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CHAPTER

4

Introduction

Settlements refers to the process of grouping of people & acquiring of some territory to build houses & also for their economic support. It also refers to any form of human habitation which ranges from a single dwelling to a large city. Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Some basic diff erences between rural and urban areas in general:

The major diff erence between rural and urban areas is the function. Rural areas have predominantly primary activities, whereas urban areas have domination of secondary and tertiary activities. Generally, the rural areas have low density of population than urban.

Settlement HierarchyIsolate dwellings

Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the initial state of development of a settlement.An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it.

Hamlets

When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets. The grouping may be due to similar occupation patterns, religion, cultural factors etc. a hamlet has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) service.

Villages

When many hamlets combine they from a village. The reason for such grouping may be due to interdependencies of one hamlet on another, thus to form a self-suffi cient unit.

Towns

A town is a larger entity which is more self- suffi cient and has a stronger economic base.

Cities

Where large concentration of people exists, multiple economic activities exist.

Metropolis

A metropolis is a large city, with a population of at least one million living in its urban agglomeration.

Megalopolis

An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of continuous metropolitan areas.

HUMAN SETTLEMENT

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Rural Settlements

Geographers have suggested various schemes of classifi cation, which can broadly be grouped under four categories:

Compact/Clustered Settlements:

These settlements have closely built up area.

Therefore in such settlements all the dwellings are concentrated in one central sites and these inhabited

area is distinct and separated from the farms and pastures.Maximum settlements of our country comes under this category. They are spread over almost every

part of the country.

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Semi- Compact/Semi-Clustered Settlement:

The dwellings or houses are not well-knitted.

Such settlements are characterized by a small but compact nuclear around which hamlets are dispersed.

It covers more area than the compact settlements. These settlements are found both in plains and plateaus depending upon the environmental conditions

prevailing in that area.

Hamleted Settlements:

These types of settlements are fragmented into several small units.

The main settlement does not have much infl uence on the other units.

Very often the original site is not easily distinguishable and these hamlets are often spread over the

area with intervening fi elds. This segregation is often infl uenced by social and ethnic factors.

Dispersed Settlements:

This is also known as isolated settlements. Here the settlement is characterized by units of small size which may consist of a single house to a

small group of houses. It varies from two to seven huts. Therefore, in this type, hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any specific

pattern.

Rural Settlement PatternsPattern refers to geometrical form and shape of the settlement and different settlements have different types of pattern depending on the site and historical background of the settlement. The pattern of a settlement provides a picture of its shape and a distinct pattern gets its name i.e. linear elongated, square. etc. Pattern also refers to two dimensional geometrical arrangement of rural settlements in an area. Sometimes a rural settlement may not depict any geometrical shape and the pattern may be termed as non-geometrical. Thus, two patterns — geometrical and non-aeometrical— are easily discernible on a large scale map or an airphoto of the concerned area.

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Morphology of Rural SettlementsMorphology of rural settlements is concerned with their internal and external structure and identifi cation, classifi cation, regionalisation and analysation of its components. Thus rural morphology tries to fi nd answers to meaningful basic questions like what is, where and why? Carl Sauer opines that rural morphology is based on three postulates viz. (i) organic or quasi-organic, (ii) functional equivalent and (iii) agglomeration and placement of structural elements. Thus, rural morphology deals with the study of built up area consisting of houses and streets etc. and the open land surrounding the built up area where agriculture or some other primary activity is carried on. The famous settlement geographer C.A. Doxiadis has suggested four main parts of a rural settlements:

Homogenous part, agricultural fi elds etc.

Central part, built up area or Basti.

Circulatory part, roads, streets, footpaths, etc.

Special part, school, temples mosque, church, panchayat-ghar, cultural place, etc.

The built-up area consists of houses, bazars (shops), streets, roads, schools, ‘religious places, cultural places, panchayat-ghar, etc. Almost all the rural settlements have built-up area at the centre which is surrounded by agricultural land or grazing land. These two types of area are connected to each other by Chak-roads, footpaths, etc. Normally the nucleus of the settlement is located on a higher site which is occupied by the fi rst settlers (normally people belonging to upper castes or landlords locally known as Zamindars). Once the nucleus is properly inhabited, the village starts expanding around this nucleus with the passage of time.

Urban Settlements

Unlike rural settlements, urban settlements are generally compact and larger in size. They are engaged

in a variety of non-agricultural, economic and administrative functions. As mentioned earlier, cities are functionally linked to rural areas around them. Thus, exchange of goods and services is performed sometimes directly and sometimes through a series of

market towns and cities. Thus, cities are connected directly as well as indirectly with the villages and also with each other.

