prehistory of the philippines

8/21/2019 Prehistory of the Philippines

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Cultural achievements of pre-colonial

Philippines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article needs additional citations forverification.Please helpimprove this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (September 2008)

Part ofa serieson the

History of the Philippines

Prehistory (pre-900)

CallaoandTabon Men

Arrival of the Negritos

Austronesian expansion

Angono Petroglyphs

Society of the Igorot

Classical Period (9001521)

State of Ma-i Tondo Dynasty

Confederation of Madja-as

Kingdom of Maynila

Kingdom of Namayan

Rajahnate of Butuan
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Rajahnate of Cebu

Sultanate of Maguindanao

Sultanate of Sulu

Sultanate of Lanao

Spanish Period (15211898)

Viceroyalty of New Spain

Spanish East Indies

Christianization

Dutch Invasions

British Invasion

Revolts and uprisings

Katipunan Philippine Revolution

American Period (18981946)

First Republic

PhilippineAmerican War

Tagalog Republic

Negros Republic

Zamboanga Republic

Insular Government

Commonwealth

Japanese Occupation

Second Republic

Post-Colonial (1946present)

Third Republic

Marcos era

Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

By topic

Demographic
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Christianity_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281521%E2%80%931898%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_sultanates_in_Lanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Suluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu


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Military

Political

Communications

Transportation

Timeline

Philippines portal

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e

The cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippinesinclude those covered byprehistoryandearly historyof the Philippines archipelago and its inhabitants, which are the indigenousforebears of today'sFilipino people.

Contents

1 Agriculture 2 Art of War 3 Education and writing 4 Maritime culture and aquaculture

5 Mining and jewelry making 6 Pottery 7 References 8 External links

Agriculture

TheBanaue Rice Terraces,they are part of the Rice Terraces of thePhilippine Cordilleras,ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, which are a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.
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Early Filipinos were good agriculturists. A report during the time ofMiguel Lpez de Legazpinoted of the great abundance of rice, fowls, wine as well as great numbers of carabaos, deer, wildboar and goats inLuzon.In addition, there were also great quantities of cotton and coloredclothes, wax, honey and date palms produced by the natives. In theVisayas,according to anotherearly report, rice, cotton, swine, fowls, wax and honey abound.Leytewas said to produce two

rice crops a year, and Pedro Chirino commented on the great rice and cotton harvests that weresufficient to feed and cloth the people

Duck culture was also practiced by the natives, particularly those aroundPaterosandTaguigCity.This resembled the Chinese methods of artificial incubation of eggs and the knowledge ofevery phase of a duck's life. This tradition is carried on until modern times.[1]

TheIfugaosof the mountainous region of theCordillerasbuilt irrigations, dams and hydraulicworks and the famousBanaue Rice Terracesas a way for assisting in growing crops around 1000BC.[1]

Art of War

Further information:Filipino martial arts

High quality metal casting, artillery, and other metal works had been traditions throughout theancient Philippines. The metal smith, orpanday pirayofPampangawas skilled at makingweapons, and many individuals with the surnames Viray and Piray are said to be descendants ofpeople who were once members of the guild of smiths who followed the tradition of thepandaypira.[1]

Early Filipinos used smallarquebuses,or portable cannons made up of bronze. Larger cannons,

on the other hand, were made of iron and resembling culverins provided heavier firepower. Theiron cannon atRajah Sulaiman III's house was about 17 feet long and was made from clay andwax moulds.[1]

Guns were also locally manufactured and used by the natives. The most fearsome among thesenative guns was thelantaka,or swivel gun, which allowed the gunner to quickly track a movingtarget.[1]Some of the weaponry used by the natives was quite unusual. For instance, one weaponwas the prototype of the modern-dayyo-yo,and it returned to is owner after being flung at anopponent.

