preliminary synthesis of calcium carbonate using...
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2017 1
PRELIMINARY SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE USING CO2
BUBBLING METHOD FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION
N.H. Azzakiroh1 , Z. Hasratiningsih2, I.M. Joni3, A.Cahyanto2
COMPARISON OF THE DIAMETRAL TENSILE STRENGTH OF BONE
CEMENT BASED ON CARBONATE APATITE BETWEEN MICRON AND
NANO PARTICLES CALCIUM CARBONATE AS A PRECURSOR
L. Arianti1 , E. Karlina2, A. Cahyanto2
APATITE CEMENT VERSUS CARBONATE APATITE CEMENT
A. Cahyanto1*, M.N. Zakaria2
BIOCERAMICS MATERIAL: LIFTING HOPE IN ENDODONTICS 26
M. N. Zakaria1, A. Cahyanto2 26
REVIEW ON BIOCERAMIC NANOFIBER USING ELECTROSPINNING
METHOD FOR DENTAL APPLICATION 33
N. Djustiana*, Y. Faza, A. Cahyanto 33
MICROLEAKAGE IN COMPOSITE RESTORATION DUE TO THE
APPLICATION OF CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE BLEACHING MATERIAL
WITH A CONCENTRATION OF 10%, 15% AND 20% 42
Renny Febrida1,a* , Elin Karlina1,b , Oksania Wahyuni Putri2,c 42
RECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE USING ELASTOMER PUTTY
MATERIALS, WHAT TYPE TO CHOOSE? 49
V. Takarini1, E. Karlina1, R. Febrida1, Z. Hasratiningsih1 49
EFFECT OF BAGGASE FIBER (Saccharum oicinarum L) ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE RESIN 56
IT. Amirah*, M. Hudiyati**, MC. Negara** 56
THE KNOWLEDGE OF BPJS HEALTH AMONG BANDUNG INFORMAL
SECTOR WORKERS AS BPJS HEALTH CARD OWNER
1Agata Ayu Pratiwi, 1Cucu Zubaedah, and 1Sri Susilawati
ORAL HYGIENE INDEX OF QUADRIPLEGIC ATHLETES IN BANDUNG
Mochamad Nur Ramadhani1, Riana Wardani2 and Cucu Zubaedah2
1-6
7-11
12-16
17-23
24-31
32-37
38-44
45-51
52-63
64-72
PROCEEDING FDI2
SEVERITY OF CHILDHOOD CARIES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL 89
Anne Agustina Suwargiani*, Dudi Aripin**, Inne Suherna Sasmita***, Sri
Susilawati* 89
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILDRENS MOTIVATION WITH
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT NEED IN STUDENTS AGED 9-12 YEARS
OF SDN KEDUNGKANDANG 2 MALANG 95
Trining Widodorini1, Neny Roeswahjuni2, Vira Indah Permatasari D.N3
CUSTOMER TRUST OF OUTPATIENT ON DENTAL AND ORAL CLINIC
AT SOME HOSPITALS IN BANDUNG 105
C. Zubaedah1, F.M. Putri1, S. Tjahajawati2 , S. Susilawati1, R. Wardani1
THE SYNERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIV-1 AND
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELL MONOLAYERS: AN
IN VITRO STUDY 115
I. Suiawati1, S. M. Tugizov2 115
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF
POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) SEED ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS IN SWISS WEBSTER MICE 128
R. Setiadhi1, I. Suiawati1, D. Zakiawati1, W. Hidayat1, N. Nuraeny1, D. Rizali Firman2
VARIOUS ORAL LESIONS DUE TO MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
Nanan. Nuraeny 139
THE DIFFERENCE OF SALIVARY PH AND VISCOSITY AFTER
CONSUMING WHITE RICE (Oryza sativa), CILEMBU SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas cultivar Cilembu) AND PURPLE SWEET POTATO Stefanus Christian1, Sulistyani1, Dwi Prijatmoko1 146
SALIVARY FLOW IN PATIENT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
BASED ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECT 153
Mindy Frieda Anissa1, Rosiliwati Wihardja1 , Sri Tjahajawati1 153
SWEET TASTE THRESHOLD ON KRETEK FILTER-SMOKING LABORS
161
Inez Kiantoro, Sri Tjahajawati, Ervin Rizali 161
73-78
79-87
88-96
97-108
109-119
120-125
126-131
132-138
139-144
2017 3
THE RELATION OF INTERALAR WIDTH TO INTERCANINE DISTANCE
AMONG THE RACES OF MALAY, CHINESE AND INDIAN 168
Emma Rachmawati1, Nani Murniati1, Yong Jhia Yim1 168
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WHITE CAMBODIA FLOWER EXTRACT
(Plumeria alba L.) AS A DENTURE CLEANSER TO DECREASE THE NUMBER OF Candida Albicans IN SOFT LINER
Elizabeth Luna Kania Anindita, Lusi Hidayati, Achmad Gunadi 176
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF GAMBIR EXTRACT (Uncaria gambir
[Roxb.]) TO BACTERIAL COLONIES IN MALE WISTAR STRAIN RATS 185
Rosada Sintya Dwi*, Siti Rusdiana Puspa Dewi*, Intan Ardita* 185
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GAMBIER EXTRACT (Uncaria gambir [Roxb.]) AS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT IN WISTAR MALE RATS (Rattus
norvegicus L.) 194Ickman Seto, Siti Puspa Dewi, Ulfa Yasmin, Falensia Octaria 194
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS FLOWER
EXTRACT AGAINST Fusobacterium nucleatum 201
Wahyu Dwi Putra*, Shanty Chairani*, Mellani Cindera Negara** 201
THE DIFFERENCE IN ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN BASIL
LEAF (Occinum sanctum) ESSENTIAL OIL AND CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE TOWARDS Enterococcus faecalis 209
Fajar Fatriadi, Diani Prisinda, Ame Suciati 209
EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Stichopus hermanii
ETHANOL EXTRACT AS ORAL CANDIDIASIS TREATMENT 214
Syamsulina Revianti* and Kristanti Parisihni* 214
THE EFFECT OF COMBINATION Sticopus hermanii AND HYPERBARIC
OXYGEN ON OSTEOBLAST AND OSTEOCLAST IN PERIODONTAL
TISSUE DIABETIC RAT 223
Dian Mulawarmanti 1, Kristanti Parisihni1, Yoifah Rizka Wedarti
DISTALIZATION OF UPPER MOLAR WITH REMOVABLE APPLIANCE
Deni Sumantri 231
145-152
153-160
161-168
169-175
176-182
183-186
187-194
195-202
PROCEEDING FDI4
ADJUNCTIVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT OF PATIENT WITH
PERIODONTAL DISEASE 236
Endah Mardiati 236
ORTHODONTIC PATIENT EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS IN ORDER
TO ESTABLISH THE CORRECT DIAGNOSIS 243
Gita Gayatri1, Mediany Kriseka Putri2 243
Management of Class III Skeletal Deformity with Le fort I Osteotomy and
Bisagital Split Ramus Osteotomy 253
Indra Hadikrishna*Abel Tasman**, Seto Adiantoro *** 253
MANAGEMENT OF IMPACTED MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR WITH
SURGICAL TRANSPLANTATION 264
Nyoman Ayu Anggayanti1, Melita Sylvyana2, Endang Syamsudin**
A RARE CASE OFAUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF IMPACTED TEETH IN
POST ODONTOMA SITES 270
Endang Syamsudin1 Dian Maifara2 270
OROANTRAL FISTULA CLOSURE USING BUCCAL FLAP : A CASE
REPORT 277
Teuku Ahmad Arbi, DDS, OMFS 277
TRANSMUCOSAL ATTACHMENT IN DENTAL IMPLANT 283
*Chandra Andi B **Ina Hendiani 283
SEMILUNAR FLAP FOR TREATMENT MILLERS CLASS I GINGIVAL
RECESSION ( A CASE REPORT) 292Caecilia S.W.N1, Ina Hendiani2 292
THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN PERIODONTAL
DISEASE 300
Nicky Arviana*, Agus Susanto** 300
ALVEOLAR RIDGE AUGMENTATION 311
T.C Rini, I Hendiani 311
ONE VISIT FRENECTOMY AND GINGIVECTOMY 321
Y.Sidarta1, E.L.C. Kumala2 321
20-206
207-212
213-220
221-229
230-234
235-240
241-245
246-254
255-261
262-270
271-279
2017 5
CORONALLY ADVANCED FLAP FOR THE TREATMENT OF A SINGLE
RECESSION: A TWO-YEAR FOLLOW UP 327
P Metta, I Komara 327
CORRELATION BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH PARTIAL TOOTH LOSS
CHARACTERISTICS AND PATIENTS MOTIVATION TO USE DENTURES
AT RSGM OF JEMBER UNIVERSITY 332
Dewi Kristiana1, R Rahardyan Parnaadji1, Asti Widaryati2 332
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAXILLARY RESIDUAL RIDGE MORPHOLOGY
BASED ON CLASSIFICATION FOR COMPLETE EDENTULISM 340
M. Andreas1, R. Rikmasari2, A. Adenan2 340
ONE PIECE DENTAL IMPLANTS TREATMENT FOR NARROW
EDENTULOUS SPACE REHABILITATION 352
F.Mardiyantoro1, Y.Sidarta2 352
The Radiograph Fourth Molars Mandibular Impaction 361
Hadiyat Miko1, Ernawati2, Emma Kamelia3*, Yayah Sopianah4 , Fahmi
Oscandar5 361
Description of Mandible Density in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
using Panoramic Radiograph 368
1L Epsilawati, 2H. Polli, 2DD Dian S 3 M..S. Haris 368
COMPATIBILITY MANDIBLE GONIAL ANGLE MEASUREMENT
ON DIGITAL LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC AND PANORAMIC
RADIOGRAPHS 377
R.J. Harahap1, B. Sam 2, F. Pramanik2 377
DESCRIPTION THE FORM OF HEAD CONDYLE IN
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT BASED ON GENDER AND AGE ON
PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH 389
S.A Sistia*, B. Sam**, F. Pramanik** 389
Description of Microstructure in Trabecular Jaw Quality for Patient with
Smoking Habits Using Panoramic Radiograph 403
1Jing L, 2Epsilawati L, 2Azhari 403
280-285
286-290
291-296
297-305
306-313
314-320
321-329
330-339
340-350
PROCEEDING FDI6
Discription of The Normal Mandibular Alveolar Resorption Pattern Based on Gander Using Panoramic Radiograph 416
1Law SY, 2Epsilawati L, 2Azhari 416
Description of Panoramic Radiograph Failure at RSGM UNPAD 426
Mohd Shuhaimi, M.H1, Ria N Firman2, F. Pramanik2. 426
Description of Corpus Length and Ramus Height of Mandible in Patients
