preliminary studies on heterosis in snakegourd...

2011 vol. 74, 25-38

DOI: 10.2478/v10032-011-0002-x ________________________________________________________________________________________

Corresponding author:

e-mail: [email protected] © Copyright by RIVC

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON HETEROSIS IN SNAKEGOURD

(TRICONSANTHES CUCUMERINA)

F.N. AHSAN, A.K.M.A. ISLAM, M.G. RASUL, M.A.K. MIAN, M.M. HOSSAIN

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding

Department of Horticulture

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University

Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

Received: October 19, 2010; Accepted: May 8, 2011

Summary

The analysis of variance showed significant difference among the parents

and hybrids of snakegourd for most of the characters except days to first female

flower, days to first fruit setting and node number of first fruit setting. The hy-

brid SG-18 × SG-01 produced the highest number of fruits per plant and fruit

yield per plant followed by SG-04 × SG-26. The hybrid SG-04 × SG-26 took

minimum 81-83 days to produce female flower. Both positive and negative mid

parent and better parent heterosis was obtained for different characters of hy-

brids of which few hybrids showed desirable and significant values. The highest

mid parent heterosis in negative direction (-9.66%) was found for days to first

male flower in hybrid SG-06 × SG-18 and for days to first female flower open-

ing in hybrid SG-04 × SG-26 (-9.30%). The hybrids SG-01 × SG-18, SG-04 ×

SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25, SG-18 × SG-01 and SG-18 × SG-25

showed significant desirable mid parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant,

and SG-04× SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25, and SG-18 × SG-25

showed better parent heterosis. Four hybrids (SG-04 × SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18,

SG-06 × SG-25 and SG-18 × SG-25) exhibited significant and desirable level of

both mid and better parent heterosis for number of fruits per plant. The hybrids

SG-04 × SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25 and SG-18 × SG-25 could be

identified as promising combination for commercial cultivation. Further inves-

tigation should be carried out to confirm the heterosis exhibited by the hybrids.

key words: Snakegourd (Triconsanthes cucumerina), hybrid, underutilized crop,

heterobeltiosis, summer vegetables

INTRODUCTION

Snakegourd (Triconsanthes cu-

curminata) belongs to the family Cu-

curbitaceae having chromosome

number, 2n=22 (Chakarbati 1982,

Jeffery 1980). Snakegourd grows

more or less in every part of Bangla-

desh. Snakegourd is a day neutral type

of vegetable which can be grown in

26 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 74

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any time of the year except acute win-

ter. Usually it is grown well from

March to October both in the field and

homestead garden. As a result, it can

meet up the vegetable demand during

early kharif season (mid March to mid

June) when there exists an acute

shortage of vegetable in Bangladesh.

In addition it has got tremendous ex-

port potentiality because of its excel-

lent keeping quality. The yield of

snakegourd is very low and its pro-

duction is also restricted to only to 3-4

months in Bangladesh (BBS 2007).

There are number of cultivars with

wide range of variability in size,

shape and color of fruits available in

this country (Rashid 1993) and for

this we can easily fulfill the gap by

producing more snakegourd in the

lean period by hybrid variety.

Heterosis or hybrid vigor can

play a vital role in increasing the yield

quality of vegetable crops. It refers to

the phenomenon in which F1 hybrid

obtained by crossing of two genetical-

ly dissimilar inbred lines or genotypes

which shows increased or decreased

vigor over the better parent or mid

parent value (Poehlman 1979). In

cucurbits, heterosis was first noted by

Hays and Jones (1961). At present, in

most advanced and developing coun-

tries of the world like USA, Japan,

Netherlands, Taiwan, Thailand etc.