Swords were also part of the native weaponry. Making of swords involved elaborate rituals that

were based mainly on the auspicious conjunctions of planets. The passage of the sword from themaker entailed a mystical ceremony that was coupled with superstitious beliefs.[1]Thelowlanders ofLuzonno longer use of the bararao, while theMorosand animists of the Southstill continue the tradition of making kampilanand kris.[1]

In addition to weaponry, the early Filipinos made good armor for use in the battlefield and builtstrong fortresses called kotaor moogto protect their communities. The Moros, in particular, hadarmor that covered the entire body from the top of the head to the toes. The Igorots built forts
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nial_Philippines#cite_note-geo-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines#cite_note-geo-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateros,_Metro_Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi


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made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the widthin height around 2000 BC.[1][2]

Education and writing

Laguna Copperplate Inscription (c. 900), a thin copperplate document measuring less than 8x12inches in size, shows heavy Hindu-Malayan cultural influences present in the Philippines duringthe 10th Century.See also:Ancient Philippine scriptsandEnrique of Malacca

Early Filipinos devised and used their own system of writings from 300 BC, which derived fromtheBrahmic family of scriptsofAncient India.Baybayinbecame the most widespread of thesederived scripts by the 11th century.

Early chroniclers, who came during the first Spanish expeditions to the islands, noted theproficiency of some of the natives, especially the chieftain and local kings, inSanskrit,OldJavanese,Old Malay,and several other languages.[3][4][5]

Maritime culture and aquaculture

Native boats and outriggers as depicted inThe history and conquest of the Philippines and ourother island possessions; embracing our war with the Filipinosby Alden March, published in1899. Caption (cropped out) read: "Boats of the upper type were used to land the U.S. troops atManila. One of those in which the Astor Battery landed sank in the surf just before reaching

shore. The natives carried the men ashore on their shoulders. The lower boat is a fisherman'scraft used by the Negritos, who shoot fish in the clear water with bows and arrows."

Early Filipinos, being descendants of the balangay-borneAustronesianmigrants from MaritimeSoutheast Asia,[6]were known for their navigational skills. Some of them used compass similarto those used among maritime communities ofBorneoand traders ofChina,although most hadno need for such devices. In modern times, some fishermen and traders in the Visayas,Mindanao,SuluandPalawancan still navigate long distances over open water without the use of
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modern navigational instruments.[1]Philippine ships, such as the karakaoor korkoawere ofexcellent quality and some of them were used by theSpaniardsin expeditions against rebellioustribes and Dutch and British forces. Some of the larger rowed vessels held up to a hundredrowers on each side besides a contingent of armed troops.[4]Generally, the larger vessels held atleast one lantakaat the front of the vessel or another one placed at the stern.[1]Philippine sailing

ships calledpraoshad double sails that seemed to rise well over a hundred feet from the surfaceof the water. Despite their large size, these ships had double outriggers. Some of the largersailing ships, however, did not have outriggers.

Communities of ancient Philippines were active in international trade, and they used the ocean asnatural highways.[4]Early Filipinos were engaged in long-range trading with their Asianneighbors as far as west asMaldivesand as far as north asJapan.[1]Some historians evenproposed that they also had regular contacts with the people of Western Micronesia because itwas the only area in theOceaniathat had rice crops, tuba(fermented coconut sap), and traditionof betel nut chewing when the first Europeans arrived there. The uncanny resemblance ofcomplex body tattoos among the Visayans and those ofBorneoalso proved some interesting

connection between Borneo and ancient Philippines.

[1]

Magellan's chronicler,Antonio Pigafetta,mentioned that merchants and ambassadors from all surrounding areas cameto pay tribute to theking of Sugbu (Cebu)for the purpose of trade. While Magellan's crew were with the king, arepresentative fromSiamwas paying tribute to the king.[1]Miguel Lpez de Legazpialso wrotehow merchants fromLuzonandMindorohad come to Cebu for trade, and he also mentionedhow the Chinese merchants regularly came to Luzon for the same purpose.[1]The VisayanIslands had earlier encounter with theGreektraders in 21 AD.[7]Its people enjoyed extensivetrade contacts with other cultures.Indians,Japanese,Arabs,Vietnamese,Cambodians,Thais,MalaysandIndonesiansas traders or immigrants.[8][9]

Aside from trade relations, the natives were also involved in aquaculture and fishing. The nativesmake use of thesalambao, which is a type of raft that utilizes a large fishing net which islowered into the water via a type of lever made of two criss-crossed poles. Night fishing wasaccomplished with the help of candles made from a particular type of resin similar to the copal ofMexico. Use of safe pens for incubation and protection of the small fry from predators was alsoobserved, and this method astonished the Spaniards at that time.[1]During fishing, large meshnets were also used by the natives to protect the young and ensure future good catches.

