosupression

•Prevents infiltration by maternal defenses

•Filters toxins

•Shock Absorber

•Transient

•Estrogen

•Progesterone

•HCG

•eCG

•PL

Page 4: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Similarities in Early Development

MAN PIG BIRD

Page 5: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Developmental Horizons Mare Cow Ewe Sow Woman

Germ layers 13-14 14 10-14 7-8 10-14

Open neural tube 20 15-21 13

Fusion of chorioamniontic folds 18 17 16

Heart beat apparent 24 21-22 20 16 25

Limb buds visible 24 25 28-35 17-18 28

Cotelydons first appear 30

Eye differentiation 40 30-45 42-49 21-28

Birth 340 280 147-155 112 266

Developmental Features

Critical Organ Systems Develop Early!Critical Organ Systems Develop Early!

Page 6: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Fetal Development in the Human

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

OvulationOvulation

Len

gth

(cm

)L

eng

th (

cm)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Age of Fetus (weeks since last menstruation)

1

2

3

0

Wei

gh

t (k

g)

Wei

gh

t (k

g)

Pa

rtu

riti

on

Pa

rtu

riti

on

Page 7: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Crown

Rump

Estimates of Age

• Crown rump length

• Length femur, radius or tibia

• Circumference of head

Page 8: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Fetal Hormones

Thyroid

Insulin

Growth hormone

Fetal Hormones

Thyroid

Insulin

Growth hormone

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Page 9: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Page 10: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Page 11: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Page 12: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Genetics

Species

Breed

Litter size

Genotype

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Certains lines of animals may grow faster.

Page 13: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Page 14: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Environment

Mother Nutrition Size, Parity

Placenta Blood flow Size

Page 15: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Factors Influencing Fetal GrowthFactors Influencing Fetal Growth

Fetal Hormones

Thyroid

Insulin

Growth hormone

Fetal Hormones

Thyroid

Insulin

Growth hormone

Skeletal and muscular developmentSkeletal and muscular development

Increased energy substrate availability and stimulates placental growth Increased energy substrate availability and stimulates placental growth

Stimulates fetal growthStimulates fetal growth

Page 16: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Uterine Size Changes During Pregnancy

Hyperplasia» Increase in # of cells

Hypertrophy» Increase in size of cells

Stretching

Page 17: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Placenta

Liver

Left Atrium Lungs Right Atrium

ForamenOvale

ForamenOvale

DuctusVenosusDuctus

Venosus

DuctusArteriosus

DuctusArteriosusAorta

Umbilical Arteries

Umbilical Vein

Portal VeinPortal Vein

Vena CavaVena Cava

Headand Heart Tissues

Page 18: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Rel

ativ

e P

4 a

nd

E2

Weeks of GestationOvulation

Page 19: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Rel

ativ

e P

4 a

nd

E2

Page 20: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Rel

ativ

e P

4 a

nd

E2

Weeks of GestationOvulation

Page 21: Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Page 22: Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Page 23: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Rel

ativ

e P

4 a

nd

E2

Weeks of GestationOvulation

Page 24: Pregnancy and Fetal Development
Page 25: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Progesterone Maintains

Pregnancy!

Progesterone Maintains

Pregnancy!

Page 26: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Progesterone is Essential To Maintain Pregnancy

Corpus Luteum Placenta

Sow 3.8 mo 3.8 mo(none) Cow 9 mo 6 - 8 moEwe 5 mo 50 dMare 11 mo 70 dHuman 9 mo 60-70 d

Species Gestation PlacentalLength Takeover

Page 27: Pregnancy and Fetal Development

Other Species in Which Placenta Does not Take-over Progesterone

Production

BitchQueenAlpaca, Llama, CamelRabbitGoat