Preliminary Report of the Wine Bottles of Orange Bay, St. Eustatius

W. Nagelkerken

Introduction

The Netherlands Antilles consist of two groups of three islands: Curacao, Aruba and Bonaire, and St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba. The first three are situated near the coast of Venezuela at 12° north latitude, while the second group is located near Puerto Rico between 17° and 18° north latitude (Fig. 1).

St. Eustatius is a small island approximately 8 km long by 4 km wide at its widest point. The Quill, an inactive volcano 600 m high, is a prominent feature of its topography.

In 1493 St. Eustatius was discovered by Cristopher Columbus. It had been inhabited by Indians. During the period 1636-1816 the island changed hands no less than nineteen times. It was six times English, five times French and eight times Dutch. After 1816 it became permanently Dutch.

During the 17th and 18th centuries St. Eustatius was one of the most important islands in the Caribbean Sea due to its location, the safety of its anchorage on the lee side of the prevailing trade winds, and its political status as well as its economic stability. The island played an especially important role as a trade center between Europe and North America during the American Revolution. On 16 November 1776, responding to a salute fired by a revolutionary naval vessel flying the Great Union Flag, the Dutch Commander at Fort Orange fired a return salute thus becoming the first representative of a foreign State to acknowledge the sovereignty of the Unite States of America.

For some time before - and throughout the American Revolution the narrow coastal zone along Orange Bay in St. Eustatius was packed with hundreds of warehouses and other buildings. Today, their ruins may be seen in great numbers along the shore, in silent memory of the great amount of activity which went on two hundred years ago and suggesting the great number of ships which anchored in Orange Bay. According to the records, between two and four thousand ships, coming mostly from Europe, Africa and North America anchored there yearly (Hartog, 1976).

During the months of June and July in 1983 and 1984, research was performed by the Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology of the Netherlands Antilles in cooperation with the

418

W. Nagelkerken

Fieldschool of the College of William and Mary in Virginia designed to get more information concerning the location of the historical anchorage by means of a visual survey, including the collection of surface artifacts in an effort to determine jetsam scatter patterns in order to establish the structure and use of this harbour and anchorage. It was found that the length of the main historical anchorage is about 900 m and lies in zone some 500 to 900 m seaward on a central bearing of about 60° from the Dutch Reformed Church tower. The greatest width (approximately 325 m) was found in the part of Orange Bay, which lies in front of the Fort and the Tower of the Dutch Reformed Church (Nagelkerken, 1985). Concerning the artifacts collected it could be observed that most artifacts were made of ceramic (38%), wine bottles (28%) and bricks (23%).

In this paper a preliminary study is made of the wine bottles collected in Orange Bay during the above mentioned 1983/1984 research. It is expected that a study of jetsam scatter patterns can give evidence of selective anchorage location and shed light on such considerations as vessel nationality, cargo type, vessel size, etc.

Materials and Methods

A more detailed description of the used material and methods one is referred to the paper "Preliminary Report on the Determination of the Location of the Historical Anchorage at Orange Bay, St. Eustatius, Netherlands Antilles" by Nagelkerken, 1985. In this paper only a short resumé will be given.

Wine bottles or part of wine bottles (mostly bases and necks) were collected in Orange Bay with the aid of a 400 m line during June/July 1983 and 300 m line during June/July 1984. The line was marked every meter with a black spot and every ten meters with a white plastic tag with the distance on it. The lines were laid on the sea bottom perpendicular to the shore line and provided each 100 meters with anchors and lines leading to buoys on the surface (Fig. 2). During the 1983 season the lines were laid starting at the end of the new 300 m pier as a checkpoint. Both sides of the line were surveyed resulting in transects 20 meters wide and 400 meters long for the 1983 season, and 20 m wide by 300 meters long for 1984 season. After both transects along the line had been surveyed, the line was pulled 50 to 100 m further in a Northern direction, resulting in 16 transects for 1983 (Fig. 24 transects 1-16) and 34 transects for 1984 (Fig. 24 transects 21-54). The location of the artifacts was recorded in reference to the 400 and 300 m lines. For mapping, compass bearings were taken of all the transects at buoy 1 and buoy 5 for 1983 and at buoy 1 and buoy 4 for 1984 using checkpoints on the shore: a windmill, a tower and sisal factory (Fig. 24).

After each dive, the wine bottle artifacts were brought to the field laboratory and placed in fresh water. Later in the day, they were partly cleaned, identified (if possible), marked with the number of the transect in which they had been collected, and marked with the point of location number. Final identification was done at the Institute.