Mining and jewelry making

Mining in the Philippines began around 1000 BC. The early Filipinos worked various mines ofgold, silver, copper and iron. Jewels, gold ingots, chains, calombigas and earrings were handed

down from antiquity and inherited from their ancestors. Gold dagger handles, gold dishes, toothplating, and huge gold ornamets were also used.[1]In Laszlo Legeza's "Tantric elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art", he mentioned that gold jewelry of Philippine origin was found inAncient Egypt.[1]According toAntonio Pigafetta,the people ofMindoropossessed great skill inmixing gold with other metals and gave it a natural and perfect appearance that could deceiveeven the best of silversmiths.[1]The natives were also known for the jewelries made of otherprecious stones such as carnelian, agate and pearl. Some outstanding examples of Philippinejewelry included necklaces, belts, armlets and rings placed around the waist.
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Pottery

The ancient Philippines had a very rich tradition of pottery as verified by the finds at Ayub CaveinSouth Cotabatoand other parts of the islands. Japanese texts mentioned trading expeditions tothe island ofRusun(Luzon)for the highly prized Rusun and Namban jars occurred. Japanese

texts were very specific about these jars being made in Luzon. The Tokiko, for example, calls theRusun and Namban jars,Ru-sun tsukuruorLu-sung ch'i(in Chinese), which means simply"made in Luzon."[1]These Rusun jars, which had rokuru(wheel mark), were said to be moreprecious than gold because of its ability to act as tea canisters and enhance the fermentationprocess.[1]

Prehistory of the Philippines

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History of the Philippines

Prehistory (pre-900)
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CallaoandTabon Men

Arrival of the Negritos

Austronesian expansion

Angono Petroglyphs

Society of the Igorot

Classical Period (9001521)

State of Ma-i

Tondo Dynasty

Confederation of Madja-as

Kingdom of Maynila

Kingdom of Namayan

Rajahnate of Butuan

Rajahnate of Cebu

Sultanate of Maguindanao

Sultanate of Sulu

Sultanate of Lanao

Spanish Period (15211898)

Viceroyalty of New Spain

Spanish East Indies

Christianization

Dutch Invasions

British Invasion

Revolts and uprisings

Katipunan

Philippine Revolution

American Period (1898

1946)

First Republic

PhilippineAmerican War

Tagalog Republic

Negros Republic
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Zamboanga Republic

Insular Government

Commonwealth

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e

Philippine prehistorycovers the events prior to the written history of what would become thePhilippine archipelago.The current demarcation line between this period and theearly history ofthe Philippinesis 900 AD, which is the date of the first surviving written record to come fromthe Philippines, theLaguna Copperplate Inscription.This period saw the immense change thattook hold of the archipelago from Stone Age cultures in the 4th century, continuing on with thegradual widening of trade until 900 and the first surviving written records.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281946%E2%80%9365%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281946%E2%80%9365%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29#The_Fourth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29#The_Fourth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281986%E2%80%93present%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281986%E2%80%93present%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_the_Philippines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_the_Philippines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscriptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%28900-1521%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_the_Philippines&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281986%E2%80%93present%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29#The_Fourth_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281965%E2%80%9386%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_%281946%E2%80%9365%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga


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Contents

1 Stone Age (c. 50,000 - c. 500 BC)

o 1.1 Callao Man (c. 41,000 BC)

o 1.2 Tabon Man (c. 24000 or 22,000 BC)

o

1.3 Migration theories 1.3.1 Beyer's wave migration theory

1.3.2 Objections to the land bridges theory

1.3.3 Bellwood's Austronesian diffusion theory

1.3.4 Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

(NMTCN) or island origin theory

1.3.5 Jocano's local origins theory

o 1.4 Genetic studies

1.4.1 2001 Stanford University study

1.4.2 2008 Leeds University study

o 1.5 Proto-Austronesians

o

1.6 5000-2000 BC

Austronesian speakers arrive 2 Early Metal Age (c. 500 BC - c. 1 AD)

o 2.1 100 BC onward

o 2.2 Thalassocracies and international trade (200 AD onwards)

