prelim lecture ss101
TRANSCRIPT
Gospel, Gold, Glory
Spanish Period
ExpeditionFerdinand Magellan (1518-1521)1519- left San Lucar, Spain with 5 antiquated ships
and 235 men and arrived on March 17, 1521 Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion and
VictoriaDefeated and killed in MactanResults of expedition: Philippines became known
to Europe; it proved that the earth is round; it established the vastness of the Pacific Ocean; that the East Indies could be reached by crossing the Pacific; that Americas was a land mass entirely separated from Asia
More expeditions(sailing from Mexico)Saavedra (1527-29)Villalobos (1541-46): 6 ships and 370 men; reached
eastern coast of Mindanao the Sarangani Island; left the island due to extreme hunger and surrendered to the Portuguese and succumbed malignant fever.
The greatest contribution of Villalobos was the naming of Kandaya or Tandaya (Leyte) in 1543 as Las Phelipinas
Legazpi-Urdaneta (1564): left Mexico 22 years since Villalobos sailed to Asia with 4 vessels and about 350 men
In 1565, reached Cebu and contracted blood compact
ChangesBlood compact with Si Katunaw and Si Gala
of BoholVilla de San Miguel is changed to Ciudad
del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus after the discovered Santo Nino of Cebu and became the first Spanish town in the Philippine archipelago – the first settlement in the country
Making Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as “Adelantado de Filipinas”
The Making of IndioPolitical institutions: hierarchical set- upCaptain-general administered by the King
of Spain through the Mexican ViceroyReal y Supremo Consejo de las Indias
(Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) established in 1524 by Charles V and governed all Spanish possessions
Bureaucracy: different levels of administration from central/ national, provincial, city, municipal and barrio levels
National level – provincial levelGobernador y Capitan General or gobernador
general: commander in chief of the army and navy, president of Real Audiencia (Supreme court) and vice-real patron (ecclesiastical power in the church and mission work)
Alcalde mayor (provincial governor) led the alcadia (formerly encomiendas), provincia while corregimientos or unpacified military zones (Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay) headed by the corregidores: executive and judicial powers and a privilege to engage in trade through indulto de comercio; other multiple functions: judge, inspector of encomiendas, chief of police, tribute collector, vice-regal patron, capt-general
Barrio level (municipal)“Filipino bureaucrats”- little governor or
gobernadorcillo headed pueblo or municipioBarrio administrator or cabeza de barangay- a
highest position that could be attained by an Indio (or Chinese)
Functions of gobernadorcillo: prepared tribute list, recruitment of men for draft labor, communal public work, military conscription, postal clerk, judge in civil suits
Cabeza de barangay was a tax and contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo and was exempted from taxation; responsible for peace and order and recruited polistas, thus also exempted from forced labor
The Residencia and the VisitaFunctions: to check the abuse of power of
royal officials1501-1700The Visita conducted clandestinely by the
visitador-general
Early Settlements of Ancestors Lineal or nucleated and scattered (ilaya and
ibaba)Resettlement made by the Spanish missionariesReduccion: under the sound of the bell or under
the peal of the bell (Franciscan Fr. Juan de Plasencia)
Construction of houses around the churchChristian indoctrinationConvento and plaza as the focal point of puebloPueblo- Christianized townPasaway- remontados, cimarrones, ladrones,
tulisanes
Use of enticements by the churchNovel sights, sounds and even colorful rites
and rituals like processions, songs, candle lights, saints dressed in elaborate gold and silver costumes during May festivals, Flores de mayo, santacruzan sinakulo and moro-
Giving of Christian names through baptism
Institutional impactEconomic institutions: taxation through
direct( personal tribute and income tax) and indirect (custom duties and the bandala), monopolies and others
Buwis may be paid in kind or cashSamboangan or donativo de ZamboangaBandala (mandala)Cedula personal or personal residence tax or
community taxPolo y servicio or forced labor: Indio or Chinese,
16-60 years old, do 40 days of community work, construction projects, etc. – falta or palya
Encomiendas EncomenderosRoyal and privateThe Manila-Acapulco Trade (1565-1815) aka
galleon de manila or nao de chinaOnly small groups of Spaniards enjoyed the
benefit of galleon tradeDamaging effects: neglect of native
extractive industries like agriculturePositive results: intercultural exchangesRoyal Economic Society of Friends of the
Country
Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814) – uniting American and Asian commerce (created by Charles III)
Strong competitor of galleon trade Devoted exclusive preference to cotton
production and weaving, cultivation of black pepper, propagation of silk, indigo and sugar
Infrastructures, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development
19th century modern ways of telecommunication developed
Ferrocaril de Manila is the 1st railway
Suspension bridges were constructed(Gustave Eiffel)
Toll fee: ½ centavo for pedestrians and 2 centavos for horse carts
TelephonesPublic lighting using coconut oil to
kerosene1893- powered by electricity the walled city
and suburbs La Electricista de Manila
Educational transformationCharles V decree in 1550 teaching of Spanish
languageSociety of JesusFounding of secondary schools for the sons of native
ruling class in preparation for christianizing and for future political position (gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay)
Christian doctrine; the 3 R’s; vocal and instrumental music and handicrafts
Boy’s colleges and secondary schoolsPriesthood and general secondary educationCurriculum: Latin, philosophy, canon & civil law,
rhetoric