Sub-Urbanisation: It is a new trend of people moving away from congested urban areas to cleaner areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living. Important suburbs develop around major cities and everyday thousands of people commute from their homes in the sub urbs to their work places in the city.

The defi nition of urban areas has been refi ned in

2011 according to which urban areas are comprised of two types of administrative units—Statutory Towns and Census Towns.

Statutory Towns : All administrative units that have been defi ned by statute as urban like Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Cantonment Board, Notifi ed Town Area Committee, Town Panchayat, Nagar Palika etc., are known as Statutory Towns. Census Towns. : Administrative units satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are treated as Census Towns as mentioned below:

A minimum population of 5000; At least 75 percent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural sector; and

Classifi cation of urban settlement

Class Population

Class I 1,00,000 and above

Class II 50,000-99,999

Class III 20,000-49,999

Class IV 10,000-19,999

Class V 5,000-9,999

Class VI less than 5,000

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A density of population of at least 4,000 persons per square kilometer.

City : Towns with population of 1,00,000 and above are categorised as cities.

Out Growth : An Out Growth (OG) is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifi able in terms of its boundaries and location. Some of the examples are railway colony, university campus, port area, military camp, etc.

Metropolitan Cities. Cities with population of one million and over are known as metropolitan cities. The main activities in these cities are industries, trade, commerce, transport, cultural and political. The number of metropolitan cities increased from 12 in 1981 to 53 in 2011.

Mega Cities. Cities with population of 5 million and above are known as mega cities, according to Census of India. But United Nations considers mega cities as those that have a population of 10 million and above. In India, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi are examples of mega cities.

Conurbation. This term was coined by Patrick Geddes. It comes into being by coalescence of urban settlements which were separated by open space in the past. The coalescence usually occurs through Ribbon Development along the main inter-urban transport routes. Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are good examples of conurbations in India.

Megalopolis. It is a Greek word which is derived by combining two terms ‘great’ and ‘city’. It is just like conurbation and is formed when a large city of Boston to sprawls and brings into its fold, the smaller adjacent towns and cities. This term was fi rst used by Gottman in 1964 to describe the urban scene of the north-eastern board of the U.S.A. He identifi ed a large conurbation like mass of linked built-up areas (and yet containing much more open land) extending Cities. The over 960 km (600 miles) from north of Boston to Norfolk in Virginia.

Number of UAs/Towns and Out Growth (OGs)

Type of Towns/U As/OGsNumber of Towns

2011 Census 2001 Census

1. Statutory Towns 4,041 3,799

2. CensusTowns 3,892 1362

3. Urban Agglomerations 474 384

4. Out Growths 981 962

India - Class-wise number of towns and cities and their population 2011

Class Population Size Number of Cities Total Urban Population

% of Total Urban Population

I 1,00,000 and more 468 2,27,899 60.45

II 50,000 - 99,999 474 41,328 10.96

III 20,000 - 49,999 1,373 58,174 15.43

IV 10,000 - 19,999 1,683 31,866 8.45

V 5,000-9,999 1,749 15,883 4.21

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VI Len than 5,000 424 1,956 0.51

Source: Census of India -2011. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India

Urbanisation in India

The process of society’s transformation from a pre-dominantly rural to a predominantly urban population

is known as ‘urbanisation. It includes two things— an increase in the number of people living in urban settlements, and an increase in the percentage of the population engaged in non-agricultural activities, living in such places.

Trends in urbanistion in India from 1901 to 2011 : Number of towns/urban agglomerations increased by more than four times from 1,915 in 1901 to 7,935 in 2011. There was steady increase in number of towns till 1951, but due to more rigorous tests applied in

1961 to determine whether a place qualifi ed to be treated as a town or not, many urban places were declassifi ed and hence, the number of towns declined from 3,035 in 1951 to 2,657 in 1961.Since the 1961 census, however, the urban population and number of towns/urban agglomerations

had increased steadily. There has been more than three times growth in urban population in four decades which increased from 109.11 million in 1971 to 377.11 million in 2011.

Three distinct phases of urban growth in India :

Period of Slow Urban Growth (before 1931). The period of 50 years extending from the fi rst complete census in 1881 to 1931 is considered as the period low urban growth in India. In 1881, only 9.3 per cent of India’s population was living in urban areas which slowly increased to 11.99 per cent in 1931. Thus, the growth rate during the fi rst fi fty years of census increased only by 2.69 per cent which is negligibly small as compared to the later increase in growth rates. This slow rate of urban growth is attributed to a large number of factors, but natural disasters like droughts, fl oods, famines, epidemics had been the major causes. These factors led to high mortality rate and retardation of urban growth.