almost all common varieties of vege-

table crops are being replaced by F1

hybrids. There is limited information

available about the magnitude and

nature of heterosis for yield and yield

contributing characters in snakegourd

as it is an underutilized crop. Due to

monoecism, much scope for exploita-

tion of heterosis in snakegourd exists

virtually obligatory out crossing sys-

tem of snakegourd open the scope of

hybrid variety. In spite of that, a few

numbers of superior hybrid varieties

have been developed for cultivation in

different countries like India, Thai-

land etc. However, very little attention

has been given to develop high yield-

ing hybrid variety of snakegourd be-

ing monoecious. Therefore there is a

bright scope to study the heterosis,

which is the prerequisite for develop-

ing high yielding snakegourd varieties

or hybrid variety in Bangladesh. Con-

sidering the above idea in mind the

present investigation was undertaken

with the objectives (i) to determine

the magnitude of heterosis as well as

hybrid performance for some desira-

ble yield contributing characters and

(ii) to identify high heterotic parental

combination in order to develop hy-

brid varieties.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted

at the experimental farm of Banga-

bandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Ag-

ricultural University (BSMRAU),

Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh during the

months from March to June, 2007.

Seven parents (P1=SG-01, P2=SG-04,

P3=SG-06, P4=SG-10, P5=SG-18,

P6=SG-25 and P7=SG-26) and their

twelve F1s were used as an experi-

mental materials. The experiment was

laid out in a Randomized Complete

Block Design (RCBD) with three

replications. Seeds of the seven par-

ents and their F1s were first allowed to

soak water for 24 hours. The soaked

seeds were then sown in poly bag

(size 15 × 15 cm), containing a mix-

ture of soil and well decomposed cow

dung (1:1). Thirty five days old seed-

F.N. AHSAN et al. – PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF HETEROSIS … 27

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

lings were transplanted in main field

and four pits for every genotype for

each replication were maintained. The

spacing between rows and between

plants was 2.0 m and 1.5 m, respec-

tively. Recommended doses of ma-

nure and fertilizers were applied in the

experimental field according to BARI

(1991). Data were collected on each

of the seven parents and their F1s for

the characters such as days to first

male flower, days to first female

flower, days to first fruit setting, node

number of first fruit setting, number

of primary branches per plant, length

of vine in each plant (cm), total num-

ber of fruits plant, fruit weight (g),

fruit diameter (cm), fruit length (cm),

fruit yield/plant (g). Heterosis was

recorded as mid parent heterosis (Hm)

and better parent heterosis (Hb) ac-

cording to the formula adopted by

Falconer & Mackay (1996) and was

estimated following Mather & Jinks

(1971). The significant test (t-test)

was employed following given formu-

la whether F1 hybrid mean were statis-

tically different from mid parent and

better parent values (Singh &

Choudhary 2006).

RESULTS

The analysis of variance showed

significant difference among the par-

ents and hybrids for most of the char-

acters except days to first female

flower, days to first fruit setting and

node number of first fruit setting (Ta-

ble 1 & 2). The estimates of percent

mid parent heterosis and better parent

heterosis observed in the F1 genera-

tion are presented in Table 3 and 4.

The heterosis analysis in the present

study was done to identify the best

combinations of parents giving high

degree of heterosis.

Days to first male flower Mid parent heterosis for most of the

crosses were earlier than their mid

parent except SG-06 × SG-25 for first

male flower opening. Mid parent het-

erosis was ranged from 2.52 to -9.66

percent. The highest mid parent heter-

osis in negative direction (-9.66%)

was found for this trait in hybrid SG-

06 × SG-18 (Table 3). Thus the cross

combination SG-06 × SG-18 may be

selected for best cross combination

for getting early male flower. The

male flower bloomed in hybrids were

earlier than their parents (Table 1).

Better parent heterosis ranged from

-0.41 to -12.60 percent. The highest

negative better parent heterosis

(-12.60%) was found for this charac-

ter in hybrid combination SG-06 ×

SG-18 and SG-10 × SG-18 (Table 4).

The hybrid SG-06 × SG-18 exhibited

significant negative mid parent heter-

osis.

Days to first female flower

The crosses SG-01 × SG-26 (-8.50%),

SG-04 × SG-26 (-9.30%), SG-06 ×

SG-10 (-5.23%) and SG-18 × SG-25

(-4.54%) showed significant negative

heterosis. Heterosis for earliness in

female flower ranged from -0.60 to -

9.30%. The highest significant nega-

tive heterosis was noticed for this trait

in hybrid SG-04 × SG-26 (Table 3)

and heterobeltiosis for earliness in

female flower ranged from -0.80% to

-10.00%. The maximum significant

negative heterobeltiosis was observed

in the hybrid SG-04 × SG-26 followed

by SG-01 × SG-26 (Table 4).