419

Preliminary Report of the Wine Bottles of Orange Bay

Short History of Wine Bottles

Although the glass bottle had been common in Roman Britain, after the departure of the Romans, glass bottles became virtually unknown in England (Hume, 1961). Not until 1630 the manufacture of glass bottles restarted in England on an experimental basis. It appeared that production of glass bottles could be done quicker and cheaper than that of the usual, earthenware bottles. The experimental period was roughly between 1630 and 1660. Typically for the first models are the onion shaped body, tall neck, low basal kick and a string rim, necessary for tying the bottle's cork stopper, approximately one centimeter below the mouth. In 1650 mass production started with bottles of a small bulbous body, tall neck and shallow kick, resulting in a bad stability of the bottle.

In the period 1680-1715 the so-called "Dumpy" developed a bottle with larger bulb, more pronounced shoulders and the string rim close to the mouth. Because of the short neck the bottle had a squat feature ("dumpy"). The kick was a little bit deeper and therefore also the stability. In this period also the bulbous models developed with wider bases, which were manufactured up to 1740.

Because these models were not suited for shipping, around 1720 they started to roll the sides of the bottles straight on a marble plate and they blew also a deeper kick. From 1770 bottles were manufactured which resemble the modern cylindrical bottle form.

At the end of the 17th century the production of glass wine bottles spread to the European continent, based on the English experience. In different countries as France, Holland, Belgium and Germany the evolution of the glass wine bottle is about the same because of the close contact between those countries and because glass blowers frequently traveled between these countries in order to practice their trade.

Therefore in this study bottles of France, Belgium, Holland and Germany are furtheron discussed as one group: Continental bottles.

The Continental model started also in bulbous form but with a deeper kick as in the corresponding English bottles to keep the less in the kick. In England, bottles were stored in a flat position to keep the less in the neck and to prevent contamination of the wine. Later this custom disappeared, when the bottles in England also were provided with a deeper kick.

On the Continent around 1750 the cylindrical models started which developed into the forms of today.

In general can be said that the Continental bottle followed the English model, but always a little bit later. The squat bulbous English forms of the beginning of the 18th century were still manufactured on the Continent until the 1760's.

Although English and Continental bottles at first sight have often the same model, still remarkable differences can be found. In general the usual Continental wine bottle of the first half of the 18th century has a squater body, taller neck and deeper kick than the English one. The string rim around the neck of Continental bottles for tying the cork is mostly rectangular in

420

W. Nagelkerken

shape, carelessly finished and the start and end points of the rim are overlapping each other, whereas the flat lip above it is everted. The string rim of English bottles of this period is carefully finished shows no overlap, and is triangular or flat shaped. When the cork screw was invented in 1686, the system to tie corks disappeared. The rim, however, remained as ornamentation.

French wine bottles of the 18th century are in general broader at the shoulder than the base with tall necks and quite loose string rims which seem to have been pressed against the neck in a few places for better adhesion.

In the last quarter of the 18th century lip and string rims of English bottles were blended together.

Continental bottles of the first half of the 18th century are thinner, the glass is much lighter in weight and color than the English bottles. Continental bottles of the second half of the 18th century have cylindrical form with straight sides and with typical long necks with sometimes some bulbs.

English bottles often look black in reflected light. According to McNulty (1972) English bottles produced from coal furnaces (higher temperature) were very dark (black or almost black in reflected light) and more durable than European ones. On the Continent mostly wood was used as fuel. In France the request for bottles was so high, that whole areas were deforested in order to obtain enough firewood. Therefore after 1725 slowly more coal imported from England was used as fuel.

Typically for Continental bottles is also the pontil mark, which occurs more in Continental than in English bottles. The pontil mark is the mark which is left in the kick where the pontil iron was broken off. After the glass blower had taken liquid glass with his blow pipe from the oven, it was blown into a bullet-shape body with neck. After this the pontil iron was placed underneath the ball of glass with a little bit of liquid glass. The iron was pressed in, to form the kick. With a pair of scissors the neck was cut off from the blow pipe and this neck was heated again and finished with a pair of tweezers with bent down ends. Also the string rim was attached. After this the pontil iron was broken off, making the typical mark, which can be found in most of the old Continental bottles. Data for this chapter were mainly taken from papers of the following authors: Hudson (1961), Hume (1961, 1980), Klein (1974) and McNulty (1971, 1972).