with Panoramic Radiograph 438
Siti Nur Aseerah1, Azhari2, Farina Pramanik2 438
Analysis of The Mandible Cortical Bone Height in Amlodipine user Patient
Using Panoramic Radiograph 449
1Farihah S, 2Epsilawati L, 2Suhardjo, 2AAG Dananjaya 449
Caries Description in Permanent Teeth Based on Mount and Hume
Classiication 457Johana Yaputri 1, Rahmi Alma Farah2, Anna Muryani3 457
DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATION WITH STAMP TECHNIQUE 466
Yolanda1 ; Anna Muryani1 466
INTENTIONAL ENDODONTIC IN LEFT MAXILLARY CENTRAL
INSISIVUS 474
W. Prabandari1, R. A. Farah2 474
DIRECT PULP CAPPING WITH MINERAL TRIOXIDEAGGREGATE
Wijoyo Sastro S1., Irmaleny S2 481
ONE VISIT ENDODONTIC TREATMENT OF MAXILLARY CENTRAL
INCISORS 489
Y. Dhamayanti 1, D. Aripin 2 489
NON-SURGERY TREATMENT FOR PERIAPICAL LESION ON TOOTH
21 AND 22 WITH CONVENTIONAL ENDODONTIC TECHNIQUE 499
R. Indiwina1, D. Aripin2 499
CONVENTIONAL ENDODONTIC TREATMENT OF CHRONIC
PERIAPICAL LESION ASSOCIATED WITH TRAUMATIZED LEFT
MAXILLARY INCISORS 507
S. Yumanta1, h. D. Adhita2 507
351-362
363-371
372-381
382-390
391-397
398-405
406-412
413-418
419-425
426-434
435-442
2017 7
MANAGEMENT PULP NECROSIS WITH OPEN APEX USING APICAL
PLUG MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE 514
E. A. Sapuherni1, H. D. Adhita Dharsono2 514
HEALING OF PERIAPICAL LESION USING CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN
NONSURGICAL ENDODONTIC TREATMENT 522
Nuni. Maharani1, Anna. Muryani2 522
NONSURGICAL ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT ON LEFT MAXILLARY
SECOND PREMOLAR WITH UNDERFILLED OBTURATION. 531
Ika Destina1 , Diani Prisinda2 531
MANAGEMENT OF SEPARATED ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENT DURING
ROOT CANAL TREATMENT WITH BYPASS TECHNIQUE 538
Nana Nurjanah1, H.D.A Dharsono2 538
MANAGEMENT OF MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR WITH THREE
ROOT CANALS: A CASE REPORT 546
Zuleika1, H.D.A Dharsono2 546
NON-SURGICAL ROOT CANAL RETREATMENT ON THE MAXILLARY
LEFT SECOND PREMOLAR 557
Anna Muryani1, Irmaleny Satiil1 557
INTRA CORONAL BLEACHING ON UPPER LEFT CENTRAL INCISOR
TOOTH (CASE REPORT) 565Diani Prisinda 565
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE APPLICATION BEFORE OR AFTER BLEACHING
OF CARBAMID PEROXIDE 35 % ON BLEACHED GUIDE SCORES,
HARDNESS, AND ENAMEL BRIGHTNESS 573
Yendriwati1 , Rehulina Ginting2, Fitri Yunita Batubara2 573
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARACHLOROPHENOL CAMPHOR
MENTHOL AGAINST ORAL Candida albicans 585
1Ayu Trisna Hayati, 2Emma Rachmawati, 2Ame Suciati 585
DENTAL MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT 591
Williyanti Soewondo1 591
443-448
449-455
456-463
464-470
471-477
478-487
488-494
495-500
501-510
511-514
PROCEEDING FDI8
THE PROGRESSION RESEARCH OF ALLIUM SATIVUM IN DENTISTRY
Eriska Riyanti1, Mieke H Satari2, Meirina Gartika1 601
THE RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY OF TOOTHBRUSH
REPLACEMENT IN A YEAR AND DENTAL CARIES PREVALENCE OF
GRADE IV AND V STUDENTS OF JEMBER KIDUL 04 ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL 606
Sulistiyani , Kiswaluyo2, Isna Fauziah Yusuf3 606
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENTAL CARIES AND ORAL HYGIENE
ON PATIENTS OF THE PEDIATRIC DENTAL CLINIC AT DENTAL
HOSPITAL OF JEMBER UNIVERSITY 615
Ahmad Hanif Nugroho, Dyah Setyorini, Sulistiyani 615
HALL TECHNIQUE AS A DENTAL-TREATMENT OPTION, START WITH
MINIMAL THEN END UP MAXIMAL 626
L.K. Baringbing1, R. Indriyanti2 626
DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN AS A PASSIVE
SMOKER 636
Santi Wulansari1, Yetty Herdiyati1 636
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF CHLORHEXIDINE AGAINST
CARIOGENIC BACTERIA OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES : (Literature
Study Article) 648R.Y. Sari1, E. Riyanti2 648
MECHANISM OF ZINC IN ORAL CAVITY FOR REDUCING ENAMEL
DEMINERALIZATION (LITERATURE STUDY ARTICLE) 661Wijaya I C1, Riyanti E2 661
RELATION OF PROPER BREASFEEDING LATCH ON TO THE
DENTOFACIAL STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 672
Trieska Annisa1, Eriska Riyanti2 672
DELAYED TOOTH ERUPTION IN CHILDREN : AN UPDATE REVIEW
FOR DENTIST (Literature Review) 684Sri Ratna Laksmiastuti 684
515-522
523-527
528-534
535-543
544-551
552-562
563-574
575-584
858-593
2017 9
TREATMENT OF INTRUSION IN ANTERIOR TEETH USING
ORTHODONTICS PROCEDURE (LITERATURE STUDY ARTICLE) 695F. I. Dini1, I.S. Sasmita1 695
THE USE OF POLYETHYLENE FIBER IN ANTERIOR PRIMARY TEETH
RESTORATION WITH EXTENSIVE DECAY 706
Ulfa Yasmin1, Willyanti Suwondo2 706
A NEW CALCIUM SILICATE-BASED CEMENT (BIODENTINE) USE IN APEXIFICATION TREATMENT (LITERATURE STUDY ARTICLE) 715Kurniaty, I. S. Sasmita 715
AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA EARLY TREATMENT WITH
PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE ADHESIVE CONCEPT 724
Stevani Monika, Iwan Ahmad 724
CROWN RESTORATION IS AN APPROPRIATE CHOICE FOR
TREATMENT AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA CASES 741
Yayah Inayah1, Yetty Herdiyati2 741
PRE-EMINENCE OF GIOMER AS RESTORATION MATERIAL AND
CARIES PREVENTION IN CHILDREN: A LITERATURE REVIEW 752
Gunawan I1, Saptarini R2 752
EVALUATION OF APEXIFICATION TREATMENT ON CENTRAL INCISIVE
OF YOUNG PERMANENT TOOTH DUE TO TRAUMATIC INJURY : A
CASE REPORT 764
Faizal Hasan1, Meirina Gartika2 764
AESTHETIC REHABILITATION AND DENTAL PREVENTIVE OF THE
PRIMARY DENTITION AFFECTED BY ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA: CASE
REPORT 773
Randita Diany Yordian1, Iwan Ahmad M.2 773
EARLY CLASS III MALOCCLUSION TREATMENT USING REVERSE
TWIN BLOCK APPLIANCE : A CASE REPORT 787
Sekar Pratiwi1, Ratna Indriyanti2 787
FOLLOW UP ONLAY COMPOSITE ON THE FIRST PERMANENT
MOLAR IN CHILDREN: CASE REPORT 798
Mustika Pramidi 1, Willyanti Soewondo2 798
594-602
603-612
613-619
620-627
627-642
643-651
652-664
665-670
671-682
683-692
PROCEEDING FDI10
EARLY TREATMENT OF MILD SKELETAL CLASS III MALOCCLUSIONS
USING REVERSE TWIN BLOCK: CASE REPORT 809
Dewi Rahmawati1 , E. Riyanti2 809
PHASE OF TREATMENT AGENESIS BILATERAL CANINE MANDIBULAR
PERMANENT: A CASE REPORT 822
Intan Maulani, Yetty Herdiyati 822
DENTAL TREATMENT IN A DOWN SYNDROME ADOLESCENT BOY
PATIENT: A CASE REPORT 833
Stephanie1, Arlette Suzy P.2 833
COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT SUCH AS: RESTORATIONS,
EXTRACTION AND SPACE MAINTAINER IN CHILDREEN WITH POOR
ORAL CONDITION: A CASE REPORT 843
Nova Elvarani1, Eriska Riyanti2 843
COMPEHENSIVE TREATMENT OF INJURED IMMATURE PERMANENT
ANTERIOR TEETH: A CASE REPORT 855
Naninda Berliana Pratidina1, Ratna Indriyanti2 855
FIBER-BRAID REINFORCED COMPOSITE LOOP SPACE MAINTAINER:
AN ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF SPACE MAINTAINER
Yoana1, Arlette Suzy Puspa Pertiwi2 867
A TREATMENT FOR NON VITAL ANTERIOR IMMATURE PERMANENT
TEETH USING PROTAPER MANUAL SYSTEM (HAND USE) : A CASE REPORT 877
Rizka A. Zaim1 , Meirina Gartika2 877
PATERN OF CALCULUS FORMATION IN VISUALLY IMPAIRED
CHILDREN 887
Didin Erma Indahyani1, Niken Probasari2, Izzata Barid1 887
THE LEVEL OF CARE NEEDS ABNORMALITIES OF TEETH AND
PERIODONTAL TISSUES IN CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 896
1Niken Probosari, 2Didin Erma Indahyani, 2Izzata Barid 896
693-701
702-712
713-722
723-731
732-741
742-751
752-758
759-767
768-775
2017 11
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENTAL ANXIETY WITH THE LEVEL
OF COOPERATIVE OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS ON TOOTH EXTRACTION
PROCEDURE IN THE EDUCATION HOSPITAL OF BRAWIJAYA
UNIVERSITY 906
Merlya Balbeid, Ambar Puspitasari, Etika Ayu Sondang Terawati 906
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERIODONTITIS WITH CONCENTRATION
OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) SALIVA IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME CLINICAL DIAGNOSE 916
Henytaria Fajrianti1, Hernayanti2, Fanni Kusuma Djati3 916
PRELIMINARY SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE USING CO2
BUBBLING METHOD FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION
N.H. Azzakiroh1 , Z. Hasratiningsih2, I.M. Joni3, A.Cahyanto2
776-783
784-792
793-801
2017 1
Preliminary synthesis of calcium carbonate using co2 bubbling method
for biomedical application
N.H. Azzakiroh1 , Z. Hasratiningsih2, I.M. Joni3, A.Cahyanto2
1Graduate Student at Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia2Departement of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia3Departement of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION : Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used in biomedical application
such as biomaterial for bone subtitute, drug delivery system, calcium supplement and others.