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Table 1. Performance of seven parental genotypes for yield and yield related characters

in snakegourd

Parents/crosses

Days to

first

male

flower

Days to

first

female

flower

Days to

first

fruit

setting

Node

no. of

first

fruit

setting

No. of

primary

branches

per plant

Length

of vine

(m)

Parents

SG-01 81.33 83.00 89.66 19.33 8.33 4.83

SG-04 76.33 83.0 85.00 21.66 10.33 4.97

SG-06 76.66 82.33 87.00 23.33 11.00 5.59

SG-10 75.00 83.00 88.00 13.66 10.00 4.64

SG-18 82.00 83.33 89.00 16.00 10.66 6.17

SG-25 82.00 84.33 89.00 18.33 11.66 5.54

SG-26 74.66 81.667 83.66 21.33 9.33 4.63

F test * NS NS * ** **

X 78.28 82.95 87.33 19.190 10.190 5.19

CD (0.05) 5.28 3.80 4.54 5.57 0.95 0.16

Hybrids

SG-01×SG-10 76.33 86.00 88.33 17.50 10.66 4.92

SG-01×SG-18 77.00 84.00 87.00 21.50 10.33 5.15

SG-01×SG-26 73.33 75.33 78.66 23.00 7.66 4.79

SG-04×SG-26 72.33 74.667 79.00 20.33 10.66 6.36

SG-06×SG-10 72.00 82.66 86.00 18.00 10.66 5.91

SG-06×SG-18 71.66 82.33 85.00 20.00 7.33 4.49

SG-06×SG-25 81.33 84.33 87.66 20.00 11.33 6.33

SG-10×SG-06 72.66 78.33 84.66 18.66 7.33 5.85

SG-10×SG-18 71.66 79.00 83.00 26.00 9.66 5.02

SG-10×SG-25 72.33 82.66 84.66 14.66 11.00 5.07

SG-18×SG-01 81.66 82.66 84.66 17.66 9.00 4.74

SG-18×SG-25 76.00 80.00 82.33 17.33 11.33 5.78

F test ** ** ** NS ** **

X 74.86 81 84.250 19.417 9.750 5.37

CD (0.05) 3.02 3.69 3.46 5.82 0.91 0.23

Note: ** significant at 1% level of significance


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Table 2. Performance of twelve hybrids for yield and yield related characters in

snakegourd

Parents/crosses

Total no.

of fruits

per plant

Fruit

weight (g)

Fruit diam-

eter (mm)

Fruit

length

(cm)

Fruit yield

per plant

(kg)