Results

Description of 18th century wine bottles of Orange Bay, St. Eustatius

Only one Continental wine bottle base and neck was found of the period around 1700. Also two English wine bottle necks of this period were collected. The glass of the Continental wine bottle base (Fig.3) is brown-green with typical widening belly; also called "horse hoof' because of its shape. Width of the base 14.7 cm. The base is shown together with a complete Dutch bottle of the same period and collected in Guyana (height 20.0 cm). The kick is deep (4.5 cm). The

421

Preliminary Report of the Wine Bottles of Orange Bay

continental neck is dark green with a flat knotted string rim (Fig. 4). The two english necks are very short and the string rims are flat and narrow, and close to the mouth (Fig. 5).

In the first half on the 18th century the color of the Dutch bottles is dark-green/brown-green. Height is about 18,0 cm (Figs. 6 and 7). The ends of the string rim are overlapping each other (Fig. 8). The kicks are deep, 4.6 cm±0.5, n=24 (Fig. 9). The English bottles of this same period have still shallow kicks, 3.3 cm±0.4, n=4 (Fig. 10). The Continental bottles show a clear pontil mark (Fig. 11), whereas english bases mostly do not have such a mark (Fig. 12).

In the second quarter of the 18th century the sides of the bottle become straighter, because they started now to roll the sides straight on a marble plate for better shipping (Fig. 13).

The bases are still quite wide, for Continental bottles 12.7 cm±0.8, n=5, and for English bottles 13.0 cm±0.3, n=2.

In the third quarter of the 18th century on the Continent the cylindrical models started, which developed into the bottle forms of today. From this period several Continental wine bottle necks were found, the so-called "mini-long neck wine bottle", ±1770 (Fig. 14). Very clearly also here the overlap can be seen of the two ends of the string rim and the relatively long neck. Although most of the Continental bottles were Dutch, however, from this period also several French wine bottles were found. In Fig. 15 the base of a French wine bottle is shown, 1760-1770. The base (9.3 cm) is narrower than the body. The kick is deep (4.3 cm). Fig. 16 shows the neck of a French wine bottle. The string rim is loose and carelessly attached around the neck. English bottles of this period are mostly black in reflected light. The glass is mostly also heavier. Thé kick is now deeper (4.6 cm ±0.8, n=15) and dome-shaped (Fig. 17).

From the last quarter of the 18th century rather many English bottles were found, made of the so-called "black glass". The kick is not dome-shaped, but more conical (Fig. 18). The bases are narrower (9.9 cm ±0.4, n = 11). Typically for English bottles of this period is the sagging effect of the walls of the bottle (Fig. 19). Necks are mostly short, the mouth is thickened and tooled downward over a flattened string rim (Fig. 20). The neck looks convex because of gentling pinching at the base of the neck during manufacturing and which is more pronounced below the string rim. Continental bottles of this period show straight walls and often long necks which widen near the mouth or which have a center bulge (Fig. 21). At the end of the 18th century the lip and string rim of English bottles are blended together (Fig. 22). The string rim is down-tooled, the lip is thickened and down tooled over the former's upper edge.

In the first quarter of the 19th century the first completely machine made bottles are found. Mold marks at the junction of shoulder and body, shoulder and neck, and one running vertically up on shoulder and neck as is shown in the English bottle of ±1830 in Fig. 23.

Description of wine bottles

Fig. 3. To the right a base of a 18th century wine bottle. Width of base 14.7 cm. To the left a Dutch bottle of the same period,_±1700, collected in Guyana (height 20,0 cm.). Tr. 7, 278/IS, 1983.

422

W. Nagelkerken

Fig. 4. Neck of a Continental wine bottle, ±1720, dark green, with a flat knotted string rim. Tr. 17, No. 14, 1983.

Fig. 5. Neck of an English wine bottle, ±1700, string rim is a flat and narrow, and close to the mouth. Tr. 27, 210, 1984.

Fig. 6. Dutch wine bottle of the first half of the 18th century. Dark green-brown. Height 18,0 cm. Tr. 8, 213/1S, 1983.

Fig. 7. Dutch wine bottle of the first half of the 18th century. Height 18,5 cm. Tr. 35, 330, 1984.

Fig. 8. Dutch wine bottle of the first half of the 18th century. Height 18,5 cm. The ends of the string rim are overlapping each other. Tr. 35, 330, 1984.

Fig. 9. Kick of Continental wine bottle of the first half of the 18th century. Kicks are deep, x= 4,6 cm. ±0,5, n=24. Tr. 17, No. 3, 1983.