India - Trends of Urbanisation 1901-2011

Year Number of Towns Urban Population(in Thousands) % of Total Population Decennial Growth (%)

1901 1,827 25,851.9 10.84 —

1911 1,815 25,941.6 10.29 0.35

1921 1,949 28,086.2 11.18 8.27

1931 2,072 33,456.0 11.99 19.12

1941 2,250 44,153.3 13.86 31.97

1951 2,843 62,443.7 17.29 41.42

1961 2,365 78,936.6 17.97 26.41

1971 2,590 1,09,114 19.91 38.23

1981 3,378 1,59,463 23.34 46.14

1901 4,689 2,17,611 25.71 36.47

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2001 5,161 2,85.355 27.78 31.13

2011 6,171 3,77.000 31.16 31.08

Source Census of India, 2011 http.//www.censusindia.gov.in (Provisional)

Period of Medium Growth Rate (1931-61) : This period is termed as period of medium growth. There was more than two-fold increase in urban population from 33.46 million in 1931 to 78.94 million in 1961 and the percentage of urban population to total population also increased from 11.99 to 17.97 during the same period. This was because of major thrust given by the Government of India and many industrial towns and state capital towns came up immediately after Independence. World War II (1939-45) and partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 gave a major thrust to urbanisation in India. Several new towns were set-up to accommodate displaced persons from Pakistan. As a result of declassifi cation of several towns in 1961, the number of towns fell from 3035 in 1951 to 2657 in 1961. Therefore, 1951-61 is termed as inactive decade from urbanization points of view.Period of Rapid Growth (1961-2011) : During this period, India witnessed rapid growth in urbanisation and urban centres. The urban population saw more than four- old increase from 78.94 million in 1961 to 377.1 I million in 2011 and the percentage of urban Population also shot up from 17.67 in 1961 to 31.16 m 2011.

Concept of Smart Cities

90% of the world’s urban population growth will take place in developing countries, with Indian taking a

signifi cant share of that. Urban areas also contribute a higher share of the GDP. The share of the GDP from urban areas in India has been growing.While the urban population is currently around 31% of the total population, it contributes over 60%, of

India’s GDP. It is projected that urban India will contribute nearly 75% of the national GDP in the next 15 years. It is for this reason that cities are referred to as the “engines of economic growth” and ensuring that they function as effi cient engines is critical to our economic development.This trend of urbanization that is seen in India over the last few decades will continue for some more time.

The global experience is that a country’s urbanization upto a 30% level is relatively slow but the pace of urbanization speeds up thereafter, till it reaches about 60-65%. With an urban population of 31%, India is at a point of transition where the pace of urbanization will speed up.

What is a smart city?Smart Cities are those that are able to attract investments. Good infrastructure, simple and transparent online

processes that make: it easy ‘to establish an enterprise and run it effi ciently are important features of an investor friendly city. Without this a city loses attraction as an investment destination. An investor is considered as someone who helps a city rather than someone who only profi ts from it.

Pillars of a Smart CityEssentially, its Institutional Infrastructure (including Governance), Physical Infrastructure and Social

Infrastructure constitute the three pillars on which a city rests; the center of attention for each of these pillars is the citizen. In other words, a Smart City works towards ensuring the best for its entire people, regardless of social status, age,” income levels, gender, etc.

Institutional Infrastructure: Institutional Infrastructure refers to the activities that relate to the planning and management systems in a city. The new technology has provided a new dimension

73

to this system making it effi cient and transparent. It includes the systems of governance the sense safety and security, the opportunities for entertainment and ions, the open spaces and parks that are available. Physical Infrastructure : Physical infrastructure refers to its stock of physical infrastructure such as the urban mobility system, the housing stock, the energy system, the water supply system, sewerage system, sanitation facilities, (solid waste management system, drainage system, etc.) which are all integrated through the use of technology.Social Infrastructure: Social Infrastructure relates to those that work towards developing the human and social capital, such as the educational, healthcare, entertainment; etc systems. It would include the following:

Education: The city should have good quality educational facilities both for schooling and higher education. Healthcare: High quality healthcare facilities are important factors in making a city livable and attractive for people and businesses.Entertainment: Good entertainment facilities make the people in a city happy. Good sports facilities, cultural centers, open spaces and plazas allow opportunities for recreation, so important for healthy and happy living.

