prepared by gary steffy lighting design, inc. ann arbor ... · mr. steffy is president of gary...

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Lighting Efficiency Improvement ProgramPhase 1: Commercial BuildingsFive Year Plan

Prepared byGary Steffy Lighting Design, Inc.

Ann Arbor, Michigan USA

Preparedfor

ENERCON

Energy Sector Management National Energy ConservationAssistance Programme Center of Pakistan

Joint UNDP/ World Bank IslamabadWashington, D.C Pakistan

U.S.A.

October 9, 1994

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Phase l: Commercial Buildings page iii

Abstract2 Commercial buildings (offices, institutional facilities, retail facilities,

hospitals, and the like) consume about 5% of the electricity generated4 in Pakistan, which is about 1.6 billion kilowatt-hours (or 1,600 gigawatt-

hours) of energy per year.' It is estimated that lighting in commerciale buildings constitutes 30% of the electrical consumption in these

buildings.2 Consequently, commercial lighting accounts for about 11 2%

8 or so of the nation's electricity use. Improving lighting systemefficiencies by up to 50%, which appears quite plausible, will result in

10 saving up to 3/4% of the nation's electricity use.Implementing a Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program for

12 commercial buildings on a national scale as outlined herein appears tobe both economically viable and environmentally appropriate. While

14 some seed money is necessary for the development of a small programinfrastructure, much of the actual hardware and installation costs are

16 anticipated to be bome by businesses. Since recovery periods can beless than three years - and approaching eighteen months in some

iB instances - if appropriate tariff relief is forthcoming on reliable energy-efficient lighting technologies, then businesses are more likely to

20 voluntarily implement lighting efficiency improvements. Further, theuse of reliable energy-efficient lighting technologies are likely to offer

22 significant increases in potential worker productivity. Another benefitwhich is likely to be attractive to businesses.

24 This report outlines the anticipated mechanics and costs related toinitial implementation of a Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program.

IReport of the Working Group on Energy for the Eighth Five-Year Plan,' by the EnergyWing of Pakistan Ministry of Planning and Development, 1993.

2 Gary Steffy Ughting Design estimates based on State Life Insurance Company Building 9,Karachi. See LEIP Case Studv: State Life Insurance Company Building 9,Karachi. July 27,1994.

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Phase l: Commercial Buildings page v

Contents2 Abstract iii

Preface vii4 Executive Summary ix

Phase 1: Commercial Buildings 16 Program Components 2

Demonstration Program: Lighting Efficiency Case Study (LECS) 3aJ Specific Retrofit Demonstration 3

Additional Retrofit Demonstrations 6so New Constuction Demonstrations 8

Training Programs: Lighting Efficiency Network (LEN) 1u12 ENERCON Lighting Program Staff Training 11

Practicing Professionals' and Educators' Training 1314 Electrical Contractors' Training Program 15

Maintenance Engineers', Facilities Managers' and Distributors' Training Program 17

Lighting Design Guidelines 18Lighting Equipment Standards and Testing (LEST) 21

l8 Lighting Hardware Availability: Efficient Lighting Off-the-shelf(ELOTS) 24

!O Lighting Efficiency Advisory Service (LEAS) 26Lighting Efficiency Audit/Design Services 26

'2 Purchasing Efficient Lighting Equipment 27Installing Efficient Lighting Equipment 27

'4 Lighting Application Center (LAC) 28LEIP Promotion 29

'6 ENERCON Professional Development Program 32Related General Issues 33ENERCON LEIP Staff Plan 35Summary 35

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Page vi Phase 1: Commercal Buildings

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Phase 1: Commercial Buildings page lii

Preface2 This Plan was formalized at the request of Pakistan ENERCON, and is

based on an outline and material provided by ENERCON. Mr. Gul4 Najam Jamy, Deputy Chief, ENERCON, ENERCON Building, G-5/2,

Islamabad, Pakistan, provided much of the outlined concepts in thee Plan, and was most helpful in establishing appropriate contacts and in

securing information necessary to formalize this Plan. Additionally, Mr.8 Jamy provided invaluable editorial and technical review guidance. Mr.

Jamy may be reached by voice at (051) 815120 and by fax at (051)so 222321.

Funding for this formalized Plan was provided by the ESMAP12 Operations Division of The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W.,

Washington, D.C. 20433, USA. Project director, Mr. Amarquaye14 Armar, may be reached by voice at (202) 473-1037 or (202) 477-1234;

and by fax at (202) 477-0542.i8 Mr. Gary R. Steffy was the principal author of this specific document.

Mr. Steffy is a Fellow of the Intemational Association of Lighting18 Designers (IALD); a member of the Illuminating Engineering Society of

North America (IESNA); and a member of the International Commission20 on Illumination (CIE). Mr. Steffy is President of Gary Steffy Lighting

Design Inc. at 2900 South State Street, Suite 12, Ann Arbor, Michigan72 48104, USA. Mr. Steffy may be reached by voice at (313) 747-6630 or

(800) 537-1230; and by fax at (313) 747-6629.24 Special credit is given Mr. Gul Najam Jamy for his profound

commitment to this program and its goals; and to Mr. Arif Alauddin,26 ENERCON's Managing Director at the time of this Plan's initial

development, for his support and his keen ability to pull together a team28 of driven, visionary, building-systems experts. Additionally, the many

wonderful people introduced to the author by Jamy, including Aslam30 Raza and Abdul Majid Khan both of State Life Insurance Corporation of

Pakistan; Suleman Elahi of Packages Limited; Syed Ather 0. Bukhari32 of Philips; Mohammad Nadeem Aslam of CTE; S. Sibte Ahmed Jafr of

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page viii Phase I: Commercial Buildings

Jafri and Associates Consulting Engineers; Zahir-Ud Deen Khwaja of2 IAP; Rehan Ul Ambia Riaz of FMCL (FTC Management Company Ltd);

Misbah Najmi of Misbah Najmi and Associates; Syed Mohummed A.4 Aamir of SEM Consulting Engineers; Ahmad Pervez Mirza of AIP; Jamil

Ahmad Choudhry of NPSL; and Rohinton B. Irani of PSO.

6 *Excluding the cover stock, the original printing of this document is on recycled paper.

Project Number 13292111794e Document Number: L09019211R100294.001

Date of Last Printing: October 9, 1994

Phase 1: Commercial Buildings page ix

Executive Summary2 Commercial buildings (offices, institutional facilities, retail facilities,

hospitals, and the like) consume about 5% of the electricity generated4 in Pakistan, which is about 1.6 billion kilowatt-hours (or 1,600 gigawatt-

hours) of energy per year. It is estimated that lighting in commerciale buildings constitutes 30% of the electrical consumption in these

buildings. Consequently, commercial lighting accounts for about 1 2%

8 or so of the nation's electricity use. Improving lighting systemefficiencies by up to 50%, which appears quite plausible, will result in

to saving up to %% of the nation's electricity use.Constructing new power plants is extraordinarily expensive, time-

12 consuming, and environment-threatening. There exists significantopportunity in Pakistan to slash electric lighting loads in commercial

4 buildings by 50%, resulting in as much as 240 gigawatt-hours savedannually. Or, resulting in Rs 750,000,000. (US$24,000,000.) saved

B annually in electricity costs for lighting, not to mention the demandcharge savings due to improved power factor and the cooling load

a savings.Conserving electricity used for lighting in commercial buildings is an

0 economically viable proposition. A voluntary program should succeedon the basis of relatively short recoveries, if import tariffs on energy

2 efficient lighting products are lifted. The benefits to the environmentare incalculable. Lessons leamed by electric utilities around the world

4 on demand-side management provide a wonderful opportunity toPakistan.

For a five-year period the costs to implement and sustain aneffective Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program for CommercialBuildings are likely to be Rs 92,000,000. (Local Costs of Rs57,000,000. and Foreign Costs of Rs 34,650,000. based on Rs 31.50 toUS$ 1.00). Portions of the program can provide cost recovery.