College of Immaculate Concepcion ( now Ateneo de Manila University) became Escuela Pia as school for poor boys founded by the Jesuits
Dominican managed schools: UST (formerly called Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo Rosario was converted in 1611 as Dominican University
1620- College of San Juan de Letran founded as Seminario de Ninos Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned Spanish children and is now considered oldest secondary school in the Philippines
Girls’ schoolsColegios of Santa Potenciana and Santa Isabel
were the first boarding schools and considered oldest school for girls
Founded for the benefit of orphaned Spanish girls
Exclusive colegios were beaterios for daughters of upper class
Other colegios established in 19th century: La Concordia College, Assumption college
Free compulsory publicly-supported system of primary schools and men’s normal school (educational decree of 1863)
From Indio to Filipino (REVOLTS)First local heroes: Lapu-lapu of Mactan
(1521) and Dagami of Cebu (1567)Not treated holistically Reasons: personal led by former datus;
religious by babaylan and katalonan; resistance to economic and religious institutions; and land problems
Personal and religious motivesLakandula and SolimanRevolt in 1574 started by the relatives of
the two former datusTamblot of Bohol used magic and religionFrancisco Dagohoy of BoholDiego Silang of IlocosHermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz)
Cofradia de San JoseMuslims in the SouthIgorots in the Cordilleras
Resistance to Spanish InstitutionsDiego and Gabriela SilangFormed forces with the BritishDon Diego Silang as Maestro de Campo
General y Teniente de Justicia Mayor as the rightful head of Ilocos government
Peasant unrestLaguna, Cavite
Filipino nationalismFactors that contributed to the birth of
nationalismIdea of nationalism, a product of French
revolution in the 18th centuryEuropean liberalismAdministration of Carlos Ma. Dela TorreEffects of secular-regular conflictsCavite Mutiny of 1872
Reform and RevolutionExecution of GOMBURZARole of the middle class: Spanish and Chinese
mestizosPeninsulares- Spanish born in SpainInsulares- Spanish born in the PhilippinesIndios are the natives of the PhilippinesGov-Gen Basilio Agustin called for the loyalty and
aid of the indios 1898 thus were called FilipinosThe administration of Gov. Gen Carlos Ma. Dela
TorreAbuses of the Spanish authorities as well as friars
The Reform MovementDenounced Spanish abuses and demand to
make the Philippines a province of SpainNo clamor for independence; Filipinos to
become Spanish citizensRepresented in in the Spanish CortesThey would be immune from abuses and
free from paying unreasonable taxesAssimilation of the Philippines to SpainMiddle class: the rich and the intellectuals
shunned revolution
The Great ReformistsSome are members of the propaganda
movement while some are merely students hoping to become successful professionals and businessmen
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (Iloilo) (Fray Botod)M. H. del Pilar (Bulacan) Dasalan at TocsohanJose Rizal (Laguna) Antonio LunaMariano PonceJose Ma. PanganibanEduardo de Lete
La SolidaridadThe official newspaper of the propaganda in
BarcelonaDefense against the malicious and slanderous
attacks of the friarsPublication of studies about the Philippines and
the Filipinosthe first editor was Lopez JaenaDel Pilar and Rizal became editorsPen names used: Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong
LaanMariano Ponce- Tikbalang, Naning and KalipulakoAntonio Luna- taga-Ilog
Societies and affiliationsMarcelo del Pilar- PlaridelJose Ma. Panganiban – JOMAPAHispano-Filipino AssociationMasonry MovementLa Liga Filipina founded by Rizal on July 3,
1892 in Tondo
Failure of the reform movementSpain was too pre occupied with her internal
problemsFriars were too powerful to counter attack the
SolThe reformists did not have sufficient means to
carry out their aimsDifficulty in the collection of dues (fund)Futility of the peaceful propagandaDid not succeed in convincing Spain to grant the
needed reformsThe propagandists were divided against
themselves by petty jealousy
Bonifacio and the KatipunanFounded with radical platform – to secure
independence and freedom by force of armsThe founding of KKKRizal’s deportation to DapitanJuly 7, 1892 – Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz,
Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano met at Tondo and formed an association called Kataastaasan Kagalang galang na Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan
Ancient Blood CompactTriangle recruitment method
Katipunan ObjectivesPolitical - separation of the Philippines
from SpainMoral – teaching of good mannersCivic- principle of self-help, defense of the
poor and the oppressed
Structure of KatipunanInfluenced by Masonry (initiation rites) and
La Liga (organization)Bonifacio being a member of Liga and a
Mason being affiliated with the lodge Taliba3 governing bodies: Kataastaasang
Sanggunian or the Supreme Council; Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council and Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council
Membership of KKK3 grades:Katipon- wore black hood in meetings,
password is Anak ng BayanKawal- wore green hood and password is
Gom-Bur-ZaBayani- wore red mask and sash with green
borders symbolized courage and hope, password is Rizal
Flags and celebrationsThe first official flag is consisted of a red
rectangular piece of cloth with three Ks arranged horizontally at the center.
Benita Rodriguez and Gregoria de JesusBonifacio’s flag is consisted of a red
rectangular piece of cloth at the center of which is a white sun with an indefinite number of rays and below the sun are the 3 white Ks arranged horizontally
Feb 17 as the day of prayer in memory of GOMBURZA
The founder and the brainsAndres Bonifacio “Supremo”Emilio Jacinto wrote the teachings of KKK:
KartillaWomen’s chapter: limited to wives,
daughters, and sisters of male members of KKK, acted as front for the clandestine activities of KKK
KKK newspaper is KalayaanPen names used by Jacinto – Dimas IlawBonifacio – Agap –ito BagumbayanValenzuela- Madlang Away