Fig. 10. Kick of an English wine bottle of the first part of the 18th century. Kicks are shallower, x= 3.3. ±0,4, n= 4. Tr. 5, 384/2N, 1983.

Fig. 11. Base of a Continental wine bottle of the first part of the 18th century, showing a clear pontil-mark. Tr. 51, 390, 1984.

Fig. 12. Base of an English wine bottle of the first part of the 18th century without pontil-mark. Tr. 5, 384/2N, 1983.

Fig. 13. English wine bottle of the second quarter of the 18th century. Sides of the bottle are straighter. Height 20 cm. Diameter base 13 cm. Tr. 82, No. 5, 1985.

Fig. 14. To the left a neck of a Continental wine bottle of the third quarter of the 18th century. To the right a "mini=long neck" wine bottle of the same period, collected in Guyana. Note the overlap of the two ends of the string rim and the relatively long neck. Tr. 55, No. 25, 1984.

Fig. 15. Base of a French wine bottle, 1760-1770. Base is narrower than the body. Kick is deep, 4,3 cm. Tr. 8, 400/2N, 1983.

Fig. 16. Neck of French wine bottle, 1760-1770. The string rim is loose and careless attached around the neck. Tr. 2, 318/1.5 N. 1983.

Fig. 17. Kick of English wine bottle of the third quarter of the 18th century. Kick is deeper than before, x= 4,6 cm. +0.8, n= 15. and dome-shaped. Tr. 8, 300/20S, 1983.

Fig. 18. Base of an English wine bottle of the last quarter of the 18th century. Kick is more conical, bases are narrower, x = 9,9 cm. ±0,4, n= 11. Tr. 32, 220, 1984.

Fig. 19. To the right, base of an English wine bottle of the last quarter of the 18th century. Typically for this period is the sagging effect of the walls of the bottle. To the left an English wine bottle of the same period, collected in Guyana. Tr. 7, 191.IS, 1983.

Fig. 20. Neck of an English wine bottle of the last quarter of the 18th century. Typically for the period is the sagging effect of the walls of the bottle. To the left an English wine bottle of the same period, collected in Guyana. Tr. 9, 390/4S, 1983.

Fig. 21. To the left, neck of a Continental wine bottle of the last part of the 18th century. Typically are the long necks which widen near the mouth or which have a center bulge. To the right a Continental wine bottle of the same period, collected in Guyana, for comparison. Tr. 55, No 26, 1984.

423

Preliminary Report of the Wine Bottles of Orange Bay

Fig. 22. To the right a neck of an English wine bottle of the end of the 18th century. Lip and string are blended together. To the left an English wine bottle of the same period, collected in Guyana, for comparison. Tr. 8, 380/IN, 1983.

Fig. 23. English wine bottle of the first quarter of the 19th century. Mold marks are visible at the junction of shoulder and body, shoulder and neck, and one running vertically up on shoulder and neck, Tr. 37, 100, 1984.

Distribution of wine bottles of Orange Bay, St. Eustatius

In Fig. 24 the location of the transects of 1983 and 1984 is given, with the distribution of the collected wine bottles in each transect. With use of compass bearings always taken at the beginning and the end of the 400 m or 300 m line, all transects were plotted on a map. As shown in 1983 the 400 m line was laid on the bottom of Orange Bay at 9 different sites (transects 1-16) whereas in 1984 the 300 m line was laid at 17 different sites (transects 21-54). However, during plotting the lines on the map, it appeared that the lengths were not always 400 or 300 m. This was caused partly by errors in compass readings and partly by difficulties during the movement of the line to another place. It was always difficult to get the line straight. In several cases the line was laid on the sea bottom in a zig-zag way; thus the straight distance between beginning and end point of the line was much less than 400 or 300 m. To plot the artifacts along such a transect, the two ends of the line were joined on the map by a dotted line joining the two points as determined by the compass readings.

The planned transects of 400 x 20 m and 300 x 20 m along both sides of the lines are given with continuous lines and are numbered for those of 1983 from 1-16 and for those of 1984 from 21-54. In two cases (transects 1 and 6) only one side of the line was surveyed along the 400 m line. In transects 17 and 55 random inventories were made without the use of lines in a imaginary circular area.

In Table 1 the frequency of occurrence of wine bottle artifacts, collected during 1983 and 1984 in Orange Bay, is given for Continental and English bottles.