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page x Phase 1: Commercial Buildings

The Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program for Commercial Buildings2 in Pakistan requires the following elements:

vDemonstration Program: Lighting Efficiency.Case Study (LECS)A A demonstration program would serve to introduce the concept of

efficient lighting as an economically viable and environmentallyo friendly method of generating additional electrical capacity - by

saving electricity now used in lighting of commercial buildings. Ademonstration program should include at a minimum two retrofitdemonstrations and two new-construction demonstrations.

10 VTraining Programs: Lighting Efficiency Network (LEN)Auditing existing facilities, designing with improved-efficiency lighting

12 products, specifying these products, installing, servicing, anddisposing of these products are all professional or trades' skills

14 which must be taught to the respective professionals andtradespeople. Only those lighting systems designed by architects

.e and/or engineers certified to be in the LEN should qualify forrecognition by ENERCON and for financing strategies which may be

la available as part of the ELOTS Program (see below).VLighting Design Guidelines

20 An advisory council will be established to guide and review theENERCON-developed lighting design guidelines. These guidelines

22 should be based on a variety of global guidelines (e.g., CSA, CIBSE,DIN, IESNA, CIE, ISO), but targeted for the Pakistani culture and

24 market.VLighting Equipment Standards and Testing (LEST)

2X Lighting hardware and equipment standards aind testing proceduresmust be well-established if consistent manufacture and/or import of

a reliable, energy efficient lighting products is expected. Onlyequipment which meets such standards shoul,d be specifiedlinstalled

Xo by the LEN members.VLighting Hardware Availability: Efficient Lighting Off-the-shelf

32 (ELOTS)If reliable, energy-efficient lighting is to be spenified and purchased,

wENERON

Phase 1: Commercial Buildings page xi

it must be readily available. A program should be in place to assure2 product availability with little or no wait-time. To ensure such occurs,

a program of export credits via commercial lines of credit should be4 available to finance wholesalers' inventories and/or commercial

installations using state-of-the-art efficient lighting hardware.a VLighting Efficiency Advisory Service (LEAS)

While the economics of energy efficient lighting allow for relativelya short recovery periods (two to four years), there is likely to be a need

for assisting building owners/users in developing appropriate energy10 efficient lighting solutions. A program which includes published

and/or online directories of designers, architects, engineers12 taking/passing the certification programs under the auspices of

ENERCON; directories of products meeting the ENERCON LEST;14 and directories of suppliers handling these energy efficient products

are just a few services which can help create and sustain programIs interest and involvement.

VLighting Application Centers (LAC)Several regional facilities should be available for the review ofvarious lighting technologies, as well as for the mockup of variousenergy efficient lighting solutions. This will enablearchitects/engineers to experiment and finalize efficient designs, and

22 at the same time enable building owners to experience and seeactual energy efficient solutions in place. This facilitates the

M4 decision process - to implement energy efficient lighting solutions.VLEIP Promotion

Any program, no matter its goal, must be well-publicized to besuccessful. Not only should efficient lighting technologies and theresults of their use by widely publicized, but ENERCON-LENarchitects, engineers, installers, maintainers, and building owners

.0 should be recognized for their important contributions to energyefficiency. Proper public relations can and should be used to help

.2 generate and then sustain the Lighting Efficiency ImprovementProgram's success.

LEIP Five Year Plan

Page xii Phase 1: Commerdal Buildings

VENERCON Professional Development Program2 In order for ENERCON to develop and maintain its role in energy

efficient lighting, staff must remain "in-the-know" with respect to all4 lighting aspects globally, including, but not limited to changing

design guidelines, product standards, lighting technologies,a applications, and so on. This necessitates a program of on-going

professional development and will involve active participation in thea global lighting scene.

VENERCON General Related Activities,10 ENERCON staff need to be proactive on issues of tariffs and

program financial strategies. Further, other related energy-use12 areas (e.g., electrical power distribution) should be reviewed and

recommendations made on pursuit of addiltional energy savings14 strategies.

VENERCON LEIP Staff Planla Of course, any program is only as good as the people who make the

program and run the program. Funding must be available to retainand sustain a highly motivated, environmenitally-interested, building-systems-knowledgeable staff for the Lighting Efficiency Improvement

20 Program. ENERCON management has had the foresight to retainhighly motivated, very competent staff for LEIP. Funding will enable

22 this team to remain in place and implement the voluntary programsoutlined in order to save a significant amount of electricity now

24 wasted in lighting commercial buildings in Pakistan. Indeed, theopportunity likely will never be better.

Phase l: Commercial Buildings page 1

Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program - Five Year Plan

2 Phase 1: Commercial BuildingsCommercial buildings (offices, institutional facilities, retail facilities,

4 hospitals, and the like) consume about 5% of the electricity generatedin Pakistan, which is about 1.6 billion kilowatt-hours (or 1,600 gigawatt-

e hours) of energy per year.3 It is estimated that lighting in commercialbuildings constitutes 30% of the electrical consumption in these

a buildings.4 Consequently, commercial lighting accounts for about 1/%%or so of the nation's electricity use. Improving lighting system

10 efficiencies by up to 50%, which appears quite plausible, will result insaving up to 3%% of the nation's electricity use.

12 Lighting in commercial buildings is typically used during daytimepeak demand periods. Indeed, commercial lighting loads contribute tosignificant energy shortfalls during such times, usually midday.Additionally, electric lighting, by its very nature, contributes to the

16 cooling load of commercial buildings, thereby placing increased burdenon the ventilating/air conditioning (VAC) system and resulting in yet

18 more electrical consumption. Lighting probably constitutes at least20% of the cooling load. Improving lighting system efficiencies by up to

20 50% will significantly improve peak demand conditions, while likelyreducing VAC requirements by 10% in commercial buildings.

22 Finally, economic productivity is directly related to the workers'abilities to effectively and efficiently perform their work in commercial

24 buildings. Improved lighting quality can contribute to productivity gains.Even if these gains are relatively small, say % to % percent, in the

3'Report of the Working Group on Energy for the Eighth Five-Year Plan,' by the EnergyWing of Pakistan Ministry of Planning and Development. 1993.

4Gary Steffy Lighting Design estimates based on State Life Insurance Company Building 9.Karachi. See LEIP Case Study: State Life Insurance Company Building 91Karachi, July 27, 1994.

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 2 Phase 1: Commerdal Buildings

larger context of commercial-sector contribution to overall economic2 growth, this is significant.

In short, Pakistani commercial building owners are paying the going-4 world-market rates for electricity, while using outdated inefficient

electric lighting equipment. Lighting quantity and quality can bee dramatically improved - more can be gotten with less electricity. With

some tariff relief on efficient lighting technologies, economics are likelya to be attractive enough to foster voluntary compliance. The benefits

will be significant both to the Pakistani economy, and to the local and10 global environment.

Program Components12 Effective implementation of any lighting efficiency program involves

various elements. Additionally in Pakistan, a lighting program14 'infrastructure" (e.g., lighting system analysis and design expertise,

equipment standards, equipment availability, equipment installationis expertise, systems integration expertise (e.g., VAC/lighting interface)

system maintenance expertise, and the like) reqluires implementation.,. If initial and continued success are to be achieved in implementing

energy efficient lighting throughout Pakistan, then the following20 elements should be addressed:

YDemonstration Program: Lighting Efficiencf Case Study (LECS)22 TTraining Programs: Lighting Efficiency Network (LEN)

VLighting Design Guidelines24 VLighting Equipment Standards and Testing i(LEST)

VLighting Hardware Availability: Efficient Lighting Off-the-shelf(ELOTS)VFinancing Program: Lighting Efficiency Advisory Service (LEAS)

a VLighting Application Center (LAC)VENERCON Professional Development Progiram

30 Each component of the program must be developed as an integral,

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Phase 1: Commercial Buildings page 3

indispensable part of the whole. As much as possible then, direct links2 from one component to another are desirable. For example, more

services and/or a greater level of detailed services should be made4 available to those clients (building owners, business owners) voluntarily

undertaking a lighting retrofit program. Such a policy will enable ae completely voluntary efficient lighting program to develop and flourish,

while encouraging implementation of energy efficient techniques andB technologies.

