prenatal development. female reproductive organs
TRANSCRIPT
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Prenatal Development
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Female Reproductive Organs
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Conception
Every 28 days, an ovum, lasts 24 hoursMillions of sperm, viable for up to 6 daysConception in the fallopian tube
Tubal pregnancy
Conceptions most likely: on day of ovulation or the two days preceding ovulation
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Conception
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The Period of the Zygote or the Germinal Stage
First Two weeks following conceptionFrom fallopian tubes to attachment to
the uterine wallBlastocyst, 60-70 cells, 4th day
Embryonic disk (organism)Outer Ring (umbilical cord & placenta)
Implantation between days 7 & 9
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Zygote Period Continued
Amnion Membrane, amniotic fluidYolk sack produces blood cellsChorion MembranePlacenta - Food, oxygen, wasteUmbilical cord30% of zygotes do NOT survive
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The Period of the Embryo
From 2nd week through 2nd monthVery rapid prenatal developmentEmbryonic disk folds into three layers
Ectoderm - Nervous system (fast develop.) & skinMesoderm - skeleton, muscles, circulationEndoderm - Digestion, lungs, urinary tract
5.5 Weeks 9 Weeks
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Embryonic Period Cont.
Many body parts develop the 2nd monthFingers, toes, facial features, nervous system cells
fire, teeth buds have formed
Embryo’s posture becomes uprightThe embryo can moveThe embryo responds to touch (mouth & feet)
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11 Week Fetus
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The Period of the Fetus
Growth and finishingThird month
Organs, muscles & nervous system organize and connect
External genitals – visible with ultrasoundEnd of first trimester
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Second Trimester
13-24 weeks - first movement feltVernix covers fetus, prevents chappingLanugo hold vernix to skinTrillions of brain neurons produced
Stimulated by sound and light
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Third TrimesterAge of viability - 22 to 26 weeksCerebral cortex enlarges
Responsive to external stimulation
Fat layer develops for temp. reg.Moves to the upside-down positionFetus moves less
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Teratogens
Environmental influences or agents that can damage the developing organism
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Influence of Teratogens
Larger doses, over time, more negative
Genetics can help or hinder teratogens
Several negative factors increase impact
Sensitive periods especially important
Embryonic period most susceptible
Physical and psychological effects
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DrugsThalidomide –
sedative - 1960’s
Aspirin - low birth weight, infant deathPoor motor develop., lower IQ
Heavy caffeine use - miscarriagePremature births, irritability
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Illegal Drugs
Cocaine, heroin, methadonePrematurity, low birth weightPhysical defects, breathing problems,Drug addiction & death
Cocaine - lasting difficultiesGenital, urinary tract, kidney, heart deformitiesBrain seizures
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Crack babies
Lowest birth weightCentral nervous system damageFathers on cocaine may pass it on
Multiple harmful effects of more than one drug
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Tobacco use
Low birth weight and premature birthsImpaired breathingMiscarriage & infant deathPlacenta doesn’t work correctlyGreater concentration of carbon monoxidePassive smoking also injurious
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Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)Large amounts of alcohol, whole pregnancyMental retardationSlow physical growthFacial abnormalities
Alcohol interferes with cell duplicationEspecially neural cells
Draws oxygen away from organism
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Hormones
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1945-70Vaginal cancerMalformation of the uterusMiscarriage, low birth weightIn males, genital abnormalities, cancer
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Radiation
Hiroshima & NagasakiMiscarriage, slow physical growthUnderdeveloped brainsMalformation of skeleton & eyes
X-Rays - avoid during pregnancy
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Environmental Pollutants
100,000 in common useMercury
Mental retardation, speech problemsDifficulty chewing & swallowingUncoordinated movements
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)Lower birth weight, smaller headsPoor memory, lower verbal IQ
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Maternal Disease
Viruses - Most not harmfulRubella
Heart defects, cataracts, deafnessGenital, urinary & intestinal problems
HIV & AIDS20-30% Mothers pass to infantsFast growth in infantsMost survive 5 to 8 months
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Maternal Disease Cont.
Herpes virusesBabies infected during pregnancy
or at birth
Bacterial & Parasitic DiseasesToxoplasmosis from meat or cats40% transmission Eye & brain damage
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Positive Health Activities
Moderate, low impact exerciseHealthy diet - vitamin supplements
Malnutrition causes problemsWIC Program
Low stressIntense anxiety >> miscarriage, premature
birth, low birth weight, respiratory illness,Cleft palate & Pyloric stenosis
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Rh Factor
Mother Rh -, father Rh+, Child Rh+Antibodies against foreign Rh proteinRhoGam within 72 hours
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Prenatal Health Care
Every month of pregnancy visit MD2X/Month for the last two months
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Watch For . . .
Diabetes complicationsToxemia
Get vaccinations before becoming pregnant
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Prenatal Courses
Information: Birth & ParentingExercisesSupport