CaCO3 natural form can be easily found either in a limestone processing. Carbonation or
CO2 bubbling method is required to obtain CaCO
3 from bulk limestone.Objective :The
aim of this study was to synthesize CaCO3 from Palimanan limestone by CO
2 bubbling
method.Materials and methods: Limestone was calcinated at 900C to get calcium oxide
(CaO). Then, 84 gr CaO was hydrated in 1.5L water at 50C in an hour to get lime slurry
(Ca(OH)2). Lime slurry carbonated by bubbling method with temperature 60C, constant
low rate of CO2 at 10L/min and stirred at 300 rpm to obtain CaCO3 particles. Particles
of CaCO3
arethen characterized by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray
Difraction (XRD). Result : Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed elements forming was CaCO
3. X-Ray Difraction pattern of CaCO
3 produced trigonal calcite crystalline structure.
Conclusion : CaCO3 successfully synthesized using CO
2 bubbling method . Hopefullly this
CaCO3 particles might be used widely in biomedical application. Further study is awaited
based on these initial indings.
Keywords:Synthesize of CaCO3 , CO
2 bubbling, EDS, XRD
PROCEEDING 2
INTRODUCTION
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely used in biomedical application. Biomaterial for
bone subtitute and drug delivery system for osteomyelitis during bone surgery 1,2. CaCO3 can
be used as abrasive material in toothpaste 3. CaCO3 also can be used as therapy for dentine
hypersensitivity from prophylaxis paste. Calcite form of CaCO3 can be used as dentifrices and
polishing materials 4. CaCO3 natural form can be easily found either in a limestone
processing5. Carbonation or CO2 bubbling method is required to obtain CaCO
3 from bulk
limestone 6.
Natural CaCO3 can be found at several forms like mollusc shells and egg shells. This
shells fossil can be found in limestone which is almost 90% contain CaCO3. The worldwide
availability of CaCO3, compatibility and non-toxicity towards the human body make synthesis
of this material an interesting and attractive topic for scientists and researcher to delve into.
Therefore, so many research have been undertaken to stabilize speciic CaCO3 polymorphs at
diferent size and morphology 5.Two main CaCO
3 synthesis methods there are biomimetic method and CO
2 bubbling
method. Biomimetic method attempts to imitate natures ability to synthesize various
shapes and size by using physiological parameters and soluble organics. The current
industrial synthesis is CO2 bubbling method which use CO
2 bubble into slaked lime to get
CaCO3 particles 5.
CO2 bubbling method is very eicient at producing micro or nano sized particles which
are the most needed size in industry and research. The morphology that can mainly be
achieved are cubic or rombohedral 5.
CaCO3 have three polymorphs, they are calcite which is thermodynamically
stable, vaterite, and aragonite 1,7. An important factor during carbonation process is
temperature 8. Scalenohedral CaCO3 formed at 41-90C 9. Another research showed needle
like form aragonite formed at 60C 10. Diferent shapes can be exhibited by CaCO3
like
spheres, cubes, irregular, pyramid, hollows, and many else 5.The aim of this study was to
synthesize CaCO3 from Palimanan limestone by CO
2 bubbling method at 60C.
METHODS
Limestone was calcinated at 900C to get calcium oxide (CaO). Then, 84 gr CaO
was hydrated in 1.5L water at 50C in an hour to get lime slurry (Ca(OH)2). Lime slurry
carbonated by bubbling method with temperature 60C, constant low rate of CO2 at 10L/
min and stirred at 300 rpm until suspension reach neutral pH to obtain CaCO3 particles.
Fig.1 showed carbonation processing. Particles of CaCO3
then characterized by Energy
Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Difraction (XRD).
2017 3
Figure 1. Carbonation or CO2 bubbling method
Hypothesis of reactions described below:
Calcination :Lime stone (CaCO3)
(s) 900CCaO
(s) +CO
2(g)
Hidration : CaO(s)
+H2O
(l) slaked lime Ca(OH)
2(s)
Carbonation : Ca(OH)2(s)
+ CO2(g)
CaCO3(s)
+ H2O
(l)
Detailed reaction of carbonation 11:
CO2(g)
CO
2(aq)
CO2(aq)
+ H2O H
2CO
3 (aq)
H2CO
3(aq) H+ + HCO
3-
HCO3
- H+ + CO3
-
Ca2+ + CO3
2- CaCO3(s)
RESULTS
Carbonation process is runfor 15 minutes until the suspension gets neutral pH (6, 5).
Initial CaO mass is 84 gr and inal CaCO3 mass is 90,90 gr.
Figure 3. Three dots, during EDS characterization
PROCEEDING 4
Table 1. EDS result of CaCO3
A B C
Element Weight% Atomic % Weight% Atomic % Weight % Atomic %
C 13,07 21,31 2,39 20,61 10,12 17,52
O 49,22 60,26 47,59 59,44 45,89 59,66
Ca 37,71 18,43 40,02 19,95 43,99 22,83
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed elements forming was CaCO3.
Figure 4. XRD pattern of CaCO3
X-Ray Difraction pattern of CaCO3 produced trigonal calcite crystalline structure with
2.737g/cm3 density. Fig.4 showed that the particles are 100% CaCO3 with their peaks. The
highest peak is at 2 degree 30. This peak same as peak of CaCO3 in reference
.
DISCUSSION
CaCO3 morphology result from this research is diferent from another research which
shows that aragonite is formed at temperature 60C.Beside, in this research XRD pattern
showed calcite formation at the same temperature 12. Temperaturealso inluences particle size of CaCO
3 8. Small particle (1,5m) of CaCO
3 is formed at 25C and the size increases
due to agglomeration at 35C and at 50C particles begin non agglomerate until reach
smallest particle size 1,2 m at 60C 8.
Biomedical products that can be obtain from this research are CaCO3 and Ca(OH)
2.
These products can be utilized as dental product when the products meet each standard
like physical properties, mechanical propeties, and biocompatibilty of the materials. Futher
research is needed to investigate if these materials are eligible as the desired materials
2017 5
CaCO3 which used in dentrifrices is diferent from CaCO
3used as other dental
materials. CaCO3 is widely used as dentifrices which are act as abrasive materials to remove
plaque or stain and polish tooth surface. A discussion of dentrifrices would not be complete
without mentioning of the ADA acceptance program for these materials like abrasivity value
of 250 (also limit for ISO standard) 13.
Recent research showed CaCO3 role as precursor of carbonate apatite based bone
cement and drug delivery system for osteomyelitis disease 1,14. CaCO3 acts as donor of
CO3
-and Ca2+that has similarity with inorganic content of bone 14. CaCO3
shows unique
advantages due to the potentioal and its ideal biocompatibility as delivery system for
loading diferent categories of drugs. CaCO3 is nominated as suitable drug delivery carier
bacause of their accessibility, slow biodegradabability, osteoconductivity, safety, low cost,
pH-sensitive properties and biocompability 1.
Another product that can be found in this research is Ca(OH)2 which is widely known
for its application in pulp protection as cement base materials 13.
CONCLUSION
CaCO3is successfully synthesized by CO
2 bubbling method. Hopefullly this CaCO
3
particles might be used widely in biomedical application. Further study is awaited based on
these initial indings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to acknowledge Nanotechnology Research and Graphene
Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia and to Departement of Dental Materials
Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia for
supporting this research.