Several components of the program are anticipated eventually to be10 self-sustaining. Some cost recovery will be likely in such components

as Training Programs; Lighting Equipment Standards and Testing;12 Lighting Hardware Availability; Financing Program; and Lighting

Application Center.

14 Demonstration Program: Lighting EfficiencyCase Study (LECS)

16 A "jump-start" mechanism - which dramatically demonstrates theeffectiveness of a Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program - is

18 necessary. In order to convince commercial building owners and usersthat the-program can be implemented and is effective in achieving the

20 goals of energy conservation while maintaining or improving the workenvironment - improving productivity - documented case studies are

'2 important. Additionally, such demonstration will provide momentum ina sector where economics is a decisive factor. A few key

!4 "demonstration" projects should be undertaken expeditiously toillustrate the cost savings/energy conservation benefits of efficientlighting.

Specific Retrofit DemonstrationA comprehensive review of State Life Insurance Company Building 9 inKarachi indicates that lighting energy consumption can be reduced by

0 69% while at the same time increasing lighting quantity (by 53%) and

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 4 Phase l: Commercial Buildings

quality (e.g., hardcopy task contrast improvements; color rendering2 improvement; and significant reduction in noise and flicker effects).'

The electric lighting efficiency improvements are so dramatic, that even4 when considering the more-costly tariff-burdened, state-of-the-art

lamps/ballastsAluminaires, cost recovery is just over five years, withouta accounting for any worker productivity improvements. Figure 1

graphically illustrates the dramatic energy savings which can bea achieved through lighting retrofits at the State l ife Insurance Building

9/Karachi (SLIC). Without the burden of the heavy tariffs, cost recovery-0 is less than three years without accounting for iany worker productivity

improvements. Further, lifting of tariffs will likely increase market12 competition resulting in yet lower costs and shorter cost recoveries.

Table One outlines the SLIC Case Study anticipated timetable and14 associated costs.

[this portion of the page purposefully remains blank]

.CR'd


Projected Annual OwninglOperating Costs Associated with Ughting(with 120% tariffs on Systems A and B)

B

6

4'

Rupees (in millions)

2 _

0

Yes Fdl1ing Ret Firt |Secornd | Third Fourth| Fifth

A: LithoniaLenaed - 6.974 0.600 0.618 0.637 0.967

B: Lithonia/Parabolic - 8.025 0.600 0.618 0.637 0.967

C: PhRips/Parabolic - 4.308 0.693 0.713 0.899 0.757

D: Existing Lighting/No Change - 1.996 1.826 2.076 1.938 2.691

Figure I/Data developed for the SLIC Building 9/Karachi illustrates the significant energy savingswhich are achievable with lighting retrofits.

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LEIP Five Year Plan _

Page 6 Phase I: Commercial Buildings

Table One2 LEIP Retrofit Case Study/sLIc Building 9/(Karachi

Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

4 SLIC Plan Approval 01-15-95 Rs 0. US$ 0.

AE Servioes 03-01-95 Rs 230,000. US$ 0._(one by SLIC)

6 ENERCON Review/Approval 03-1545 Rs 12,500. US$ 0.

Let Contract' 04-15-95 Rs 7,450,000. USS 0.(borne by SLIC)

8 Installation Commences 05-15-95 NA NA

Completion 09-15-95 NA NA

10 ENERCON Monitoring 09-15-95 Rs 70,000. US$ 0

Note 1: Contract costs based on tariff of 120% on efficient lighting technologies hardware.

LEIP Retrofit Case^Study-.State.Life Insurance Company Building.81Karachi^VEstimated Local Cost,Rs 82,500.-. ^- ̂ . > :

VEstimated Foreign Cost US$ 0. ̂VDeliverables - One Exemplary Retrofit Installation

12 Additional Retrofit DemonstrationsTo maintain program interest and momentum, at least two additional

14 Retrofit Demonstrations should be undertaken within a relatively shorttimeframe from the SLIC Building 9 Case Study. Further, these

le demonstrations should include some program variation in project scale,

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Phase i: Commercial Buildings page 7

scope and geography to demonstrate the validity of the Lighting2 Efficiency Improvement Program for a wide variety of constituencies.

Table Two outlines a generic case study program which could be4 applied to any number and type of facilities.

Table Twoe LEIP Retrofit Case Studies/Additional Demonstrations

Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costseach demonstration each demonstration

8 Project Identification by 02-01-95 Rs 16,000. USS 0.ENERCON

10 Owner/User Plan Approval 04-01-95 Rs 0. USS 0.

AE/Lighting Services 06-01-95 Rs 125,000. USS 0.(borne by studypaYtidpants)

12 ENERCON Review/Approval 06-15-95 Rs 12,500. US$ 0.

Let Contract 07-15-95 Rs 2,500,000. USS 0.(borne by studyparticipants)

,4 Installation Commences 09-01-95 NA NA

Completion 10-15-95 NA NA

6 ENERCON Monitoring 10-15-95 Rs 40,000. US$ 0.

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LEIP Five Year Plan


rLEIP Retrofit Case'Studies'Two Additional DemonstrationsvEstimated Local Cost Rs 68,500.VEstimated Foreign Cost US$ 0.VDeliverables -Two More Exemplary RetrofitInstallations - -

New Construction Demonstrations2 Retrofit Demonstrations are most effective in illustrating to those

owners and users of existing facilities that changes to the lightingl; systems of those existing facilities can be cost-effective,

environmentally-appropriate and perhaps a productivity boon. Anothera prospect for demonstration of energy efficient lighting technologies is

new construction. Advancing architects', engineers', designers' anda builders' thoughts on implementing techniques which may result in

somewhat higher initial costs but which offer quick cost recovery from10 resulting energy savings can be achieved best through demonstration.

Table Three offers an outline of a generic case stLdy program for new12 commercial construction.

Table Three14 LEIP New Construction Case Studies

Task Timing Estimated Local Esti'matedCosts Foreign Costseach demonstration each demonstration

ls Project Identification by 05-01-95 Rs 16.000. US$ 0.ENERCON _

is Owner/User Plan Approval 06-01-95 Rs 0. US$ 0.

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Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costseach demonstration each demonstration

AfE/Ughting Services 08-01-95 Rs 78,750. USS 0.(borne by studyparlicipants)

2 ENERCON 08-15-95 Rs 12,500. USS 0.Review/Approval _

4 Let Contract In Normal Rs 1,500,000. USS 0.Construct- (premium overion Cycle conventonal costs,

dependent on projectscale - borne bystudy participants)

Installation Commences In Normal NA NAConstruc-tion Cycle _

B Completion In Normal NA NAConstruc-ton Cycle

ENERCON Monitoring At End of Rs 100,000. US$ 0.Construc-tion Cyde

8 Commissioning Ceremony At End of Rs 10,000. USS 0.Construc-ton Cycle

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 10 Phase 1: Comrnerdal Buildings

LEIP New Construction Case StudiesTwo Demonstrations'.VEstimated Local Cost Rs 138,500.VEstimated Foreign Cost for Two US;$ 0.YDeliverables - Two New Construction Exemplary-Installations

Training Programs: Lighting Efficiency Network2 (LEN)

Any technology, no matter how straightforward or complex, requires4 trained personnel to:

Vdesign with the technology3 Vobtain the technology

Vinstall the technologya Vservice the technology

Vdispose of the technologies' spent hardware

10 Energy consumption in Pakistan, as around the world, is expected toincrease. Because of the sudden influx of high-tech appliances such

12 as computers, energy consumption in Pakistan mnay increase at anannual rate of perhaps 10% in the near term. Annual increases have

14 exceeded 12% per year over the past decade. If energy efficiencycannot be both improved and maintained, then anticipated energy

1B consumption increases will be difficult, if not impossible to sustain.Therefore, it is imperative to introduce training programs for allprofessionals and laborers involved in lighting, including:

VENERCON lighting program staff20 Vpracticing professionals (architects, electricael engineers and

lighting designers)22 Velectrical contractors

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Phase i: Commercial Buildings page 11

Vmaintenance engineers/facilities managers2 Vdistributors

The Training Program must be initiated parallel with the Demonstration4 Program in order to assure that the commercial sector will have access

to appropriate technical assistance. In other words, the Demonstrationa Program is expected to create a demand for efficient lighting in the

commercial sector, and a supply of appropriate technical support musta be available if the LEIP is to succeed beyond a few demonstrations.