In Fig. 25 the mean diameter of Continental and English wine bottle bases is given for 6 different periods.

In Fig. 26 the mean height of Continental and English wine bottle kicks is given for 6 different periods.

Fig. 27 shows the distribution of Continental and English glass wine bottles in Orange Bay.

To study differences in place of anchoring in the course of ages in Fig. 28 the distribution of wine bottles is given for the first half of the 18th century and for the second half of the 18th century.

Fig. 29 gives the frequency of occurrence of Continental and English wine bottles during 6 different periods.

424

W. Nagelkerken

Discussion

During the 1983 and 1984 seasons the historical anchorage at Orange Bay was researched. As one of the results a large number of fragments and whole wine bottles relating to the 18th and early 19th centuries was recovered, forming 28% of all collected artifacts. Most artifacts were ceramic (38%) which will be studied and published as "Ceramic of Orange Bay" in a later paper.

An examination of the bottles has shown that most of them were of Continental (European) origin (57%) and a lesser number of English origin (43%). Most of the artifacts were found in a zone about 900 m long and some 500 to 900 m seaward, which was the location of the historical anchorage.

No difference in the pattern of distribution between Continental and English wine bottles was found; nor was there any evidence of varying patterns of distribution according to the period in which the bottles were made. This indicates, that probably no preference existed for ships of different nationalities for special anchorage locations in Orange Bay. It also indicates that through the centuries changes in the construction of ships probably did not require special anchorages. However, in a study by Nagelkerken (1985) it can be found that some ships dealing with special articles of commerce, like for example blue beads, showed preference for special anchorages, because those mentioned artifacts were found only in one area in Orange Bay.

In Fig. 25 a significant decrease is shown in the diameter of bases of Continental as well as English wine bottles, especially during the 18th century. In the early 18th century the bases of both, Continental and English wine bottles, were very wide (about 14 cm). However, those bulbous models were not suited for shipping. Therefore in the second quarter of the 18th century they started to roll the sides of the bottles straight on a marble plate. In the third and last quarter bottles were manufactured which resemble the modern cylindrical bottle form with a base diameter of about 9 10 cm. Concerning the kicks it can be observed in Fig. 26 that the Continental models started with deeper kicks as in the corresponding English bottles. This was done on the Continent to keep the lees in the kick. In England in the early 18th century bottles were stored in a flat position to keep the lees in the neck and to prevent contamination of the wine. Later this custom disappeared, when the bottles in England also were provided with a deeper kick. In the last quarter of the 18th century English kicks seem to be significant deeper than the Continental. However, the number of collected Continental specimen of that period is not sufficient for comparison.

Significant differences in the relative distribution of Continental and English wine bottles over the period between 1700 and 1825 are shown in Fig. 29. Many fragments of Continental wine bottles were found, manufactured in the early 18th century, whereas English bottles were poorly represented in samples of that period. Continental and English wine bottles manufactured in the second half of 18th century were mostly equally represented in the studied transects of Orange Bay. During the period 1636-1816 the island change hands no less than 19 times. It was 6 times English, 5 times French and 8 times Dutch. A lot of Continental, mainly Dutch, wine bottles were found, manufactured in the first quarter of the 18th century, when the island was Dutch. It has to be'noted, that those bottles also could come from ships anchored there in the second

425

Preliminary Report of the Wine Bottles of Orange Bay

quarter of the 18th century, because as Klein (1974) reported: "old bottles were used even after production actually stopped. A good example of this can be seen in John Greenwood's mid-eighteenth century painting 'Sea Captains Carousing in Suriname', which shows several bottles manufactured at the beginning of the century". So, wine bottles, manufactured in the first quarter of 18th century, can represent ships anchored in Orange Bay during the first quarter as well as during a part of the second quarter of the 18th century.

In the eighteenth century St. Eustatius became the most important slave depot in the West Indies. About 1724 the West Indies Company began to supply and sell slaves on St. Eustatius. Most of these were resold to other Antilles islands. The slaves trade reached its peak at the beginning of the American War of Independence (Attema, 1976). It is possible that the relatively high number of collected Dutch wine bottles of the early 18th century is related to the activity of the Dutch in the slave trade during the first half of the 18th century. The English influence in St. Eustatius seems to be much stronger in the late 18th century according to the finds of that period.

However, more research has to be done for more reliable comparisons and discussions. Therefore in June/July 1985 additional inventories were made on the historical anchorage of St. Eustatius. The results of this research and those of the 1983 and 1984 seasons will be published in a final report as "Wine bottles of Orange Bay".