REFERENCES
1. Dizaj SM, Barzegar-jalali M, Zarrintan MH, Adibkia K, Lotipour F. Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles ; Potential in Bone and Tooth Disorders. Pharm Sci.
2015;98(March):175-182.
2. Ueno Y, Futagawa H, Takagi Y, Ueno A, Mizushima Y. Drug-imcorporating Calcium
Carbonate Nanoparticles for a New delivery System. Jounal Control Release.
2005;103(1):93-98.
3. Galdwin M, Bagby M. Clinical Aspect of Dental Materials Theory , Practices, and Cases.
Vol 3rd ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer; 2009.
4. Powers JM, Wataha J. Dental Materials Properties and Manipulation. Vol 9th ed.
Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2008.
5. Boyjoo Y, Pareek VK, Liu J. Synthesis of micro and nano-sized calcium carbonate
PROCEEDING 6
particles and their applications. J Mater Chem A. 2014;2(35):14270.
6. Bunger JW, Cogswell D, Wiser JW. Process for Purifying Highly Impure Valcium
Hydroxide and for Producing High-Value Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Other
Calcium Product. 1998:1-12.
7. Cahyanto A, Toita R, Tsuru K, Ishikawa K. Efect of Particle Size on Carbonate Apatite Cement Properties Consisting of Calcite ( or Vaterite ) and Dicalcium Phosphate
Anhydrous. Key Eng Mater. 2015;631:128-133.
8. Thriveni T, Um N, Nam S, et al. Factors Afecting the Crystal Growth of Scalenohedral Calcite by a Carbonation Process. 2014;51(2):107-114.
9. Hernandez GM, Renard F, Geofroy N, Charlet L, Pironon J. Calcite precipitation from CO2 -H2O-Ca(OH)2 slurry under high pressure of CO2. :1-25.
10. Han YS, Hadiko G, Fuji M, Takahashi M. Factors afecting the phase and morphology of CaCO 3 prepared by a bubbling method. 2006;26:843-847. doi:10.1016/j.
jeurceramsoc.2005.07.050.
11. Hadiko G, Han YS, Fuji M, Takahashi M. Synthesis of hollow calcium carbonate
particles by the bubble templating method. 2005;59:2519-2522. doi:10.1016/j.
matlet.2005.03.036.
12. Han YS, Hadiko G, Fuji M, MT. Crystallization and transformation of vaterite at
controlled pH. 2006;289:269-274. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.011.
13. Anusavice K. Phillips Science of Dental Materials. Vol 11th ed. Missouri: Elsevier
science; 2003.
14. Cahyanto A, Maruta M, Tsuru K, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Fabrication of bone cement
that fully transforms to carbonate apatite. 2015;34(3):394-401. doi:10.4012/dmj.2014-
328.
2017 7
Comparison of the diametral tensile strength of bone cement based
on carbonate apatite between micron and nano particles calcium
carbonate as a precursor
L. Arianti1 , E. Karlina2, A. Cahyanto2
1Graduate Student at Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia2Departement of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:Bone cement is inorganic material which can be used for bone
substitute materials. One of the bone cement which has been attracted much attention in
orthopedic and dental ields is apatite cement. As a result of apatite cement could transform to carbonate apatite (CO
3Ap) after implanted in the body, high bone replacement ability
could be developed. The current study about diametral tensile strength (DTS) value of bone
cement using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as one of the component of CO
3Ap cement in
limited to submicron particles. There have been no data using CaCO3 reduced into nano
particles. Meanwhile, the studies about reduction of CaCO3 particles into nano particles
have been found by the precipitation and ultraine grinding. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the DTS value of bone cement based on CO
3Ap between micron
and nano particles using CaCO3 as a precursor.Materials and methods: The powder
phase of micron particles of CaCO3 or nano particles of CaCO
3 which was milled by beads
mill combined with dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO4) was mixed with 1 mol/L of
disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO
4) solution in 0.5 of liquid to powder ratio. The paste
was packed into a split Telon mold, covered with glass slide and kept at 37C and 100% relative humidity for 24 hours.Results: The result showed that the diametral tensile strength
of the set CO3Ap cement using micron particles of CaCO
3was 3,7787 MPa and nano
particles of CaCO3was 2,4013 MPa. The data was analyzed statistically with t independent
test (=0,05) which showedthat the DTS between micron and nano particles of CaCO3was
statistically signiicant.Conclusion: In conclusion, the bone cement based on CO3Ap using
micron particles of CaCO3has higher DTS value than bone cement based on CO
3Ap with
nano particles of CaCO3.
Keywords:Diametral tensile strength, bone cement, carbonate apatite,calcium carbonate
PROCEEDING 8
INTRODUCTION
Bone is one of important parts in our body that support our bodies and protect vital
organs such as heart, lungs, etc. Bone has limitation for self repair. When large defect bone
occurrs, so the repair processed need an alternative materials as a bone graft [1]. Autograft
is one of the bone grafting materials which is still considered as the golden standard
compared to other grafting materials since it shows high remodelling process perfomance.
This material is harvested from healthy parts of the bones of the same patient. However,
the availability of the healthy bone in our body is limited and this may involve massive blood
loss, sepsis, and also pain [1, 2]. Therefore, the use of synthetic graft can be used as an
alternative material for bone substitute [3].
Bone cement is a synthetic bone graft material (alloplastic) which can be used for
bone substitute materials [4]. One of the bone cement which has been attracted much
attention in orthopedic and dental ields is apatite cement (AC) [5]. The AC could transform to carbonate apatite (CO
3Ap) when implanted in the body and high bone replacement ability
could be developed. Another advantages possessed by AC lies in its ability to show good
osteoconductivity and excellent tissue response [6].
The candidates of starting material for fabrication of CO3Ap cement are calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (CaHPO
4) [6]. Cahyanto et
al. reported that CO3Ap cement consisted of one of the polymorph of CaCO
3 which is
vaterite that has the smallest particle size with the highest diametral tensile strength (DTS)
[7]. However, the current study about DTS value of bone cement using CaCO3 as one
of the component of CO3Ap cement was limited. Furthermore, there was no data using
CaCO3reduced into nanoparticles as a precursor for CO
3Ap cement. Meanwhile, the study
about reduction of CaCO3 particles into nanoparticles has been found by the precipitation
and ultraine grinding [8].The aim of this study was to investigate the DTS value of bone cement based on CO
3Ap between micron and nanoparticles using CaCO
3 as a precursor.
METHODS
This research was conducted by CO3Apbased bone cement using micron and
nanoparticles of CaCO3. The nanoparticles of CaCO
3 were derived on the basis of previous
report [8]. In brief, 1.15 mL of Tween 80as the surfactant was mixed into 568.1 mL aquadest
and 5.75 g of CaCO3 using magnetic stirrer. The grinding was conducted by beads mill for 3
hours at the slurry concentration of 5%, bead size of 300 m, and the rotor speed 3000 rpm. The obtained particles were collected by dried at 40C for 24 hours. Finally, each micron particles of CaCO
3 and nanoparticles of CaCO
3 were mixed with CaHPO
4 homogeneously
on weight powder ratio 40:60 to obtain CO3Ap powder.
Powder phase of CaCO3 combined CaHPO
4 were mixed with liquid phase of 1 mol/L
Na3HPO
3using a spatula at a L/P ratio 0.5 until it became a paste. The paste was packed
into Telon mold (6 mm in diameter x 3 mm in height). Both ends of the mold was covered
2017 9
with a glass slides and clamped by a metal clip. The molds were placed inside a plastic
container containing distilled water to maintain 100% relative humidity. Finally, the plastic
container was placed into an incubator and kept at 37C for 24 hours. Upon completion of the treatment times, the samples were removed from the mold and immersed in the 99%
ethanol for 3 minutes then dried in the oven 80C for 3 hours.The mechanical strength was examined in terms of diametral tensile strength (DTS).
The samples were crushed using universal testing machine (Lloyd with Nexygen Plus
material test and analysis software, Florida, USA) at 1 mm/min crosshead speed. DTS
values were taken from an average ive samples. The data has been collected, analysed using t independent test to determine signiicances.
RESULTS
Fig. 1. DTS values of CO3Ap cement consisted of micron particles of CaCO
3 or nanoparticles of CaCO
3
and CaHPO4 mixed with 1 mol/L Na
2HPO
4 solution treated for 24 hours. At least ive samples were
measured for DTS. (p
PROCEEDING 10
Figure 2 summarizes the DTS measurement of micron particles that have higher DTS
value compared to nanoparticles sample. T-independent test showed statistically signiicant (p
2017 11
laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia and to Departement of Dental Materials
Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia for
supporting this research.
REFERENCES
1. Ohtsuki C, Kamitakahara M, Miyazaki T. Bioactive ceramic-based materials with
designed reactivity for bone tissue regeneration. Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
2009 Jan 1:rsif-2008. S349.
2. Schnettler R, Stahl JP, Alt V, Pavlidis T, Dingeldein E, Wenisch PD. Calcium phosphate-
based bone substitutes. European Journal of Trauma. 2004 Aug 1;30(4):219-29.
3. Moore WR, Graves SE, Bain GI. Synthetic bone graft substitutes. ANZ journal of
surgery. 2001 Jun 8;71(6):354-61.
4. Dumitrescu AL. Bone grafts and bone graft substitutes in periodontal therapy. Chemicals
in Surgical Periodontal Therapy. 2011:73-144.
5. Oda M, Takeuchi A, Lin X, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Efects of liquid phase on basic properties of. ALPHA.-tricalcium phosphate-based apatite cement. Dental materials
journal. 2008;27(5):672-7.
6. Cahyanto A, Maruta M, Tsuru K, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Fabrication of bone cement
that fully transforms to carbonate apatite. Dental materials journal. 2015;34(3):394-401.