ENERCON Lighting Program Staff Training10 Training the ENERCON Lighting Program Staff will ensure that the later

LEIP efforts to be undertaken can be appropriately implemented and12 monitored; ensure that competent staff will be available to answer

inquiries, and/or seek appropriate sources, and/or maintain appropriatet4 resources for consultants; and ensure sustained training within

Pakistan of other professionals.The initial phase of this particular training effort must be undertaken

at the outset of the LEIP, and completed as soon thereafter as possiblea to meet expected market demands for energy efficient lighting

expertise. As lighting technologies, techniques, applications, andD criteria change, ENERCON staff will need a continuing education

program, which is included in the Professional Development Program2 discussed later.

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LEIP Five Year Plan


Table Four2 ENERCON Lighting Program Staff Training-

Tasks Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

4 Finalize Training Material Within first Rs 0. US$ 8,000.(feesJexpenses; induding three

e library references) months __.-

Meters (digital illuminance - Within first Rs 0. USS 4,000.3 5; digital luminance -2; three

volt-meter -2) months

10 Ughting Design Software Within first Rs 0. US$ 6,000.and Hardware (2 sets) three

months _-

12 Preliminary Training Wthin first Rs 110,250. USS 20,000.Workshop (10 days for 5 three

14 ENERCON staff) monthsaddressing:

16 VterminologyVlighting design practice

Is Vlighting energy auditsWequipment applications

20 VsoftwareVproduct review

22 Other Professional On Going Rs 250,000. USS 17,500.Development Programs

24 ViocalVnational

26 Vintemational

-Program Staff TrainingVEstimated :Local .Costs -Rs360,250. 'VEstimated Foreign^Costs US$55,65O,.;-t>7:i .- .;Deliverables-Five'TrainedStaf . ...

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Practicing Professionals' and Educators' Training2 Ultimately, building designers and engineers need to have the

capability to implement efficient lighting in both retrofit/renovation and4 new construction projects. Educating the educators of professional

practitioners in order to teach students who will be entering the buildinga professions; and educating professional practitioners is a critical

element toward whole-building efficiency (e.g., VAC, daylighting,a electric lighting). Professional development courses should be

developed by ENERCON and coordinated and/or co-sponsored only*o through respective professional groups: Institute of Architects (IAP)

and Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEP). Further, these courses12 should lead to certification upon successful completion by professionals

as well as a listing on the ENERCON Directory of Lighting Practitioners.4 Finally, an effort should be undertaken which will lead to higher testing

standards with respect to efficient lighting on both the architect ando engineer licensing tests. Courses should be developed around such

topics as:8 Vdesign of efficient lighting and efficient lighting technologies

(Course 1)o Vlighting efficiency audits (Course 2)

Vlighting design software (Course 3)2 Vannual update/refresher (Course 4)

An initial course offering should be jointly handled by ENERCONlighting staff and an independent lighting designer/educator.Subsequent offerings would be provided by ENERCON staff whichsuccessfully completes the staff training and maintains an on-goinginvolvement in lighting activities. The course should be offered at a fee

3 to cover partial local expenses, and ENERCON staff time (or someportion of staff time), but should not cover those fees/expenses of theindependent lighting design/educator. It is anticipated that Rs 500.could be recovered per participant.

VAIM

LEIP Five Year Plan


Successful completion of all four courses would result in the2 professional's certification as a qualified practitioner of energy efficient

lighfing designs. A listing of qualified practitioners would be circulated4 by ENERCON to prospective retrofitinew construction owners/users.

Table Five* Practicing Professionals' and Educators' Training


a Course 1 (4 days) Within fist Rs 32,000. USS 12,5Q.six months

Couse 2 (7 days) Wfitin first Rs 64,000. USS 4,500.six months

10 tCourse 3 (4 days) Wiftin first Rs 32,000. USS 18.500.six months .

Course 4 (1 day)- Wthin first Rs 16,000. USS 0.12 training by ENERCON year

staff _

14 Course 1 (4 days. twice Year One Rs 95,000. USS 0.a year) - trainig byENERCON staff Year Two Rs 105,000. US$ 0.

Year Thmse Rs 115,000. US$ 0.

Year Four Rs 125,000. USS 0.

Year Five Rs 140,00. US$ 0.

Course 2 (7 days twe a Year One Rs 95,000. _USS 0.Is year) - training by

ENERCON staff Year Two Rs 105.000. US$ 0.

Year Three Rs 115,000. US$ 0.

Year Four Rs 125,000. usS 0.

I Year Five Rs 140,000. US$ 0.

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Course 3 (4 days twice a Year One Rs 95,000. US$ 0.2 year) - training by

ENERCON staff Year Two Rs 105,000. US$ 0.

Year Three Rs 115.000. US$ 0.



e Course 4 (1 day twice a Year One Rs 95.000. US$ 0.year) - training byENERCON staff Year Two Rs 105,000. US$ 0.


Year Four Rs 125,000. US$ 0.


Practicing Professionals' and Educators'Training= VEstimated Local Costs Rs 2,464,000.VEstimated Foreign Costs US$ 35,500. -

VDeliverables -330+ Trained Professionals".'VRecoverable Costs (Rs 165,00DO.)

Electrical Contractors' Training ProgramLighting efficiency is not only dependent on the quality of the designand the products, but is also quite dependent on the quality of theinstallation. For example, suspended luminaires used in the State LifeInsurance Company Building 9 Project did not snugly fit in thesuspended ceiling grid, resulting in many luminaires to sway above the

ENENA

LEIP Five Year Plan


ceiling and shift somewhat from the ceiling opening. In this way, about2 10% to 15% of the actual light from the luminaire is wasted by lighting

the ceiling plenum or interstitial space between ceiling and floor slab4 above. Additionally, new techniques such as "tandem wiring" ballasts

in order to reduce the quantity of ballasts as well as increase operatinge efficiency by as much 10% to 20% need to be familiar to electrical

contractors. Finally, contractors need to understand the significance ofe the new energy-efficient lamps, ballasts, luminatires and wiring methods

if they are to be a part of ENERCON's Lighting Efficiency Network.Similar to the Practicing Professionals' and Educators' Training, this

program should recover some costs through seminar fees. Perhaps as12 much as Rs 300. could be recouped per participant.

Table Six14 Electrical Contractors' Training

Task Timing Estimated ILocal EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

la Preliminary review of Within first Rs 160,000. USS 17,000.indigenous installation six months

Is techniques and coursepreparation (10 days)

20 Course (4 days) Within first Rs 32,000. USS 13,000.six months

Course (4 days tWice a year) Year One Rs 200,000. USS 0.22 -training by ENERCON staff

Year Two Rs 220,000. US$ 0.


Year Four Rs 275,000. US$ 0.

Year Five Rs 300.000. US$ 0.

-E-


Electrical Contractors' TrainingVEstimated Local Costs Rs 1,437,000.VEstimated Foreign Costs US$ 30,000. -VDeliverables - 550+ Trained ContractorsTRecoverable Costs (Rs 165,000.)

Maintenance Engineers', Facilities Managers' and2 Distributors' Training Program

Providing an efficient lighting infrastructure in a built environment does4 not assure continued efficiency over the life of the infrastructure.