Summary

During the 1983 and 1984 seasons the historical anchorage at Orange Bay was investigated. As one of the results a large number of fragments and whole wine bottles relating to the 18th and early 19th centuries was recovered.

An examination of the bottles has shown that most of them were of Continental (European) origin and lesser number of English origin.

No difference in the pattern of distribution between Continental and English wine bottles was found; nor was there any evidence of varying patterns of distribution according to the period in which the bottles were made.

Significant differences in the relative distribution of Continental and English wine bottles, over the period between 1700 and 1935, were observed. Many fragments of Continental wine bottles were poorly represented in samples of that period. Continental and English wine bottles, manufactured in the second half of the 18th century were mostly equally represented in the studied transects of Orange Bay.

Reference is made to past and future reports dealing with aspects of commerce in Orange Bay during this period.

Acknowledgement

I am indebted to Professor Dr. Norman F. Barka of the College of William and Mary at Williamsburg (Virginia) for his critical review of this manuscript and to Dr. Ivor Noël Hume

426

W. Nagelkerken

for his great help with the identification of a part of the artifacts collected. Thanks are also due to Drs. E. Ayubi, Director of the Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology of the Netherlands Antilles for his great support. Thanks are also due to Dr. John L. A. de Passalacqua of the University of Puerto Rico and Max Schroeder for their help during the field work and to Mr. E. Faries for his photographic assistance.

Reference

Attema, Y. 1976 St. Eustatius. A short history of the islands and its monuments. De Walburg Pers Zutphen Holland. Hartog, J. 1976 Geschiedenis van St. Eustatius. Uitgevers De Wit Stores N. V. Aruba, Nederlandse Antillen. Hudson, J. Paul 1961 Seventeenth Century Glass Wine Bottles and Seals Excavated at Jamestown. Journal of Glass Studies, III,

New York, p.p. 79-89. Hume, I. N. 1961. The Glass Wine Bottle in Colonial Virginia. Journal of Glass Studies, III, New York, p.p. 91-117. 1969 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, New York. Klein, W. H. A. 1974 Antieke Gebruiksflessen in Suriname. 2e druk, met voorwoord en aanvullingen van Ir. F. C. Bubberman.

Stichting Surinam Museum, Mededelinge No. 13. McNulty, Robert H. 1971 Common beverage bottles: their production, use, and forms in seventeenth- and eighteenth - century

Netherlands. Journal of Glass Studies, XIII, p.p. 91-119. 1972 Common beverage bottles: their production, use, and forms in seventeenth and eighteenth - century

Netherlands. Journal of Glass Studies, XIII, p. 141-148.

427

f SOMlfftO

J ' MAMTIM

sf AJurrueiSMr

Oïiêi

" j ^ . . T ' lirsrATius

'Urn Jm^

The Netherlands Antilles of che Windward Croup: 1

St. Martin (southern part only), Saba and St. EusCatius.

Sketch of che locación of Che « M m line

the bottom and buoys ac Che surface.

«•IK?. S«« botton Q Boojr

A Weight of 80 k i l o 3ooy 1 1 M

ÏZ2» »«lght of 20 k i l o - — — ^ 400a l l a o ahora s«tsBCa thm w i g h

ST EUSTATIUS

v ORANJEBAAI 1:15.000

Opgenomen ¡n 1959 en 1972

'lOO 0 104 200 J00 «00 S0O-»

3 ! , c r

63* WL Greenwich

« i

24

Tabla 1

Kind of artifacts

trine bottle bases

Sine bottle nocks

Coxplcte wine bottles

Total

Frequency of occurren

wine "cc tlc .--ai-tificta

Continental

33 *

21 £

3 £

Ü7 > (n-74)

rt 16-

5 14

i 10'"

-#-

6 .

S3

Continental

2nclish

n=5 r.=1

+ 170C Fixot I Second | Third | Last

quarter of the iSth century

rirst quarter

oí 19th cen­

tury

•

'

•

It

^ »-4

^-^íéñ _^, - 'n=l5Ñ n=1 w , - 1i=2

n=4

1 1 + 1700 Firat 1 Second [Third

25

• 0 Etifíltnh

, n=11

n=3

| Luat

quortor of tho 1fith century

1 First quarter of 1'JUi cen-tuiy

26

(62l"U)

ií ut 89t4.»o((

»trpM jo

«ouoimooo jo

/ou»nb»jy

S

*'*?>