7. Cahyanto A, Toita R, Tsuru K, Ishikawa K. Efect of Particle Size on Carbonate Apatite Cement Properties Consisting of Calcite (or Vaterite) and Dicalcium Phosphate
Anhydrous. InKey Engineering Materials 2015 (Vol. 631, pp. 128-133). Trans Tech
Publications.
8. Cho K, Chang H, Kil DS, Kim BG, Jang HD. Synthesis of dispersed CaCO 3 nanoparticles
by the ultraine grinding. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2009 Mar 31;15(2):243-6.
9. Chow LC, Hirayama S, Takagi S, Parry E. Diametral tensile strength and compressive
strength of a calcium phosphate cement: efect of applied pressure. Journal of biomedical materials research. 2000 Sep 1;53(5):511-7.
10. LeGeros RZ. Calcium phosphate-based osteoinductive materials. Chemical reviews.
2008 Nov 12;108(11):4742-53.
PROCEEDING 12
Apatite cement versus carbonate apatite cement
A. Cahyanto1, M.N. Zakaria2
1Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia2Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Study Program of Dentistry, University of General Achmad Yani, Cimahi, IndonesiaE-mail : a*[email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Apatite cement (AC) is one of innovations utilized for bone reconstruction. It has been
used in clinical application including craniofacial surgery for several decades due to it self-
setting property. AC will set and form hydroxyapatite upon setting reaction. Consequently,
AC shows excellent tissue response and good osteoconductivity. However, the archetype
has been shifting to carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) cement. Researchesproved that AC will
transforms to CO3Ap in physiological body condition. The formation of CO
3Ap has been
proposed as one of the keys for the replacement of AC to new bone since CO3Ap will
be resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced to new bone. This review will focus on recent
research of advance improvements in AC and CO3Ap cement reported by in vitro, in vivo,
and clinical study.
Keywords:Apatite cement, carbonate apatite cement
INTRODUCTION
Brown and Chow in 1986 reported an equimolar mixture of tetracalcium phosphate
(TTCP: Ca4(PO
4)
2O) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA: CaHPO
4) or dicalcium
phosphate dehydrate (DCPD: CaHPO42H
2O) set to form hydroxyapatite (HAp) in 30-60
minutes at an ambient temperature.1,2 Apatite Cement (AC) invented by Brown and Chow
is composed of two kind ofcalcium phosphate sources, TTCP and DCPA, and the setting
reaction becomes more complex compared with gypsum or -TCP. However, the setting mechanism of TTCP-DCPA based AC is the same with these gypsum or -TCP based AC. In other words, they are based on dissolution-precipitation reaction.
2017 13
When TTCP and DCPA, powder phase of TTCP-DCPA AC is mixed with an aqueous
solution, both Ca2+ and PO4
3- will be supplied, since both TTCP and DCPA have appropriate
solubility. The resultant aqueous solution willbe supersaturated with respect to HAp since
the solubility of HAp at neutral and alkaline region is very small. As a result, HAp crystals
willbe precipitated and then interlocked to each other to form the set mass.
From diferent point of view, the replacement of AC by new bone formation is still is still debated.3-17 These diferences could be caused diferent animal experimental, diferent bone defect area and size, diferent composition of the AC or diferent powder and liquid mixing ratio. For example, one report concluded that the size of a cranial defect is one of the
factor afecting resorption and replacement to new bone.10
Although detailed mechanism of ACs replacement to bone has not been clariied up to date, it is clear that AC would be replaced to bone at certain condition. The replacement
of AC to bone relates to the formation of CO3Ap. Thus, formation of CO
3Ap may be one of
the keys for the replacement of AC to new bone since CO3Ap is known to be resorbed by
osteoclasts and replaced to new bone. The aim of the present study is to give a brief review
of AC and CO3Ap cement as substitution material of bone.
DISCUSSION
First advantage of AC or CO3Ap cement is its self-setting ability in physiological
condition. Since the paste of AC or CO3Ap cement can be set and harden in bone defects,
the bone defect can be illed with AC or CO3Ap cement without leaving a gap to adjacent
bone. The cells in bone such as osteoblasts cannot migrate if there is a gap between
bone substitutes and adjacent bone. Second, AC or CO3Ap cement paste showed good
injectability that allows AC or CO3Ap cement to be implantedby minimal invasive surgery
techniques, that are less traumatic, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stay and faster
recovery. Third, AC or CO3Ap cement showed excellent osteoconductivity, as a consequence
of the transformation of AC to HAp or CO3Ap upon setting reaction. Fourth, AC or CO
3Ap
cement isreplaced by new bone with time even in some period of time. This property is very
attractive, since sintered HAp cannot be replaced to bone. Bone are crucial not only for their
mechanical role but also it biological role, such as blood formation. Therefore, bone graft
that can be replaced to bone is a great deal. Fifth, the AC or CO3Ap cement can be used
to deliver drugs such as growth factor, antibiotic, anti-inlammatory, since set AC or CO3Ap
cement have micro porosity and are able to set at physiological condition.
Besides the beneits possessed by AC or CO3Ap cement, they also have disadvantages.
The lower mechanical properties of AC or CO3Ap cement becomes an issue, limiting the
use of AC or CO3Ap cement only for non-load bearing area in clinical application. Therefore,
AC or CO3Ap cement may be better to be used in non-load bearing area such as cranial
bone substitute or alveolar bone augmentation.
One of interesting manners reported for AC is the formation of CO3Ap on the surface
of AC. When TTCP-DCPA based AC was implanted at tibia of rat, CO3Ap was found at
PROCEEDING 14
the surface of set AC after eight weeks implantation, despite no carbonate source was
incorporated in the TTCP-DCPA based AC.17 Since no carbonate was incorporated in the
cement composition, carbonate contained in the CO3Ap was thought to be supplied from the
surrounding environment such as body luid, blood, air, etc.It should be noted that bone apatite is the CO
3Ap with other trace element such
as Na+, K+, F- as shown in Table 1.18-19 Also, preparation of CO3Ap powder is easy since
CO3Ap the most stable phase thermodynamically.20-22 However, apatite powder including
CO3Ap powder causes inlammatory response called crystalline inlammatory response.
Therefore, CO3Ap should be used as cement, block or granular to arrest the response.
Although CO3Ap is the most stable calcium phosphate phase at physiological condition, it
is unstable at high temperature required for sintering process and thermally decomposed to
other calcium phosphate.
Table 1.Bone compositions of the human adult18-19
Compositions Bone
Ca2+ 34.8
PO4 as P 15.2
Na+ 0.9
Mg2+ 0.72
K+ 0.03
CO3
2- 7.4
F- 0.03
Cl- 0.13
Bone remodeling is a lifelong process where mature or old bone tissue is replaced
by newly formed bone. In this process, two cells known as osteoclasts and osteoblasts
play an imperative role. Osteoblasts forms new bone and this has close relationship
with osteoconductivity of apatite. On the other hand, osteoclasts remove matured bone.
Osteoclast create Howships lacuna where inside of the lacuna is made with acidic condition
(~pH 4.5).23 It has been reported that carbonate content in apatitic structure has close
relationship with the solubility of apatite in acidic condition.24 Therefore, it is reasonable to
say that CO3Ap is replaced to bone even though HAp is stable at the bone defect. In fact,
CO3Ap granules fabricated based on dissolution-precipitation reaction, and implanted into
the cranial bone of rats, after implantation were found to be replaced to the newly formed
bone 24 weeks.25Therefore; CO3Ap may be a key factor for bone replacement.
CONCLUSION
Although AC has theability to transforms to HAp, the CO3Ap cement are more
beneicial than AC, because they are already in CO3Ap form, which are more easily to
replace by bone.
2017 15
REFERENCES
1. Brown WE, Chow LC. A new calcium phosphate, water-setting cement, In: Brown P W,
Cement Research Progress, Ed.; Brown, P.W., Westerville, USA. 1986; pp. 351-379.
2. Brown WE, Chow LC. Combination of sparingly soluble calcium phosphate cements in
slurries and paste as mineralizers and cements. 1986; U.S. Patent No. 4,612,059.
3. Miyamoto Y, Ishikawa K, Takechi M, Toh T, Yuasa T, Nagayama M, Suzuki K. Histological
and compositional evaluations of three types of calcium phosphate cements when
implanted in subcutaneous tissue immediately after mixing. J Biomed Mater Res: Appl
Biomater. 1999; 48(1): 3642.
4. Mai R, Reinstorf A, Pilling E, Hlawitschka M, Jung R, Gelinsky M, Schneider M, Loukota
R, Pompe W, Eckelt U, Stadlinger B. Histologic study of incorporation and resorption of
a bone cement-collagen composite: an in vivo study in the minipig. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 105: e9-e14.
5. Constantz BR, Ison IC, Fulmer MT, Poser RD, Smith ST, Van Wagoner M, Ross J,
Goldstein SA, Jupiter JB, Rosenthal DI. Skeletal repair by in situ formation of the mineral
phase of bone. Science. 1995; 267: 1796- 1799.
6. Yuan H, Li Y, de Bruijn JD, de Groot K, Zhang X. Tissue responses of calcium phosphate
cement: a study in dogs. Biomaterials. 2000; 21: 1283-1290.
7. Cancian DCJ, Vieira EH, Marcantonio RAC, Garcia Jr IR. Utilization of autogenous
bone, bioactive glasses, and calcium phosphate cement in surgical mandibular bone
defects in cebus apella monkeys.Int J Oral Max Impl. 2004; 19: 73-79.