Lighting efficiency over time is influenced by a host of issues, not the-3 least of which are proper lamp replacement; proper ballast

replacement; proper luminaire cleaning program; and proper roomsurface finish maintenance (e.g., repainting with light finishes ratherthan dark finishes). Proper disposal of lamps, ballasts and luminairesis important to environmental stewardship. Electrical distributors,building maintenance engineers and facilities managers need to beaware of these aspects in order for the ENERCON program to maintainsuccess over the long-term. It is anticipated that Rs 300. perparticipant could be recovered.

ENDaN

LEIP Five Year Plan


Table Seven2 Maintenance Engineers', Facilities Managers' and

Distributors' Training

4 Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

Course (4 days) Within first Rs 220,000. USS 26,000.six months

Course (4 days Wice a Year One Rs 95.000. US$ 0.year) -training by

* ENERCON staff Year Two Rs 105,000. US$ 0.



Year Five Rs 140,000. USS 0.

"Maintenance'Engineers',-Facilities Managers' and Distributors''Training.EstimatedtLocal Costs Rs-800,000 A,

VEstimated Foreign Costs US$ 26,000.-VDeliverables 550+ Trained PersonnelVRecoverable Costs (Rs 165,000.)

Lighting Design Guidelines10 Presently, there are no lighting design practice guidelines indigenous to

Pakistan. In fact, where reference is made to lighting design12 guidelines, its basis is either European or North Aimerican. A

defensible set of lighting design practice guidelines must be put intoplace by ENERCON if:

Phase l: Commercal Buildings page 19

Vlighting efficiencies are to be realized2 Vlighting efficiencies are to be consistently replicated project-to-

project4 Vlighting quality and quantity are to be consistently maintained

VPakistani industry is to provide consistent, efficient, quality lightinge products

Lighting design practice guidelines in Europe and North America provea quite reliable, and in the last decade, have been reviewed and rewritten

on the basis of energy consumption and on research indicating that the1O threshold for seeing and performing tasks productively is relatively low.

Design guidelines which should be used as a basis for developing12 Pakistani Lighting Design Guidelines include:

VCanadian Standards Association (CSA)4 VChartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)

VGerman Institute of Norms (DIN)Vllluminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)VIntemational Commission on Illumination (CIE)

*3 IVntemational Standard Organization (ISO)

An advisory council should be established to guide and review the0 ENERCON-development of lighting design guidelines. Such a council

should be comprised of a maximum of seven and a minimum of four2 people, including representatives of Institute of Architects (IAP);

Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEP); Engineering Council (PEC);4 Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP);

Illumination Society of Pakistan (ISP); and ENERCON.5 An ENERCON staff member should be assigned the task of

maintaining current reference guidelines and updating guidelines baseda on global changes and/or national trends.

These design guidelines, while voluntary on a national basis,3 should be mandatory for those clients seeking ENERCON Lighting

_ _~~DOM

LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 20 Phase 1: Commercial Buildings

Guidance or wishing to seek recognition as participants of the2 ENERCON Program.

The costs of printing and distributing the design guidelines should4 be partially recoverable through nominal fees of perhaps Rs 100. per

copy.

a Table Eight

Lighting Design Guidelines

a Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

Prliminary Draft Within first Rs 160,000. US$ 0.two months

10 Expert Review Within first Rs 95,000. USS 0.threemonths _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Final Draft within first Rs 140.000. US$ 0.four months I

12 Launch Witin first Rs 270,000. USS 0._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ six m onths _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Reference Ubrary and Ongoing Rs 0. USS 18,000.14 Updates

.Lighting Design Guidelines-i - -VEstimated Lcal-Cost Rs -665,000.VEstimated Foreign-Cost- US$ 18,000.VDeliverables-- 5,000 Commercial Lighting-Guides;TRecoverable Costs (Rs 500,000.) .-

w§*.% t_ 1_XLe.Di.'''.l_ =-*.


Lighting Equipment Standards and Testing2 (LEST)

There can be no consistent manufacture nor import of efficient lighting4 equipment if there are no voluntary hardware or equipment standards

regarding physical and performance parameters. Additionally, there6 must be an independent method of verifying hardware compliance with

these standards, thereby necessitating a certifying laboratory.8 Coordination should be maintained and strengthened with the National

Physical Standards Laboratories (NPSL) and laboratory equipment10 should be secured for same.

Lighting Equipment Standards and Testing (LEST) are well12 understood and demonstrated in Europe and North America, and are

critical to assuring product quality, performance, reliability, and safety.14 Consideration should be given to basing Pakistani Lighting Equipment

Standards and Testing on the standards and tests of:16 VAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI)

VCanadian Standards Association (CSA)a VElectrical Testing Labs (ETL)

VGerman Institute of Norms (DIN)Vllluminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)VIntemational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

2 VUnderwriters' Laboratories (UL)

A team of compensated experts should be established to tackle this4 arduous and critical task. Two or three intemational experts, perhaps

representing several of the above mentioned standards' and testing6 organizations along with Pakistani national experts should be

considered for this team effort. Specific consideration should be given3 to a team comprising working representatives from each of the

following organizations:3 VENERCON

Vlllumination Society of Pakistan (ISP)

RE=

LEIP Five Year Plan


VNational Institute of Power (NIP)2 VNational Physical Standards Laboratory (NPSL)

VPakistani Standards Institute (PSI)

4 Maintaining current reference guidelines and updating equipmentstandards based on global changes and/or national trends will be

e essential. Additionally, a liaise with NPSL should be established toprovide optimal information exchange and mutual support.

a While such lighting equipment standards will be voluntary, onlythose products meeting such standards and test-certified shall qualify

*0 for specification by ENERCON-trained specifiers; supply byENERCON-recognized dealers; installation by ENERCON-trained

12 installers; installation in ENERCON-recognized installations. Suchproducts may be considered for a labeling proceclure and/or may be

14 displayed at the Lighting Application Center, further enhancing thevoluntary compliance.

Nominal fees charged for equipment testing; standards' printing anddistribution should be made to those using/requesting such services

18 and documentation, providing for some cost-recovery.

Table Nine20 Lighting Equipment Standards and Tesl:ing (LEST)


22 Preliminary Assessments, VMin first Rs 1,000,000. USs 50,000.Review, Drafts, Review, Final six months

24 Draft

Launch Within first Rs 300,000. US$ 0.eightmonths _

-N



Lab Equipment (e.g., Within first Rs 0. USS 500.000.2 photometer, integrating six months

sphere, monitoring hardware4 and software, reference

bench, etc.)

B Lab Physical Plant at NPSL Within first Rs 1,600,000. USS 0.ninemonths

Lab Director Over first Rs 1,600,000. US$ 0.five years

8 Lab Technicians/Engineers Over first Rs 1,000,000. US$ 0.five years

Lab Staff Training and Lab Within first Rs 0. US$ 50.000.0 Commissioning year

Lab Staff Training - Ongoing Over first Rs 1,000,000. USS 70.000.five years

2 Equipment Updates an0 Over first Rs 0. USS 100,000.Enhancements five years _

4 Reference Library Over first Rs 350,000. USS 30,000.five years

Lighting Equipment StandardsandTesting-XVEstimated Local-Cost'Rs8,f850,000.VEstimated Foreign Cost US$ 800,000.VDeliverables - Product Testing Services/ReportsVRecoverable Costs (RslI',575.0.00.) -..:

. .~~

LEIP Five Year Plan_


Lighting Hardware Availability: Efficient2 Lighting Off-the-shelf (ELOTS)

As noted previously, lighting equipment now indigenous to Pakistan is4 woefully inefficient. The most efficient equiprnent readily available

and/or manufactured in Pakistan is, in both Europe and North America,8 considered mid-century technology and generally 50% to 70% less

efficient than currently available state-of-the-art and not-so-state-of-the-8 art lighting equipment. For the LEIP to successfully reduce energy

consumption and connected load due to electric lighting, more-efficientlighting technologies must be made readily available in Pakistan.Voltage-sensitive technologies will need review/research in order to