Parents

SG-01 14.33 111.82 34.45 27.31 1.60

SG-04 32.33 144.37 37.61 22.14 4.66

SG-06 20.33 101.89 29.89 24.12 2.07

SG-10 30.00 158.82 44.13 21.28 4.76

SG-18 28.00 151.55 50.85 17.73 4.24

SG-25 16.00 136.80 41.05 20.50 2.18

SG-26 13.00 159.45 26.18 52.79 2.07

F test ** ** ** ** **

X 22.00 137.81 37.74 26.55 3.08

CD (0.05) 1.02 1.54 0.99 0.88 4.03

Hybrids

SG-01×SG-10 14.66 154.58 39.94 25.91 2.26

SG-01×SG-18 28.00 124.13 40.49 24.17 3.47

SG-01×SG-26 9.00 145.16 42.82 31.58 1.30

SG-04×SG-26 42.00 210.32 46.42 33.75 8.83

SG-06×SG-10 23.33 137.85 35.71 24.53 3.21

SG-06×SG-18 35.33 131.17 36.10 28. 00 4.63

SG-06×SG-25 22.33 133.95 31.30 30.87 2.99

SG-10×SG-06 25.33 150.65 34.22 27.77 3.81

SG-10×SG-18 18.66 140.85 49.66 21.85 2.62

SG-10×SG-25 32.33 110.26 35.14 25.60 3.56

SG-18×SG-01 51.66 189.24 50.58 28.25 9.77

SG-18×SG-25 31.66 152.81 44.69 24.89 4.83

F test ** ** ** ** **

X 27.86 148.41 40.59 27.26 4.27

CD (0.05) 1.07 1.19 0.81 0.65 2.07

Note: see Table 1


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Days to first fruit setting

Mid parent heterosis for days to first

fruit setting were ranged from -0.38 to

-9.23 percent (Table 3). The highest

mid parent heterosis in negative direc-

tion (-9.23%) was observed in the

hybrid combination SG-01×SG-26.

Better parent heterosis ranged from

-1.48 to -12.26 percent and the highest

negative better parent heterosis

(-12.26%) was found in hybrid com-

bination SG-01×SG-26 (Table 4).

Node number for first fruit setting

Mid parent heterosis varied from

-1.70 to -8.31 percent. The highest

(-8.31%) mid parental heterosis for

node number of first fruit setting was

observed in the cross combination

SG-10×SG-25 followed by SG-10×

SG-25 (-5.39%) and SG-06×SG-25

(-3.98%) (Table 3). Better parent het-

erosis ranged from 11.22 to -22.80

percent. The highest (-22.80%) better

parent heterosis for this trait was

found in the cross combination SG-06

× SG-10 (Table 4).

Number of primary branches per

plant

The cross combination SG-06×SG-25

showed no heterosis (0). The highest

(16.37%) positive heterosis was found

in SG-01×SG-10 (Table 3), could be

used as a desirable combination for

remaining the no of primary branches.

The better parent heterosis was ranged

from -9.38 to -34.30 percent (Table 4).

Length of vine in each plant

Heterosis over mid parent ranged

from -0.39 to 32.5 percent (Table 3).

The hybrid combination SG-04×SG-

26 (32.5%) showed the highest mid

parent heterosis value for length of

vine followed by SG-06×SG-10

(15.65%), SG-10×SG-06 (14.48%)

and SG-06×SG-25 (13.84). The high-

est better parent heterosis was ob-

served in the hybrid combination SG-

04×SG-26 (27.96%). The hybrid SG-

06×SG-10 exhibited significant posi-

tive mid parent heterosis and het-

erobeltiosis (Table 4).

Total number of fruits per plant

Seven hybrids out of twelve showed

significant mid parent heterosis for

total number of fruits per plants. The

highest significant positive heterosis

was found in the cross combination

SG-18×SG-01 (144.08%) (Table 3).

In case of better parent heterosis, six

cross combinations showed signifi-

cant positive heterosis for number of

fruits per plant. The range of better

parent heterosis was -51.13% to

84.5%. The highest (84.50%) signifi-

cant positive heterosis was observed

in the cross combination SG-18×SG-

01 (Table 4).

Average fruit weight

The highest mid parent value for this

trait was found in the cross combina-

tion SG-18×SG-01 (43.71%) followed

by SG-04×SG-26 (38.5%). Better

parent heterosis ranged from -2.08 to

31.90 (Table 4). Only three cross

combinations (SG-04 × SG-26, SG-18

×SG-01 and SG-18×SG-01) showed

positive and significant better parent

heterosis.

Fruit diameter

Mid parent heterosis for average fruit

diameter were ranged from -2.74 to

45.56 percent. The highest significant

positive mid parent heterosis was

found by the cross combination SG-

04×SG-26 (45.56%) (Table 3). Better

parent heterosis for this trait ranged

from -0.53 to 24.29 percent. Two

hybrids SG-01×SG-26 (24.29%) and


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

SG-04×SG-26 (23.42%) exhibited

significant and positive heterosis.

Fruit length

Heterosis over mid parent for average

fruit length ranged from -9.9 to 38.36

percent. The highest mid parent heter-

osis effect was observed in hybrid

SG-06×SG-25 (38.36%) followed by

SG-06×SG-18 (33.81%) and SG-18×

SG-25 (30.24%) (Table 3). Better

parent heterosis ranged from -5.12 to

27.96 percent.