8. Gosain AK, Riordan PA, Song L, Amarante M, Kalantarian B, Nagy PG, Wilson CR, Toth
JM, McIntyre BL. A 1-year study of osteoinduction in hydroxyapatite-derived biomaterials
in an adult sheep model: part II. Bioengineering implants to optimize bone replacement
in reconstruction of cranial defects.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 114: 1155-1163.
9. Maniker A, Cantrell S, Vaicys C. Failure of hydroxyapatite cement to set in repair of a
cranial defect: case report. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43: 9534.
10. Constantino PD, Friedman CD, Jones K, Chow LC, Sisson GA. Experimental
hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 90: 174-185.
11. Friedman CD, Constantino PD, Jones K, Chow LC, Pelzer HJ, Sisson GA. Hydroxyapatite
cement. II: Obliteration and reconstruction of the cat frontal sinus. Arch Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 1991; 117: 385-389.
12. Shindo ML, Constantino PD, Friedman CD, Chow LC. Facial skeletal augmentation
using hydroxyapatite cement. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993; 119: 185-190.
13. Friedman CD, Costantino PD, Takagi S, and Chow LC. BoneSourceTM hydroxyapatite
cement, a novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and
reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998; 43: 428-432.
14. Rey C, Toighi A, Mounic S, Combes C, Lee D. Biomimetism and calcium phosphate cements, In: Actualits en Biomatriaux, Mainard D, Louis J P. Eds. Editions Romillat:
PROCEEDING 16
Paris, France, 2002; Vol. 6, pp. 27-37.
15. Yuasa T, Miyamoto Y, Ishikawa K, Takechi M, Nagayama M, Suzuki K. In vitro resorption
of three apatite cements with osteoclasts. J Biomed Mater Res. 2001; 54: 344-350.
16. Puricelli E, Corsetti A, Ponzoni D, Martins GL, Leite MG, Santos LA. Characterization of
bone repair in rat femur after treatment with calcium phosphate cement and autogenous
bone graft. Head and Face Medicine. 2010; 6: art.
17. Miyamoto Y, Ishikawa K, Takechi M, Toh T, Yoshida Y, Nagayama M, Kon M, Asaoka
K. Tissue response to fast-setting calcium phosphate cement in bone. J Biomed Mater
Res.1997; 37: 457-464.
18. Legeros RZ. Apatites in biological systems. Prog Cryst Growth Characterization. 1981;
4: 1-45.
19. Ishikawa K. Calcium phosphate cement. In Bioceramics and Their Clinical
Application;Kokubo, T., Ed.; CRC Press: NY, USA.2008; pp. 438463.
20. Cahyanto A, Tsuru K, Ishikawa K. Carbonate Apatite Formation during the Setting
Reaction of Apatite Cement. Advances in Bioceramics and Porous Ceramics V.
Ceramics Engineering and Science Proceeding. 2013; Vol. 33, No. 6, 7-10.
21. Cahyanto A, Maruta M, Tsuru K, Matsuya S, Ishikawa K. Fabrication of Bone Cement
that Fully-Transform to Carbonate Apatite. Dent Mater J. 2015; Vol. 34, No.3, 394-401.
22. Cahyanto A, Tsuru K, Ishikawa K. Transformation of Apatite Cement to B-Type
Carbonate Apatite Using Diferent Atmosphere. Key Engineering Materials. 2016; Vol. 696, pp. 9-13.
23. Kierszenbaum AL, Tres LL. Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology.
Elsevier: Philadelphia, USA. 2012; 3: pp. 252-254.
24. Dorozhkin SV. Dissolution mechanism of calcium apatites in acids: A review of literature.
World J Methodol. 2012; 2(1): 1-17.
25. Ishikawa K. Bone substitute fabrication based on dissolution-precipitation reactions.
Materials.2010; 3: 1138-1155.
2017 17
Bioceramics material: lifting hope in endodontics
M. N. Zakaria1, A. Cahyanto2
1Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Study Program of Dentistry, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Cimahi, Indonesia2Department of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
E-mail : a*[email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Achieving good and predictable results in endodontic treatment relates to awareness
in science, techniques, material and procedural skills. In vital pulp therapies, the main goal
of the treatment is to maintain the vitality of the pulp, as a consequence, the chosen material
must provide good sealing and stimulation to the pulp cells to repair it self. Whilst in necrotic
pulp, particularly in cases with periapical disease, treatment emphasizes eliminating the
source of infection by proper disinfection and creating a hermetic seal in the root canal to
induce healing of the periapical tissue. To achieve these goals, endodontic treatment can
not be separated from disinfection and repair materials that should have good antimicrobial
activity, dimensional stability, good handling characteristics, adequate adherence ability to
tooth structure to provide good seal, biocompatible and able to induce tissue repair. However,
until this present time, no material available could meet the needs of all ideal dental material
properties. Therefore, studies to provide better material are still on going. Bioceramics
has been a promising material widely used in medicine, combining biocompatibility and
bioactivity. Recent delicate studies also suggested the use of bioceramics in dentistry, which
has been promising in stimulating regeneration of broken tooth due to its biocompatibility
and bioactive properties. This brief review will focus on advance improvements in dental
materials particularly in endodontics using bioceramics including calcium hydroxide, mineral
trioxide aggregates (MTA), Biodentine, iRoot SP, and BioAggregate that has been reported
by laboratory and clinical studies to improve the quality of endodontic treatment.
Keywords:Bioceramics, endodontics, regeneration, material, biocompatible
PROCEEDING 18
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the term bioceramics has been commonly mentioned in publications
or even dental product advertising, with promising outcome for the used of these materials
in medical and dentistry ield. In medical and dental perspective, bioceramics, refers to all ceramic materials that are designed for used in medical and dental practice, this
includes; alumina and zirconia, bioactive glass, glass ceramics, coatings and composites,
hydroxyapatite and resorbable calcium phosphates.1,2 The superior properties of bioceramics
are biocompatibility and the ability to conduct hard tissue formation, in other words,
these materials have great tissue response and stimulates damaged mineralized tissue
regeneration. The superior properties makes these materials remarkable to be applied in
orthopedics applications such as artiicial hip joint and bone reconstruction materials.3 In dentistry, bioceramics has been used as implant coatings and bone repair materials, more
particular in endodontics, a wide range of application has been proposed from pulp capping
materials, endodontic sealers, root end restoration material, to furcation or dentin repair
materials. This review will present a brief discussion about bioceramics materials proposed
in endodontics, from calcium hydroxide, MTA, Biodentin, iRoot SP, BioAggregate cements
based on laboratory and clinical studies.
Calcium hydroxide
In endodontics, calcium hydroxide is believed to be the most frequently material used
in clinical practices for the past years. Its biocompatibility to dental tissue, antibacterial
properties and its ability to stimulate hard tissue formation has been favorable properties to its
used in endodontics. The liberation of hydroxyl and calcium ions was believed to be its basic
mechanism of action leading to antibacterial efect (due it high pH) and activation of alkaline phosphates (ALP) involved in hard tissue formation.3 Hard tissue formation is initiated by
an inlammation process in the supericial layer of the injured pulp, that leads to supericial necrosis that eventually leads to stimulation of the pulp cells to form a repair reaction.4, 5
Moving from the favorable properties of calcium hydroxide, studies also have
reported some limitations of this compound including high solubility, degradation of material
over time, weak dentinal barrier formation, poor adhesion property to tooth structure, and
long uncontrolled chronic inlammation to the pulp.5,6,7 Lack of adhesion also lead to poor seal which contributes to failure of this material to act as a bacteriometic seal.6 Moderate
inlammation with no dentinal bridge formation was also observed in human premolar after 15 days capped with calcium hydroxide (Dycal) and most of the Dycal specimens showed
incomplete bridge formation with more inlammation of the pulp tissue.7
In this present time, calcium hydroxide comes in diferent forms speciically designed for diferent purpose, an injectable calcium hydroxide commonly used for inter-appointment dressings in root canal treatment, a paste-paste form with base and catalyst to facilitate
controlled setting reaction in pulp capping treatment, or in a combination with resin to be
light cured and used as liners or pulp capping treatment.
2017 19
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)
MTA is a multifunctional cement design for multipurpose in endodontics, namely for
pulp capping materials, pulpotomy dressings, root end illings, furcation repair materials, dentin repair materials and apexogenesis or apexiication treatment. Since irstly introduced, MTA has been intensively investing by many studies, most studies concluded that this
material shown good cell growth ibroblast, osteoblast like cells and pulp cells. A study on rat dental pulp cells also showed that MTA induced reparative dentin formation with
minimum apoptosis compared to calcium hydroxide.9,10
Figure 1. Dentin bridge formation in rat molar at 14 days after direct pulp capping with MTA: H-E staining (a),
immunohistochemistry of nestin (b), and osteopontin (c). (a) A thin layer of ibrous matrix (arrows) is followed by a dentin-like matrix (*) with tubular structures pulpally lined with odontoblast-like cells. (b) The odontoblast-like
cells intensely express nestin, an intermediate ilament expressed in diferentiated odontoblasts. Their processes also show immunoreactivity for nestin in the tubular matrix (*). (c) Osteopontin immunoreactivity is detected in
the supericial ibrous matrix (arrows), but not in tubular dentin-like matrix (*).8
Biodentine
Biodentine is a calcium silicate based material consists of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium
silicate, calcium carbonate and oxide iller, iron oxide shade, and zirconium oxide. The liquid used for biodentin are composed of a hydrosoluble polymer and a calcium chloride as
accelerator. This material is suitable for perforation repair, retrograde illing, pulp capping, and pulptomy dressings. The strength of this material compared to other bioceramics material
such as MTA is the improvement in setting time, mechanical properties and radiopacities.11
Shorter setting time is a favorable property especially in the used for retrograde illing and perforation repair, this was achieve by adding calcium chloride in the liquid.