12 establish the impact of Pakistan's voltage fluctuations.State-of-the-art lighting technology is presently unavailable at a

14 reasonable market value in Pakistan due to a variety of factorsincluding:

If Vgeneral naivete at all levels regarding lighting efficiency/qualityimpact on productivity and environment

la Va keen desire to produce all lighting harclware in PakistanVIocal manufacture of relatively low-efficiency, mid-century-

20 technologies products costing as much as high-efficiency productson the world market

22 Ttrade tariffs amounting to 120% of product value on all but twoselect varieties of compact fluorescent lamps - fueling the cottage

24 industry manufacture/sale of substandard products andmanufacture/sale of low-efficiency products at world-market prices

26 In other words, there is no incentive for the Pakistani manufacturersand/or suppliers to provide high quality and high-efficiency lighting

28 products. To overcome such obstacles a system to facilitate credit fordealers/distributors of energy efficient lighting and/or for end-users

30 ready to purchase efficient lighting should be irnplemented.Additionally, consideration should be given to arranging export

RON


credits via commercial lines of credit for distributors and/or commercial2 consumers. Caution is advised on accepting cottage industry moves of

"reinventing the wheel" by attempting to copy or develop-from-scratch4 lighting technologies readily available on the world market. Electronic

devices are extremely difficult to produce reliably and capital costs area high for proper manufacturing equipment.

As applicable to the voltage fluctuation, then, the available lightinga equipment, which would need to meet the Lighting Hardware Standards

discussed previously, should include:*0 Vefficient triphosphor T8 rapid start/preheat fluorescent lamps

Vefficient triphosphor electronic compact fluorescent lamps with12 detachable/reusable ballasts

Vefficient, high-power-factor electromagnetic rapid start fluorescent14 ballasts for tubular and compact lamps

Vefficient, high-power-factor, low-harmonic-distortion electronic16 rapid start fluorescent ballasts for tubular and compact lamps

Vmetal halide and high pressure sodium lamps18 Vefficient, high-power-factor electromagnetic HID ballasts

Vefficient direct, direct/indirect, and indirect linear fluorescent 1-20 and 2-lamp luminaires with optics/louvers as required for

performance, with tandem wiring capabilities on ballasts where22 ,possible (e.g., fluorescent electronic ballasts are available on the

world market which operate two, three, and four lamps, hence for24 four 1-lamp luminaires, only one ballast may be necessary thereby

reducing initial costs and maintenance costs while conserving26 energy)

Vefficient compact fluorescent luminaires28 Vefficient compact fluorescent task luminaires

Vefficient HID industrial, exterior floodlight/spotlight, streetlight30 luminaires

These technologies, when applied alone or in combination, can provide32 significant energy reductions over in-place technologies, and will

ENEM

LEIP Five Year Plan


generally result in improved quality of the work environment when used2 in accordance with Lighting Design Guidelines.

Given the probable size of the market, it is estimated that4 Rs 160,000,000. of energy efficient lighting hanrware will De required in

order to "prime the pump" - making energy efficient lighting6 technologies literally available "off the shelf."

Lighting Efficiency Advisory Service (LEAS)a An ongoing program to identify, review, and recommend commercial

projects for the LEIP is important if success is to be measured by the10 decrease in commercial lighting energy consumption and peak

demand. Additionally, the initial capital investment required to12 implement energy efficient lighting may be too high for many in a

commercial sector which is only recently embark:ing on investment14 strategies. ENERCON must be in a position to suggest financing

strategies which make lighting efficiency implementation not only aIs proper civic activity, but a reasonable investment activity.

These financing strategies could be a significant component inis making the ENERCON Program a closed system of voluntary activity,

thereby avoiding the govemmental bureaucracy and mandates which20 would inevitably delay, if not lay-to-rest implementation of a lighting

efficiency program.22 Financing strategies for commercial building owners should be able

to cover any one or all of the following activities:24 Vlighting efficiency audit/design services

Vpurchasing efficient lighting equipment26 Vinstalling efficient lighting equipment

Lighting Efficiency AudiVDesign Servicies28 To entice owners to invest in new lamps, ballasts, and/or luminaires

generally takes a written report explaining issues and outlining costs

Er


and savings opportunities. A lighting efficiency audit undertaken by an2 ENERCON-certified professional (architect or engineer) will collect

such information as present-conditions (light levels) and present power4 consumption due to lighting. This information is then used by the

certified professional along with ENERCON-based Lighting Designa Guidelines to develop appropriate lighting criteria and allow for design,

technical, and economic review of various lighting systems. Ultimatelya resulting in lighting recommendations which will yield, at a minimum,

similar lighting conditions, but likely will yield improved lighting10 conditions and reduced energy consumption and maintenance costs.

These audit/design services can be considered "pre-investment," as12 they are required prior to the owner investing in new lighting equipment.

Also, the costs of these services should be recoverable, as is most any14 service related to improved, more efficient operations. Of course,

larger, highly-profitable firms are likely to be in a position to pre-pay foris these services. A "pre-investment" funding pool should be made

available to enable smaller firms to finance these services over some18 predetermined period of time.

Purchasing Efficient Lighting Equipment,0 Capital improvement programs are generally well-funded in larger,

highly-proftable firms. In these instances, relatively short recoveries of22 several years should be incentive-enough to purchase new lighting

equipment. For smaller firms, financing strategies may be required to'4 allow for the bulk purchase of equipment, with payment-over-time on

some predetermined plan.

'6 Installing Efficient Lighting EquipmentSimilar to the issues involved in purchasing equipment, installing

8 efficient lighting equipment may prove prohibitive in one-lump-sum forsmaller firms. Financing strategies for installation should be

0o established.

ZE-

DOamN

LEIP Five Year Plan


The reviewing and sharing of these financing strategies should be2 contingent on owners using only ENERCON-certified professional

architects and/or engineers; using only ENERCON-established design4 guidelines; using only equipment which is certified according to

ENERCON-established product/performance standards.e Costs are distributed among other programs outlined herein, as

these activities relate directly to ENERCON LIEIP Staff functions andoverhead.

Lighting Application Center (LAC).0 Architects, engineers, contractors, facilities managers and building

owners will all benefit if some regional laboratory-mockup-12 demonstration facilities are available. Indeed, it is likely that many of

these people will be unwilling to risk implementation of efficient lighting14 until they are convinced that such programs will not only reduce

electricity consumption, but will also likely improve the quality/quantityIs of the light. Seeing is believing.

A Lighting Application Center (LAC) should include:Vmockup capability of at least two and perhaps as many as four"bays" of different lighting/ceiling configurations

20 vdemonstration of any available lamp, luminaire and ballastTaccess to computer hardware and software to assist in design

22 and cost analysis of efficient lightingVheliodon for daylight modelling

24 Treference libraryVassociated storage/workspace

Xs The LAC will require at least one full-time staff member to monitor thefacility, assist clients, and coordinate labor and scheduling for mockups.

28 About 3,600 square-feet of space should be set aside for such a facility.Use of the LAC should be provided free of charge to those

X0 architects, engineers, contractors, maintenance engineers, facilities

EwN


managers, owners, dealers, and distributors participating in the2 ENERCON Program. Charges for mockup construction and technical

support (e.g., use of ENERCON lighting design software/hardware)4 should be based on direct cost, and would serve to defray some of the

costs.

e Table TenLighting Application Center

a Task Timing Estimated Local EstimatedCosts Foreign Costs

Space (rentAlease) First five Rs 3.200,000. USS 0.years

10 Outfit of the Application Wfithin first Rs 1,900,000. USS 0.Center year

12 Supplies (Ongoing) First five Rs 475,000. USS 10,000.years

Lighting Application CenterVEstimated Local Cost Rs 5,575,000..VEstimated Foreign Cost US$ 10,000.:-VDeliverables -Physical ResourcemCenterlLibraryVCost Recovery (Rs 375,000.)