Fruit yield per plant

Mid parent heterosis ranged from -

41.77 to 234.58 percent for fruit yield

per plant. The cross combinations,

SG-18×SG-01 (234.58%), SG-04×

SG-26 (162.79%), SG-18×SG-25

(50.46%), SG-06×SG-18 (46.98%)

and SG-18×SG-01 (41.03%) showed

positive significant mid parent hetero-

sis (Table 3). Better parent heterosis

ranged from -130.48% to 89.48% for

fruit yield per plant (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

Days to first flowering is an im-

portant character as it reflects earli-

ness or lateness of parents and their

hybrids which has great importance in

breeding for earliness in any crop

species. Among the twelve crosses, all

the crosses were earlier than their

better parent heterosis. The highest

negative better parent heterosis was

found in hybrid combination SG-06×

SG-18 and SG-10×SG-18 which indi-

cates these are the best performing

heterotic hybrid combination over the

better parents. Significant negative

mid parent heterosis and heterobelti-

osis for hybrid SG-06×SG-18 re-

vealed the over dominance type of

gene action for this cross. The magni-

tude of heterosis over better parent

was high for days to first male flower

in ridge gourd (Shaha & Kale 2003).

Hybrid exhibited a negative heterosis

for the trait days to first female flower

opening in snakegourd, indicating the

earliness in crop growth (Kumaresan

et al. 2006). The hybrid SG-04×SG-

26 could be used as the best cross

combination for days to first female

flower as this hybrid showed signifi-

cant negative heterosis. Significant

highest negative heterosis for female

flowering was also reported in

snakegourd (Rahman 2004). The hy-

brid SG-01×SG-26 exhibited signifi-

cant negative mid parent heterosis and

heterobeltiosis that revealed the over

dominance type of gene action for this

cross. The highest better parent heter-

osis was found in the cross combina-

tion SG-06×SG-10 for node number

of first fruit setting. Similar results

were found by Banik (2003) and

Rahman (2004) in snakegourd. Singh

& Joshi (1979) also found these re-

sults in bitter gourd. The highest

standard heterosis for early fruit yield

per plant was observed in bottle gourd

(Liu et al. 2003). The cross combina-

tion SG-04×SG-26 can be used as a

desirable combination for getting the

longest vine. The hybrid SG-06×SG-

10 exhibited significant positive mid

parent heterosis and heterobeltiosis

which revealed the over dominance

type of gene action for length of the

vine. Significant positive mid parent

and better parent heterosis for total

number of fruits per plants was found

in seven and six hybrids, respectively

and could be used as the best combi-

nation. Solanki et al. (1982) recorded

maximum heterosis (42.12%) for

number fruits per plant in cucumber


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

hybrid. Podder (2006) also reported

similar results in snake gourd and

Mohanty and Mishra (1999) in pump-

kin. Three cross combinations showed

positive and significant better parent

heterosis. For getting larger size fruit

these combinations could be used for

hybrid breeding. Banik (2003) also

found both positive and negative het-

erosis over better parent for fruit

weight. Significant positive heterosis

for fruit characters and fruit yield was

also observed by Hedau & Sirohi

(2004) in ridge gourd. Four hybrids

showed significant positive mid par-

ent heterosis for average fruit diame-

ter, which can be used as a desirable

combination for large fruit diameter.

Out of twelve cross combinations,

only two hybrids exhibited significant

and positive heterosis. The cross

combination SG-06×SG-25 exhibited

the highest better parent heterosis and

can be used as best cross combination

for getting long fruit.

The aim of heterosis in this study

was to identifying the best heterotic

combinations and its exploitation for

commercial purpose. In the present

investigation heterosis of the hybrids

for fruit yield and yield components

were studied over mid parent and in

addition better parent (Table 5). None

of the hybrid studied had recorded

maximum heterosis for all the traits,

but significant and desirable level of

heterosis over mid parent and better

parent were notes in several hybrids

for the different traits (Table 5). Sig-

nificant and desirable level of mid

parent heterosis was observed in sev-

en hybrids for fruit yield per plant and

better parent heterosis in four hybrids.