Smart City Mission

There is no universally accepted defi nition of a smart city and it may mean diff erent things to diff erent

people. The concept of smart city can vary from people to people, city to city and country to country. The smart city mission of Government of India focuses on promoting the cities that provide core

institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure; give their dwellers a decent quality of life; sustainable environment and smart solution.Ministry/Department : Ministry of Urban Development (in collaboration of states)Objective: To develop 100 cities all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainableSchemes:

Smart cities to be selected through City Challenge Competition

These cities to be developed as satellite towns of larger cities and by modernizing the existing mid-

sized cities.Eight critical pillars of India’s Smart City Program are:

Smart Governance Smart Energy Smart Environment Smart Transportation Smart IT & Communications Smart Buildings Smart Health Hospitals Smart Education

The 100 potential smart cities were nominated by all the states

4 approaches are adopted for development of Smart Cities:

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Retrofi tting i.e. city improvement: Introduce planning in an existing built-up area to achieve smart

city objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more effi cient and liveable. In retrofi tting, an area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identifi ed by the city in consultation with citizens.

Redevelopment i.e. city renewal: Replacement of the existing built-up environment and enable co-

creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and increased density. Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identifi ed by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens.

Greenfi eld development : Introduce most of the Smart Solutions in a previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using innovative planning, plan fi nancing and plan implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for aff ordable housing, especially for the poor. Ex. GIFT City

Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide

infrastructure.

UN HabitatIt is a UN agency responsible for sustainable urban development and human settlements. It is an intergovernmental body established in 1978. Headquartered in UN Offi ce at Nairobi, Kenya. It is also a member of United Nation Development Programme (UNDP).

It promotes socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with the goal of providing adequate

shelter for all. UN-Habitat works in more than 70 countries in fi ve continents focusing on seven areas: Urban Legislation, Land and Governance; Urban Planning and Design; Urban Economy; Urban Basic Services; Housing and Slum Upgrading; Risk Reduction and Rehabilitation; Urban Research and Capacity Development

India has been unanimously elected as President of UN-Habitat

Spatial patterns of urbanisation in India

Stat

e U

T/co

de

Indi

an/S

tate

/

Uni

on*

Terr

itory Population 2011

% share of Total

Population 2011

% Decadal Growth 2001-2011

Total Rural Urban Rural Rural Urban

INDIA 1,210,193,422 833,087,667 377,105,760 68.84 31.16 17.64 12.18 31.80

01 Jammu & Kashmir 12,548,926 9,134,820 3,414,106 72.79 27.21 23.71 19.77 35.66

02 Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 6,167,805 688,704 89.96 10.04 12.81 12.50 15.64

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03 Punjab 27,704,236 17,316,800 10,387,436 62.51 37.49 13.73 7.58 25.72

04 Chandigarh 1,054,686 29,004 1,025,682 2.75 97.25 17.10 -68.51 26.86

05 Uttarakhand 10,116,752 7,025,583 3,091,169 69.45 30.55 19.17 11.34 41.86

06 Haryana 25,353,081 16,531,493 8,821,588 65.21 34.79 19.90 10.00 44.25

07 NCT of Delhi 16,753,235 419.319 16,333,916 2.50 97.50 20.96 -55.61 26.56

08 Rajasthan 68,621,012 51,540,236 17,080,776 75.11 24.89 21.44 19.05 29.26

09 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 155,111,022 44,470,455 77.72 22.28 20.09 17.81 28.75

10 Bihar 103,804,637 92,075,028 11,729,609 88.70 11.30 25.07 23.90 35.11

11 Sikkim 607,688 455,962 151,726 75.03 24.97 12.36 -5.20 153.43

12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 1,069,165 313,446 77.33 22.67 25.92 22.88 37.55

13 Nagaland 1,980,602 1,406,861 573,741 71.03 28.97 -0.47 -14.59 67.38

14 Manipur 2,721,756 1,899,624 822,132 69.79 30.21 18.65 10.58 42.74

15 Mizoram 1,091,014 529,037 561,977 48.49 51.51 22.78 18.20 27.43

16 Tripura 3,671,032 2,710,051 950,981 73.82 26.18 14.75 2.13 76.08

17 Meghalaya 2,964,007 2,368,971 595,036 79.92 20.08 27.82 27.04 31.03

18 Assam 31,169,272 26,780,516 4,388,756 85.92 14.08 16.93 15.35 27.61

19 West Bengal 91,347,736 62,213,676 29,134,060 68.11 31.89 13.93 7.73 29.90

20 Odisha 41,947,358 34,951,234 6,996,124 83,32 16.68 13.97 11.71 26.80

21 Odisha 41,947,358 34,951,234 6,996,124 83,32 16.68 13.97 11.71 26.80

22 Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 19,603,658 5,936,538 76.76 23.24 22.59 17.75 41.83