LEIP Promotion14 Keeping the lighting efficiency issues on the commercial sector priority

lists will be enhanced with a continuous public relations program. TheTraining, Guidelines, and Standards Programs previously discussed

ENERlMN

LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 30 Phase 1: Commerdal Buildings

should keep lighting efficiency at the forefronl of designers', engineers',2 and facilities' priorities. Public recognition, however, is an avenue of

acknowledging and thereby strengthening the commercial sectors4 contribution to energy conservation. Additionally, public recognition

serves to pressure non-participative commercial interests as well as6 enlighten others.

LEIP Promotion should include:a 'presentation material for policy- and decision-makers

Vpreparation of promotional material documentation for target10 clients and clients expressing interest

Vlaunching initial promotional campaign -- including advertising12 campaign, launch "teas" and "dinners" ancl perhaps a launch

nconference"

14 Vquarterly newsletterVannual report of activities and financesVproject completion announcements detailing the commercialuser/owner; project designer/engineer/contractor; project goal (in

is kwh or percentage of energy conserved compared to "traditional"methodologies, or in the case of retrofit, compared to previous

20 conditions, and the number of new residential or commercialfacilities such saved energy could support); ENERCON highlights

22 and telephone and addressVENERCON personnel achievement announcements detailing the

24 individual; educational background; achievement; their ENERCONtasks; and ENERCON telephone and address

2X Vproduct introduction announcements detailing the productmeeting the ENERCON Lighting Hardware Standards; potential

2X impact on energy savings (including, perhaps, range of paybackexpected); product manufacturer, telephone and address and

30 dealerVENERCON/IAP/EEP certificate holder announcements detailing

32 professionals receiving certificate; which certificate; significance ofsuch certificate; telephones and addresses of professionals;

w


ENERCON telephone and address2 Vannouncements of ENERCON participation in intemational

community lighting events detailing event, ENERCON contrbution,4 achievement, or status; ENERCON highlights (e.g., latest figures on

energy savings) ENERCON telephone and address6 Vannouncements of the ENERCON Efficient Lighting Design

Award Program - an annual award program honoring the best in* efficient lighting design for commercial (both retrofit and new)

construction1O Vreview and identification of other related lighting programs where

lighting energy savings may have significant impact

12 Costs are expected to be recoverable on the conferences, as these areeducational in nature for which an attendance fee is quite acceptable.

*^ There may also be some cost recovery from some of the ongoingpromotional activities, depending on the extent of their educational

t6 nature and benefits to ENERCON clients.

Table ElevenLEIP Promotion


Initial Promotional Campaign Within first Rs 2,400.000. USS 0.six mnonths I

Ongoing Promotion First five Rs 6,300.000. US 0.

:2 Annual Conference and Award First five Rs 1,600,000. US$ 0.Program years

w1111N

LEIP Five Year Plan


LEIP PromotionVEstimated Local Costs Rs 10,300,,000.VEstimated Foreign Costs US$ 0.VDeliverables- Media Coverage,TRecoverable Costs (Rs 100,000.)

ENERCON Professional Development Program2 As discussed earlier in the section on ENERCON Lighting PrDgram

Staff Training, ENERCON staff will be trained initially quite early in the4 program. Lighting applications and techniques change, however, over

time. Even more importantly, lighting technologies appear to be rapidlye evolving. ENERCON Lighting Program Staff must remain at the

forefront of these changes if they are to assist Pakistan in realizinge continued energy savings, continued environmental improvement, and

continued infrastructure improvement. Therefore, staff should be10 expected to continue professional development.

A professional development plan should include maintaining at12 least the following:

Vmembership in professional and technical organizations locally14 and globally which are directly relevant to lighting

Vcurrent reference documents, including books, joumals,le magazines, and newsletters

Vactivity in national and intemational lighting conferences andle seminars

Vactive participation in national and intemational organizations'20 committees

DCW


Table Twelve2 Professional Development Program


4 Organizations' Memberships First five Rs 2,000,000. USS 0.years

UbrarylSubsc iptions First five Rs 500,000. US$ 0.years

6 ConferenceslSeminars First five Rs 1,600,000. US$ 0.years

National and Intemational First five Rs 1,000,000. USs 70,000.8 Committee Activity years

Professional Development'ProgramIVEstimatedLdocal.Costs Rs5,5100,000.^TVEstimated Foreign Costs US$711 00. VDeliverables- Educated/Updated Staff

Related General IssuestD Indicated throughout the program activities previously described, the

issues of tariffs or duties and financial strategies will likely play a major12 role in the success of the Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program.

Careful study should be given these specific topics in hopes of14 mitigating any negative impacts which either tariffs or financial

strategies may impart.Preliminary reviews of other related sectors where lighting energy

savings could be effective should be investigated. Specifically,

LEIP Five Year Plan


electrical distribution services in buildings maiy provide potential energy2 savings if wiring and switching methods/products were improved.

Industrial buildings and streetlighting should also be reviewed. The4 reviews should include research into the size of the market, potential

energy savings in the market, and the ultimate impact on the country'sa electrical generating and distribution systems.

Table Thirteena Related General Issues


10 Review Tariff and Financing Within first Rs 75,000. US$ 0.Strategies and Recommend three

12 Dispositions months

Review of Other Sector Within first Rs 1,000000. USS 50,000.14 Lghting and Lighting- three

Related Energy-Saving years16 Opportunfies and

Environmental Impacts

r i.b- -=7

~Related General lssues--VEstimated Local C ost6s Rs -1`;67 &,0 0 0 Y

VEstistsated fbreignritn : S$i0,'OYD'eliverab1e'iitncipg'Sr"tgy X.Recommendatons, ReieoEeyln P.I

Nam


ENERCON LEIP Staff Plan2 Based on the previously presented program, it is estimated that a fair-

sized core group of individuals at ENERCON will need to focus full-time4 attention on the LEIP.

Table Fourteen6 ENERCON LEIP Staff Plan


8 Professional Staff (5) and First five Rs 10,000,000. USS 0.Program Management years

10 Support Staff (3) First five Rs 1,600,000. USS 0.years

Operating Expenses and First five Rs 10,000,000. US$ 0.12 Overhead years

tENERCON LEIP Staff Plan,VEstimatedtLocal CoststRs21,600,000

TEstimatediForeign Costs USt.-Deliverables -57Professional Staf3 Suppot t

--Office Space:^and Support Materials>"z-8affi^^a>^

Summary14 Constructing new power plants is extraordinarily expensive, time-

consuming, and environment-threatening. There exists significant16 opportunity in Pakistan to slash electric lighting loads in commercial

ENw

LEIP Five Year Plan


buildings by 50%, resulting in as much as 240 million kilowatt-hours2 saved annually. Or, resulting in Rs 750,000,000. (US$ 24,000,000.)

saved annually in electricity costs for lighting, not to mention the4 demand charge savings due to improved power factor and the cooling

load savings. Of course, the cost of building a power plant to provide. such capacity is significantly more.

Conserving electricity used for lighting in cAmmercial buildings is ana economically viable proposition. A voluntary program should succeed

on the basis of relatively short recoveries, if import tariffs on energyic efficient lighting products are lifted. The benefits to the environment

are incalculable. Lessons leamed by electric utilities around the worldu on demand-side management provide a wonderful opportunity to

Pakistan.For a five-year period, the costs to implement and sustain an

effective Lighting Efficiency improvement Progiram for Commercial. Buildings are likely to be Rs 92,000,000. (Local Costs of Rs

57,000,000. and Foreign Costs of Rs 34,650,000. - based on Rsts 31.50 to US$ 1.00). Portions of the program can provide cost recovery,

while other portions use revolving funding.