Biodentine was proven to be biocompatible and highly bioactive.11,12 In a 6 weeks
evaluation in human maxillary and mandibular intact molar, with deliberate mechanical pulp
exposure and capped with biodentine, there was no inlammatory response and a complete dentinal bridge formation.13The ability of Biodentine to form reparative dentin could also be
due to modulation of pulp cell TGF-1 secretion. When implanted in subcutaneous tissue of rats, it exhibited moderate inlameation in the irst 7 days, and mild or no inlammation after 14 days, the study concluded that biodentine was biocompatible with tissue after the
14th day.12
PROCEEDING 20
BioAggregate
BioAggregate is a ine nanoparticle size, material, aluminum-free powder that is mixed with deionized water to form a bioceramic paste. The powder consists of SiO
2 (13.70%),
P2O
5 (3.92%), CaO (63.50%), and Ta
2O
5 (17%), the latter was to improve the radioopacitiy
of the material (tantalum oxide).14BioAggregate is indicated as pulp capping material,
perforation repair as well as root-end illings, where many in vivo reports concluded that BioAggregate are comparable to MTA.14,15,16
Figure 2. Efects of PMTA, BA, MMTA, and IRM on adhesion in HDPCs by MTT assay and SEM, respectively. An OS containing 50 mg/mL ascorbic acid and 10 mmol/L b-glycerophosphate was used
as the positive control. Cells were incubated for 3, 7, and 14 days with the materials. SEM observation
(original magniication, 1000) of HDPCs exposed to various materials was completed 2 days after incubation. Arrows indicate pulp cells. These data indings are representative of 3 independent
experiments. Statistically signiicant diference compared with each group (P < 0.05).17
As for biocompatibility, on one study comparing BioAggregate (BA) to Micromega
MTA (MMTA), ProRoot MTA (PMTA) and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM) by using
human dental pulp cells and concluded that the irst three material exhibited equally good biocompatibility whereas IRM showed cytotoxicity (Figure 2).17 BioAggregate also increased
the alkaline phosphatase activity, promote mineralization and enhance the expression of
osteogenic/odontogenic markers (ALP, osteopontin, osteocalcin, dentin sialophosphoprotein
and dentinal matrix protein-1.17,18 Collectively, the biocompatibility, odontogenic potentials,
and inlammatory response of BioAggregate and MTA are equal. 17,18,19
2017 21
iRoot SP
iRoot SP is another bioceramics material similar to MTA, it composed mainly by
calcium silicates. iRoot SP are injectable, biocompatible, hydrophilic, radiopaque and
insoluble and indicated for root canal sealers. In the presence of water, this material can
generate calcium silicate hydrates and have highly alkaline pH which provide a detrimental
environment for bacterial growth. MTA and iRoot SP also induced human Tooth Germ
Stem Cells (hTGSCs) to diferentiate into odontoblast like cells, while calxiym hydroxide (Dycal) caused cytotoxicity.20 However according to the the same study, MTA provide more
inductive potentiall and hard generate more hard tissuer deposition than iRoot SP.
Figure 3. Immunocytochemistry staining of (a) MTA and odontogenic medium-treated cells, (b) iRoot SP
and odontogenic med- ium-treated cells, (c) odontogenic diferentiation medium-treated cells (PC) and (d) undiferentiated hTGSCs (NC) with DSP and COL1A antibodies. Scale bar: 100 lm.20
CONCLUSION
The trend of biocompatible endodontics material has shifted from bioinert to bioactive
and biodegradable materials in which the propose materials not only restore the broke
part but also to stimulate the body itself to regenerate and fulill acceptable physical and mechanical properties.
REFERENCES
1. Best SM, Porter AE, Thian ES, Huang J. Bioceramics: past, present and for the future.
J Eur Ceram Soc. 2008; 28:1319-1327.
2. Nasseh A. The rise of bioceramics. Endodontic Practice. 2009;2:17-22.
3. Ishikawa K. Calcium phosphate cement. In Bioceramics and Their Clinical Application;
PROCEEDING 22
Kokubo, T., Ed.; CRC Press: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 438463.
4. Zakaria MN. Save the pulp: the essential issues on pulp capping treatment. Journal of
Dentomaxillofacial Science. 2016;2:301-305.
5. Enkel B, Dupas C, Armengol V, Adou A, Bosco J, Daculsi G, Jean A, Laboux O, LeGeros
RZ, Weiss P. Bioactive materials in endodontics. Expert Rev. Med. Devices. 2008;5(4):
475-494.
6. Cox CF, Subay RK, Ostro E, Suzuki SH. Tunnel defects in dentin bridges: their formation
following direct pulp capping. Oper Dent. 1996;21:411.
7. Parolia A, Kundabala M, Rao NN, Acharya SR, Agrawal P, Mohan M, Thomas M. A
comparative histological analysis of human pulp following direct pulp capping with
Propolis, mineral trioxide aggregate and Dycal. Australian Dental Journal. 2010;55:
5964.
8. Okiji T, Yoshiba K. Reparative Dentinogenesis Induced by Mineral Trioxide Aggregate:
A Review from the Biological and Physicochemical Points of View. International Journal
of Dentistry. 2009;1-12.
9. Asgary S, Eghbal MJ, Parirokh M, Ghanavati F, Rahimi H. A comparative study of
histologic response to diferent pulp capping materials and a novel endodontic cement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;106:60914.
10. Masuda-Murakami Y, Kobayashi M, Wang X, Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Hossain M,
Matsumoto K. Efects of mineral trioxide aggregate on the diferentiation of rat dental pulp cells. Acta Histochem. 2010 Sep;112(5):452-8.
11. Koubi G, Colon P, Franquin JC, Hartmann A, Richard G, Faure MO, Lambert G. Clinical
evaluation of the performance and safety of a new dentine substitute, Biodentine, in
the restoration of posterior teeth - a prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;
17(1):243-9.
12. Mori GG, Teixeira LM, de Oliveira DL, Jacomini LM, da Silva SRBiocompatibility
evaluation of biodentine in subcutaneous tissue of rats. J Endod. 2014 Sep;40(9):1485-
8.
13. Nowicka A, Lipski M, Parainiuk M, Sporniak-Tutak K, Lichota D, Kosierkiewicz A, Kaczmarek W, Buczkowska-Radliska J. Response of human dental pulp capped with biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2013 Jun; 39(6):743-7.
14. Park JW, Hong SH, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Shin SJ. X-Ray difraction analysis of white ProRoot MTA and Diadent BioAggregate. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol
Endod. 2010;109:1558.
15. El Sayed MA, Saeed MH. In vitro comparative study of sealing ability of Diadent
BioAggregate and other root-end illing materials. J Conserv Dent. 2012 Jul-Sep; 15(3): 249252.
16. Guven EP, Tas PN, Yalvac ME, Soiev N, Kayahan MB, Sahin F. In vitro comparison of induction capacity and biomineralization ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and a
bioceramic root canal sealer. International Endodontic Journal, 46, 11731182, 2013.
17. Chang SW, Lee SY, Kum KY, Kim EC. Efects of ProRoot MTA, Bioaggregate, and
2017 23
Micromega MTA on Odontoblastic Diferentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod. 2014;40(1):113-118.
18. Yuan Z, Peng B, Jiang H, et al. Efect of bioaggregate on mineral-associated gene 19. expression in osteoblast cells. J Endod 2010;36:11458.
20. Yan P, Yuan Z, Jiang H, et al. Efect of bioaggregate on diferentiation of human peri- odontal ligament ibroblasts. Int Endod J 2010;43:111621.
21. Guven Y, Tuna EB, Dincol ME, Ozel E, Yilmaz B, Aktoren O. Long-Term Fracture
Resistance of Simulated Immature Teeth Filled with Various Calcium Silicate-Based
Materials. Biomed Res Int. 2016; 2016:2863817.
PROCEEDING 24
Review on bioceramic nanoiber using electrospinning method for dental application
N. Djustiana*, Y. Faza, A. Cahyanto
Department of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Electrospinning method has been widely explored as a useful method for making
ibers network. Electrospinning can produce nano size iber from various materials and provide opportunities for application in the various ields, especially in dentistry. Furthermore, this technique has been also extended to fabricate nanoibers made of bioceramics and composite materials.Bioceramics which are brittle material had been used as a iber in combination with a polymer to improve properties of that material. The objective of this
review is about the fabrication of bioceramic nanoibers with various compositions and properties by electrospinning process in the ield of dentistry. Although some articles had covered about nanoiber applications in dentistry, however, this review not only will explore particularly bioceramic nanoiber that recently research but also inform the potential of the material properties which used in dentistry.
Keywords:Electrospinning, Nanoibers, Bioceramic
INTRODUCTION
Bioceramics are ceramic materials which are employed to repair and reconstruction
of disease and damage part of the body and produced in a variety of forms and phase.
Bioceramics have several advantages such as bioinert, bioresorbable and bioactive based
on the properties of remaining unchanged, dissolving or actively taking part in a physiological
process. Calcium phosphates, silica glass, zirconia, alumina, titania, and pyrolytic carbons
were classiied as bioceramics materials1,2,3.Nowadays ceramics nanostructured are much more attractive to study then bulk
counterparts because nano size have been proven to have improved properties and
characteristic thus allowing for opportunities in various applications 4,5.
2017 25
Electrospinning constitute a unique technique that uses electrostatic forces to
produce ine ibers. Interestingly, electrospinningcan easily fabricate one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanoibers with diameters, compositions, and morphologies could be controlled5,6. Meanwhile, producing bioceramic nanoiber by electrospinning technique ofers challenges to the process and control of the orientation7.