23 Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 52,537,899 20,059,666 72.37 27.63 20.30 18.38 25.63

24 Gujarat 60,383,628 34,670,817 25,712,811 57.42 42.58 19.17 9.23 35.83

25 Daman & Diu 242,911 60,311 182,580 24.84 75.16 53.54 -40.18 218.37

26 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 342,853 183,024 159,829 53.38 46.62 55.50 7.64 216.73

27 Maharashtra 112,372,972 61,545,441 50,827,531 54.77 45.23 15.99 10.34 23.67

28 Andhra Pradesh 84,665,553 56,311,788 28,353,745 66.51 33.49 11.10 1.64 36.26

29 Karnataka 61,130,704 37,552,529 23,578,175 61.43 38.57 15.67 7.63 31.27

30 Goa 1,457,723 551,414 906,309 37.83 62.17 8.17 -18.56 35.15

31 Lakshadweep 64,429 14,121 50,308 21,92 78.08 6.23 -58.08 86.55

32 Kerala 33,387,677 17,455,506 15,932,171 52.28 47.72 4.86 -25.96 92.72

33 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 37,189,229 34,949,729 51.55 48.45 15.60 6.49 27.16

34 Puducherry 1,244,464 394,341 850,123 31.69 68.31 27.72 21.07 31.07

35Andaman & Nicobar Islands

379,944 244,411 135,533 64.33 35.67 6.68 1.86 16.64

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Unsustainable urban growth

The problems of unplanned urbanization and unsustainable urban growth in India was discussed in the

World Economic Forum. The UN Department of Economic and Social Aff airs (UN DESA) predicts that future increases in the world’s urban population will be concentrated in just a few countries.India, China and Nigeria are together expected to account for 35% of the projected growth in

the world’s urban population until 2050; of these three, the absolute growth in urban population is projected to be the highest in India.In terms of sheer numbers, the largest urban transformation of the 21

st century is thus happening in India, and the Indian real estate and infrastructure industry is a key contributor to this growth.

Future development scenario in IndiaIndia’s real estate sector is expected to contribute 13% to the country’s GDP by 2025 and reach a market

size of $1 trillion by 2030.However, the environmental footprint of the Indian real estate industry is also mounting. Buildings in India

account for 40% energy use, 30% raw material use, 20% water use and 20% land use; they also generate 30% of solid waste and 20% of water effl uents.The sector is responsible for 24% of India’s annual CO 2 emissions, contributing to global warming and poor air quality. It is therefore critical that India adopts a holistic and sustainable approach to real estate development.

India’s urbanization scenarioMany of India’s metropolises and cities contend with unsustainable levels of stress on infrastructure,

resources and public services. To achieve sustainable growth, these cities will have to become more livable and safe with clean air;

adequate infrastructure; reliable utilities; and opportunities for learning and employment.The solution lies in inclusive urbanization processes that prioritize quality of life for all, focusing especially

on the needs of vulnerable urban groups for employment, housing, sanitation, healthcare and education. Most importantly, planning must incorporate long-term resource sensitivity and community involvement

at every step, while benchmarking smart and measurable outcomes for all stakeholders.

India intends to set benchmark for urban developmentIndia is currently at a unique tipping point in its journey of urban development, with 300 million new urban residents projected by the same year.A plurality of cultures, languages, climate zones and landscapes, combined with the Indian government’s

eff orts towards citizen-focused urban development, means that India is poised to establish unique global benchmarks in sustainable urbanization, which can be used for reference in future.

India’s policy formulation and its commitment for development along with achieving SDGs (Sustainable Development goals)

Renewable energy: India registered a growth of approximately ~67% in wind power production in the last four years and also recorded its biggest ever solar power capacity addition of 5525.98 MW in 2017-18.

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Policy-driven urban rejuvenation: India has aimed to solve its urban problems with visionary schemes such as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), 100 Smart Cities Mission, Housing for All (PMAY) and Swachh Bharat Mission. These initiatives seek to ensure that urban progress is accessible to all and quality of life is enhanced.Urban Transport: At the national level, policies such as the National Urban Transport Policy & the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 seek to provide safe, aff ordable, quick and sustainable access; and achieve fuel security and leadership in electric mobility.

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