The heterosis exhibited for fruit char-

acters and fruit yield was mostly posi-

tive in bitter gourd (Pal et al. 2005).

The maximum heterosis for yield was

recorded in ash gourd by Sudhakar et

al. (2005). Similar results were also

found by Ahmed (1998), Banik

(2003) and Rahman (2004) in

snakegourd. The mid and better parent

heterosis was observed to be as high

as ~165% for yield per vine in ash

gourd (Verma & Behera 2007). Six

hybrids in both case showed signifi-

cant and desirable heterosis for num-

ber of fruits per plant. Only four hy-

brids exhibited significant and desira-

ble levels of heterosis over both mid

and better parent (Table 6, Photo 1).

The cross combinations SG-04×SG-

26, SG-06×SG-18, SG-06×SG-25,

SG-18 ×SG-25 showed significant

positive mid parent heterosis and het-

erobeltiosis (Photo 1) revealed the

over dominance type of gene action

operating these crosses. These cross

combinations could be identified as

desirable hybrids for commercial cul-

tivation. So these four hybrid viz SG-

04×SG-26, SG-06×SG-18, SG-

06×SG-25, and SG-18×SG-25 were

identified as promising for commer-

cial cultivation. Performance of these

hybrids needs to be evaluated in mul-

tilocation and on farm trial prior to

commercial use.


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studies in ash gourd [Benincasa his-

pida (Thunb) Cogn.] for yield and

related traits. J. Tropical Agric.

45(1-2): 51-54.

WSTĘPNE BADANIA EFEKTU HETEROZJI U GURDLINY WĘŻOWEJ

(TRICHONSANTHES CUCUMERINA L.)

Streszczenie

Analiza wariancji wykazała istotne różnice wśród form rodzicielskich i mieszań-

ców gurdliny wężowej pod względem większości cech z wyjątkiem: liczby dni do

pierwszego kwiatu żeńskiego, liczby dni do pierwszego zawiązania owoców oraz liczby

węzłów w pierwszym zawiązaniu owoców. Mieszaniec SG-18 × SG-01 wytworzył

największą liczbę owoców na roślinę i plon owoców na roślinę, a za nim SG-04 × SG-

26. Mieszańcowi SG-04 × SG-26 zajęło minimum 81-83 dni żeby wytworzyć kwiat

żeński. Zarówno pozytywny jak i negatywny efekt heterozji względem średniej cechy

obojga rodziców (mid-parent heterosis) oraz względem lepszego z rodziców (better-

parent heterosis) uzyskano dla różnych cech mieszańców, pod względem których nie-

wiele mieszańców wykazywało pożądane i istotne wartości. Najwyższą heterozję mid-

parent w kierunku ujemnym (-9.66%) stwierdzono dla liczby dni do pierwszego kwiatu

męskiego u mieszańca SG-06 × SG-18 oraz dla liczby dni do otwarcia pierwszego

kwiatu żeńskiego u mieszańca SG-04 × SG-26 (-9.30%). Mieszańce SG-01 × SG-18,

SG-04 × SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25, SG-18 × SG-01 oraz SG-18 × SG-25

wykazały istotny pożądany efekt heterozji mid-parent dla liczby owoców na roślinę, a

mieszańce SG-04× SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25, oraz SG-18 × SG-25 efekt

heterozji better-parent. Cztery mieszańce (SG-04 × SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 ×

SG-25 oraz SG-18 × SG-25) wykazały istotny i pożądany poziom heterozji zarówno

mid-parent jak i better-parent pod względem liczby owoców na roślinę. Mieszańce SG-

04 × SG-26, SG-06 × SG-18, SG-06 × SG-25 oraz SG-18 × SG-25 można określić jako

obiecujące skrzyżowania do hodowli dla celów handlowych. Należy przeprowadzić

dalsze badania w celu potwierdzenia heterozji wykazywanej przez te mieszańce.

preliminary studies on heterosis in snakegourd...

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