Electrospinning is relatively inexpensive technique that able to produce nanoibers of polymers, composites, semiconductors and ceramics. The most common electrospun
material is polymer but the ceramic iber have also been electrospun with or without the addition of polymers 8,9. Ceramic nanoiber produced by electrospinning nanoparticle along polymer followed by calcination at higher temperatures to remove polymer residues also reported7.
Basic equipments for electrospinning consist of high-voltage power supply, aluminium
foil as collector, syringe pump and metallic needle/spinneret. Beginning with load the
solution into the syringe, viscous solution will be held in the end of syringe because its
surface tension. Once high electrostatic voltage is imposed than exceeds a critical value ,
the electrostatic force overcome the solution surface tension then distort into conical shape,
well-known taylor cone. Latter, a jet will be formed then undergoes a whipping motion
due to bending instability than quickly transformed into a solid iber as a result of solvent evaporation. Eventually, the iber will deposited on collector 5,10,11.
Structure and properties of nanoiber resulted from electrospinning are inluenced by applied voltage, spinneret-collector distance, polymer low rate, spinning environment, solution concentration, solution conductivity and volatility of solvent6. The challenging to
produce bioceramics nanoiber started from preparation of a suitable solution and controlling dispersion of the nanoparticle ceramic in the solution to achieved low acceptably viscosity
before electrospinning process9.
DISCUSSION
Bioceramic nanoiber properties and application in dentistryRecently, materials with one-dimensional nanoscale have attracted the attention of
researchers due to roles of dimensionality and size that enable development an optical,
electrical, and mechanical properties and alsohave sophisticated applications12. The
advantages of nanoiber compared regular and bulk iber are mechanical and thermal properties that marked diferences while its biological properties for medical application are largely determined by the materials properties itself and nature 6,7.
In dentistry, nanoiber have been potential and progreessed for many applications e.c regeneration of pulp dentin complex, guided tissue regeneration for periodontium,
caries prevention, modiication of resin composite, implant surface modiication, cartilage regeneration, drug delivery and repair wound and oral mucosa. Most of them use polymer
as main material electrospinning13. A brief discussion about bioceramic material on some of
the applications in dentistry include the properties of the material itself will be given in the
following section.
PROCEEDING 26
Calcium phosphate
Calcium phosphate classiied into -tricalcium phosphate, -tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (HAp) (Ca
10(PO
4)
6(OH)
2). The most widely
studied amongs them is hydroxyapatite because it is thermodynamically stable at
physiological pH and main mineral constituent of teeth and bone thus suitable for hard
tissue replacement implant. The irst bioceramic nanoiber were obtained by Wu et al,they produced hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6 (OH)2 (HAp) ibers by electrospinning precursor mixture of Ca(NO3)2 _ 4H2O, (C2H5O)3PO, and a polymer additive. Then they acquired pure
HAp nanoiber after calcination at 600C for 1 hour14,15. Electrospinning HAp nanoparticle and Polyvinyl alcohol had been conducted by Kim. et al, they gained HAp rod-like nanoiber which have unique physiochemical feature and promising to possess dentin regenerative
properties16. Further, composite HAp/Polycaprolactone/poly (lactid acid) nanoiber had been prepared for material scafold. It showed signiicantly higher cell proliferation of osteoblast-like cells. It concludes that this composite bioceramic nanoiber could enhance bone regeneration therefore it shows a tremendous prospect as scafold for bone tissue engineering17. Moreover,Titanium dental implants coated by poly( lactic-co-glycolic acid)
(PLGA) /collagen iber/hydroxyapatite nanoibers had been conducted and revealed much enhanced the adhesion of mesemchymal stem cells. It leads to increase the process of
osseointegration for the dental implant treatment18. On the other hand, Jose et al. tried to
improve the mechanical properties of composite PLGA/nano-HAp nanoiber for scafolds application 19. However, HAp positively inluences adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast but the mechanical properties of amorphous HAp have been reported to be unsuitable for
load-bearing applications thus it is commonly combined with natural polymer20,21.
Silica glass nanoiberSilica amorphous phases /glass is the most usually used inorganic iber for
reinforcement of dental composite. It has index refraction that greatly close to the dental
resin, equipping the composite with semitransparant surface. Silica glass nanoiber with diameter of about 400 nm is much excelled than traditional glass iber in tension and impact test. It is also raise the tensile strength, yougs modulus, and work of fracture by 12%, 33%,
and 52% respectively in comparison with epoxy resin22,23. Meanwhile, Gao et al. exhibited
improvement lexural strength and modulus as much as 44% and 29 % respectively while substitutions of traditional glass iller24.
Silica glass that incorporated in a group of surface reactive biocompatible ceramic
is named bioactive glass. It is developed at very irst time by Larry Hench and colleagues at the University of Florida in the late 1960s25. The irst electrospinning of bioactive glass is reported by Kim et al with variable diameter using a sol-gel precursor of the composition
70SiO225CaO5P2O5. It showed excellent bioactivity and osteogenic potential in
vitro by a bioactivity test and cellular response assay26. Furthermore, scafold bioactive glass nanoiber has been produced by mixing tetraethyl ortosilicate and calsium nitrate then undergo electrospinning process. Later, the nanoiber is calcinated to 600-700C to decomposed residual organic or inorganic group27. While extensively investigated for
2017 27
bone repair, bioactive glass is also researched for regeneration of soft tissue. It has shown
the ability to promote angiogenesis thus optimistically could be applied to healing the
soft tissue wounds28. Composite nanoiber made of biopolymer blend polycaprolactone-gelatin and nanoparticle bioactive glass was investigated to study the efects of materials toward odontogenic diferentiation on human dental pulp cells. The result concludesthat the composite is considered to be promising scafold for culture of human dental pulp cells and dental tissue engineering29.
Zirconia
Zirconia iber are an important category of advanced material for high strength reinforcement. There were many studies have been investigated for preparation of zirconia
iber using sol-gel spinning method and blowing spinnig but only zirconia iber 3-20 m is diameter have been prepared. Zhang and Edirisinghe did eletrospinning zirconia in instance,
iber from a suspension. The suspension containig zironia particle 5-10 nm and combined PEO and PEG and calcinated at 1200 C for 1 hour. Eventually,They gained zirconia
iber down to about 200nm with 150 nm size grain of zirconia were found 30. Zirconia, which is studied as an alternative material alumina, it possessed good biocompatibility as
ZrO2 implant then shiwed direct bone apposition as well1,31. On the other hand, Xu et al
produced zirconia-yttria (ZY), zirconia-silika (ZS) and zirconia-yttria-silica ( ZYS) nanoiber as reinforcing materials for dental composite2.
Alumina
Alumina (Al2O3) is a bioinert ceramic with the characteristics of high abrasion
resistance and chemical inertness. The biocompatibility of alumina has made it clinically
reliable for more than 30 years32. Alumina nanoiber has been produced and shown increase osteoblast adhesion compared another form nanosphere alumina and promising
as potensial material for dental application and bone tissue implant33. Alumina iber had been conducted using PVP and aluminium acetate as precursor. It resulted -alumina crystallite phase which is the the strongest, stifnest and the most stable then another phase. The diameter of the iber are found in the range of 100-500 nm by TEM study. -alumina crystalize phase had been conirmed at 1000C by XRD analysis 34,35. Moreover hao yu et al showed alumina nanoiber with diameter ranging 150-500 nm after calcining at 1200 C . Using TEM the resulting alumina iber were conirmed to be -alumina crystallite phase with crystallite size were approximately 10 nm 36.
Titania
Lim et al had successfully produced Immobilized TiO2 nanoiber by electrospinning of sol comprising PVP and TiP for implant application37. Later, Li et al. reported the
biocompatibility of BaTiO3 to have enhanced efects on the bioactivity of the nano-titania ceramics, which made the osteoblasts proliferate faster on the nano-titania ceramics in cell
culture experiments38. Silica-doped titania (SiO2/TiO2) was later reported to be biocompatible
PROCEEDING 28
with potential implant applications39. Antimicrobial activity of Zn-doped titania by Anna et al
showed the lowest concentration of Zn-doped titania nanoiber solution inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli40.
Carbon
Carbon exists in a variety of forms, including vitreous carbon and pyrolytic carbon.
Intrinsic brittleness and low tensile strength limit its use in major load bearing applications.
The key properties of pyrolytic carbon, such as biocompatibility, thrombo-resistant, good
durability, wear resistance and strength, has made it applicable in the ield of biomedical engineering41. Electrospun carbon nanotubes and nylon ibers have been successfully used to reinforce resin composites42.
CONCLUSION
There have been many researchs proved the application of nanotechnology could
greatly improve the mechanical and biological properties of materials. Electrospinning method
which can produce nano size iber gained popularity nowadays and provide opportunities for application in various ield especially in dentistry. Electrospinning is able to produce nanoiber from a various material, one of them is bioceramic. Bioceramic which have shown good biocompatibility with dental tissue were fabricated based on the need and application.
Bioceramic nanoiber has been used to reinforce the dental composite restoration. The mechanism is when the restoration under external pressure, it is susceptible to undergo
microcrack in the body of dental matrix. When the crack is coming, the gap between crack
planes bearing load constantly until bioceramic naniber are broken completely. So, the crack expansion is inhibited by the bioceramic nanoiber. Bioceramic nanoiber which are promising material not only to restore or replace the damage of the hard tissue such
as dentin, enamel and bone but also to heal wound of soft tissue like pulp and mucosal
tissue in scafold form. The mechanical response of scafold bioceramic nanoiber is the key for repair of loaded bone. The scafold should have mechanical properties approach the properties of the tissue to be replaced. Bioactive glass with compressive strength and
elastic modulus whice are comparable to human cortical bone, have potential application in
regeneration of load bearing bone. The mechanical properties of nanoiber depend on type of material, the microstructure and the fabrication method.
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