2.2.1 The emergence of Barangaycity-states and trade (200-500)

o 2.3 Introduction of metal

o 2.4 Introduction of iron

3 Archeological sources

4 See also

5 Notes

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

Stone Age (c. 50,000 - c. 500 BC)

The first evidence of the systematic use of Stone-Age technologies in the Philippines is estimatedto have dated back to about 50,000 BC,[1]and this phase in the development of proto-Philippinesocieties is considered to end with the rise of metal tools in about 500 BC, although stone toolscontinued to be used past that date.[2]Filipino AnthropologistF. Landa Jocanorefers to theearliest noticeable stage in the development of proto-Philippine societies as theFormativePhase.[3]He also identified stone tool and ceramics making as the two core industries that

defined the economic activity of the time, and which shaped the means by which early Filipinosadapted to their environment during this period.[1]

About 30,000 BC, theNegritos,who became the ancestors of today'sAetas,or AboriginalFilipinos, probably lived in the Philippines. No evidence has survived which would indicatedetails of Ancient Filipino life such as their crops, color, and architecture. Philippine historianWilliam Henry Scott points out any theory which describes such details is therefore a purehypothesis and should be honestly presented as such.[4]
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ry_of_the_Philippines#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Landa_Jocanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Landa_Jocanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Landa_Jocanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-scott1984p138-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-scott1984p138-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-scott1984p138-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negritoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Landa_Jocanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Jocano_2001_108-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Archeological_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Introduction_of_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Introduction_of_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#The_emergence_of_Barangay_city-states_and_trade_.28200-500.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Thalassocracies_and_international_trade_.28200_AD_onwards.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#100_BC_onwardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Early_Metal_Age_.28c._500_BC_-_c._1_AD.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#5000-2000_BC.E2.80.94Austronesian_speakers_arrivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Proto-Austronesianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#2008_Leeds_University_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#2001_Stanford_University_studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Genetic_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Jocano.27s_local_origins_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Solheim.27s_Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network_.28NMTCN.29_or_island_origin_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Solheim.27s_Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network_.28NMTCN.29_or_island_origin_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Bellwood.27s_Austronesian_diffusion_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Objections_to_the_land_bridges_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Beyer.27s_wave_migration_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Migration_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Tabon_Man_.28c._24000_or_22.2C000_BC.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Callao_Man_.28c._41.2C000_BC.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Stone_Age_.28c._50.2C000_-_c._500_BC.29


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Callao Man (c. 41,000 BC)

Main article:Callao Man

The earliest human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in2007 by Armand Salvador Mijares in Callao Cave, Cagayan, Philippines. The find was of 67,000

year old remains that predate Tabon Man. Specifically, the find consisted of a single 61millimetermetatarsalwhich, when dated usinguranium series ablation,was found to be at leastabout 67,000 years old. If definitively proven to be remains ofHomo sapiens,it would antedatethe 47,000-year-old remains ofTabon Manto become the earliest human remains known in thePhilippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia Pacific.[5][6][7][8]

Tabon Man (c. 24000 or 22,000 BC)

Main article:Tabon Man

Fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone of three individuals had been discovered on May 28,1962 by Dr.Robert B. Fox,an American anthropologist of theNational Museum.[9]These

fragments are collectively called "Tabon Man"after the place where they were found on the westcoast ofPalawan.Tabon Caveappears to be a kind ofStone Agefactory, with both finishedstone flake toolsand waste core flakes having been found at four separate levels in the mainchamber. Charcoal left from three assemblages of cooking fires there has beenCarbon-14datedto roughly 7,000, 20,000, and 22,000 BC.[10](InMindanao,the existence and importance ofthese prehistoric tools was noted by famedJos Rizalhimself, because of his acquaintance withSpanishandGermanscientific archaeologists in the 1880s, while in Europe. [citation needed])

Tabon Cave is named after the "Tabon Bird" (Tabon Scrubfowl,Megapodius Cumingii), whichdeposited thick hard layers ofguanoduring periods when the cave was uninhabited so thatsucceeding groups of tool-makers settled on a cement-like floor of bird dung. That the

inhabitants were actually engaged in tool manufacture is indicated that about half of the 3,000recovered specimens examined are discarded cores of a material which had to be transportedfrom some distance. The Tabon man fossils are considered to have come from a third group ofinhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BC. An earlier cave level lies sofar below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must representUpper Pleistocenedates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago.[10]

Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon Man skullcap have agreed that itbelonged to modern man, homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-PleistoceneHomoerectusspecies. This indicates that Tabon Man wasPre-Mongoloid(Mongoloidbeing the termanthropologists apply to the racial stock which entered Southeast Asia during theHoloceneand

absorbed earlier peoples to produce the modern Malay, Indonesian, Filipino, and "Pacific"peoples). Two experts have given the opinion that the mandible is "Australian" in physical type,and that the skullcap measurements are most nearly like the Ainus or Tasmanians. Nothing canbe concluded about Tabon man's physical appearance from the recovered skull fragments exceptthat he was not a Negrito.[11]

The custom of Jar Burial, which ranges fromSri Lanka,to thePlain of Jars,inLaos,toJapan,also was practiced in the Tabon caves. A spectacular example of a secondary burial jar is owned
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cott1984pp14-15-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Scrubfowlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-Scott1984pp14-15-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_flakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Cavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabon_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapienshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating#Modern_dating_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatarsalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_Man


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by the National Museum, aNational Treasure, with a jar lid topped with two figures, one thedeceased, arms crossed, hands touching the shoulders, the other a steersman, both seated in aproa,with only the mast missing from the piece.Secondary burialwas practiced across all theislands of the Philippines during this period, with the bones reburied, some in the burial jars.Seventy-eight earthenware vessels were recovered from the Manunggul cave,Palawan,

specifically for burial.Migration theories

Main article:Models of migration to the Philippines

There have been several models of early human migration to the Philippines. Since H. OtleyBeyer first proposed his wave migration theory, numerous scholars have approached the questionof how, when and why humans first came to the Philippines. The question of whether the firsthumans arrived from the south (Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei as suggested by Beyer) or fromthe north (via Taiwan as suggested by the Austronesian theory) has been a subject of heateddebate for decades. As new discoveries come to light, past hypotheses are reevaluated and new

theories constructed.

Beyer's wave migration theory

The first, and most widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is that ofH. Otley Beyer,founder of the Anthropology Department of the University of the Philippines.[12]According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came to the islands first vialand bridgeswhich would occur during times when the sea level was low, and then later in seagoing vesselssuch as thebalangay.Thus he differentiated these ancestors as arriving in different "waves ofmigration", as follows:[13]

1.

"Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar toJava man,Peking Man,and otherAsianhomo erectusof 250,000 years ago.

2.

The aboriginal pygmy group, theNegritos,who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000

years ago.

3.

The seafaring tool-usingIndonesiangroup who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago

and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea.

4.

The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brought theIron ageculture and were the real

colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.

Beyer's theory, while still popular among lay Filipinos, has been generally been disputed byanthropologists and historians. Reasons for doubting it are founded on Beyer's use of 19th

century scientific methods of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion as the basis for hishypothesis. These methods have since been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain theprehistoric peopling of the Philippines.[14]

Objections to the land bridges theory

In February 1976,Fritjof Voss,a German scientist who studied thegeology of the Philippines,questioned the validity of the theory of land bridges. He maintained that the Philippines was
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never part of mainlandAsia.He claimed that it arose from the bottom of the sea and, as the thinPacific crust moved below it, continued to rise. It continues to rise today. The country lies alonggreat Earth faults that extend to deepsubmarine trenches.The resulting violentearthquakescaused what is now the land masses forming the Philippines to rise to the surface of the sea. Dr.Voss also pointed out that when scientific studies were done on the Earth's crust from 1964 to

1967, it was discovered that the 35-kilometer- thick crust underneath China does not reach thePhilippines. Thus, the latter could not have been a land bridge to the Asian mainland. The matterof who the first settlers were has not been really resolved. This is being disputed byanthropologists, as well as Professor H. Otley Beyer, who claims that the first inhabitants of thePhilippines came from the Malay Peninsula. TheMalaysnow constitute the largest portion of th

prehistory of the philippines

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