DWN


Technical Annex2 During the lighting audit and design process for the retrofit of the State

Life Insurance Building 9 in Karachi, a collection of various lighting4 terminology and discussions on lighting criteria and hardware were

generated. Some of that material is offered here as technicale background during consideration of the Lighting Efficiency

Improvement PrDgram.

w

E~NE

LEIP Five Year Plafn


Lighting Background2 A few, relevant lighting terms are offered for reference. Lighting audits

and lighting energy retrofits and new construction substitutions must be4 based on a holistic approach to the environment. The quality of

interior/exterior work/living environments is ilnfluenced if not establisheda by lighting conditions. Further, environmenial pollution is exacerbated

by poor retrofits. The Lighting Efficiency Imorovement Program musta address a multitude of lighting issues, some are described here:

color rendering - an indication of how well the light emitted by a lamp10 renders colors of fumishings, clothing, artwork, skin, etc; generally

reported on a scale where '100' represents optimal color rendering.12 The current system of color rendering is quite misleading, however,

and is not recommended as a comparison criteria. Actual lamp14 spectral power distributions should be used when reviewing lamps'

abilities to render colors. In general, the new, energy-efficientis triphosphor fluorescent lamps provide better color rendering than

halophosphate fluorescent lamps.

lS color temperature - the color of the light emitted by a lamp measuredin degrees Kelvin (2800-K to 3200eK is warm-toned color of light;

20 3500"K is neutral white; 37000K to 4200'K is cool white; 5400*K isblue-white). There is little substantive research to support a

22 specific color temperature recommendation. This tends to be a"personal preference" issue. However, very low color temperature

24 lamps (below 2,500oK) promote a rather candle-flame like, dim,yellow appearance; while very high color temperature lamps (above4,100K) promote a rather cool, gloomy, Iblue appearance. Ourexperience indicates that a warm to neutral, 2,8000 to 3,5000K colortemperature is widely acceptable.

illuminance - measured or calculated in footcandles (for purposes of

==


this study), illuminance is the quantity of light falling on a specific2 task, surface or area (light levels).

luminance - measured or calculated in footLamberts (for purposes of4 this study), luminance is the quantity of light reflected from a

surface or transmitted through a surface (brightness). The higher6 the brightness, the more chance of glare, particularly problematic

with VDTs (video display terminals or computers).

a luminance ratio - a ratio of the luminance of one area of brightness (ordarkness) to the luminance of another nearby area of brightness (or

10 darkness). The larger the ratio, the more chance of glare, reflectedglare and image reflections in VDT screens.

12 power budget - reported as a ratio of watts of power for lighting tototal area covered by that lighting, power budget provides a partial

14 indication of energy efficiency. Recognize, however, that energy isthe amount of power used over a period of time, so that not only

16 does power influence energy use, but the time of operationinfluences energy use. Hence, automated controls can be effective

is tools for reducing energy use.

surface reflectance - reported in percentage, surface reflectance is20 the amount of light reflected from a surface versus the amount of

light falling on a surface. Surface reflectances are responsible forX2 luminances and luminance ratios.

Recommended Lighting CriteriaA For commercial buildings, a variety of references along with information

gathered during the Pakistan visit and experience are used to establishrecommended lighting criteria. Specifically, the following documentsserved as information and cnteria resources:

n-O

LEIP Five Year '.-T7r


VAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning2 Engineers, Inc. and Illuminating Engineering Society of North

America. ASHRAE41ES 90.1-1989: Energy Efficient Design of New4 Buildings Except New Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta:

ASHRAE/IES, 1989.a VThe Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. LG3: 1989

Lighting Guide: Areas for Visual Display Terminals. London:8 CIBSE, 1989.

VIlluminating Engineering Society of North America. RP-24 IES10 Recommended Practice for Lighting Offices Containing Computer

Visual Display Terminals. New York: IES, 1989.12 VIlluminating Engineering Society of North America. IES Lighting

Handbook: Application Volume. New York: IES, 1987.14 VIlluminating Engineering Society of North America. 8th Edition

Lighting Handbook Reference & Application. New York: IES, 1993..^ vintemational Commission on Illumination. Guide on Interior Lighting,

Second Edition. Vienna: CIE, 1986.18 VSteffy, Gary R. Architectural Lighting Design. New York: Van

Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

20 The following recommendations are intended as design targets. Theenergy criterion that follows should be considered as a "voluntary

22 compliance" issue. Based on our review of the Building Energy Codeof Pakistan, May 1990, the energy criterion outlined herein is more

24 restrictive.

Illuminances26 Ambient or general lighting levels should approach 30 footcandles

average maintained at horizontal worksurface height. This should28 accommodate the performance by most people of most good contrast,

hardcopy reading/writing work. Where more stringent hardcopy30 reading occurs (for example, small size type, or poor contrast), then

consideration should be given to providing up to 50 footcandles at the

WNK


task area (which can be done with desktop task lights). In order to2 maintain visual consistency and avoid transient adaptation effects

throughout a space or series of spaces, it is suggested that minimum4 light levels be no less than 10 footcandles average maintained at

worksurface height, and preferably approaching 15 footcandles.a Another metrc, illuminance uniformity, can be used to minimize wild

fluctuations in horizontal illuminance. This is a ratio of averagea illuminance to minimum illuminance. For SLIC Building 9, it is

suggested that ambient illuminance uniformity be less than or equal toi0 2:1.

Additionally, in order to minimize washout of VDT screen images,12 vertical lighting levels on screens should be less than 20 footcandles,

and preferably less than 15 footcandles.

14 LuminancesLuminances and luminance ratios are critical when developingappropriately lighted environments for VDT tasks. Where VDrs areprominent, maximum luminance of any surface in the environment

18 should be less than 250 footLamberts and preferably 150 footLamberts.This can be controlled by following both ambient illuminance level and

20 surface reflectance value criteria targets, as well as selectingluminaires with low-brightness or selecting lumin ires with relatively

22 small lumen-package lamps (for example, one-lamp luminaires arebetter than two-lamp luminaires).

24 Where VDTs are not prominent, maximum luminance of anysurface in the environment should be less than 750 footLamberts.

26 Luminance RatiosWhere VDT's are prominent, no contrast in a space would provide the

28 best viewing conditions of VDT's. Admittedly, such a space would bequite bland in appearance. Therefore, recognizing the need for some

30 visual variety, the luminance ratios should be 5:1 or less between two

w

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LEIP Five Year Plan


different tasks or surfaces. That is, the brigtitest area should be no2 more than five times the brightness of the dimmest area. This means

light level uniformity is important, as is range! in value of surface4 finishes.

Where VDrs are not prominent, contrast in the space can be* greater, but should not exceed 10:1 between two different surfaces or

task areas if glare and transient adaptation effects are to be minimized.

* Surface ReflectancesIn order to attain the luminance and luminance ratio limits previously

1o discussed, surface reflectances should be sirnilar in value from onesurface to another. Wild variations in surface reflectance should be

12 avoided (e.g., a black workstation partition or binder bin and a whiteworksurface). All surfaces need to be matte to avoid glary reflections.Ceiling reflectance should be about 70%. Walil reflectances should bein the range of 30% to 50%. Floor reflectances should be near 20%.

16 YWorksurface reflectances should be between 20% and 40%.

|*AM _ P sw> LuminairesIatU_s 10off is Where VDrs are

prominent,20 luminances of direct

luminaires should7 S'1 zt be limited to less

8s-</ than 250, 100 andV I0 2i1 50 footLamberts atcutoff angles of 55e,

j 2t 659, and 75eF t respectively. This

will minimize_ l ~~~~~~reflected glare

30 images from VDTFigure 1

w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B-


screens. Figure 1 graphically illustrates the intent of these luminance2 criteria.

Where VDrs are not prominent, luminances of direct luminaires4 should be limited to less than 750, 535, 375, and 250 footLamberts at

cutoff angles of 45*, 55-, 65o, and 75* respectively.a Luminaire ballasts offer a significant opportunity for energy savings

and for improving the viewing and noise conditions. Electronic ballastsa are noiseless and flickerless. Also, electronic ballasts are about 25%

more efficient than standard electromagnetic ballasts.

Power BudgetGiven the illuminance recommendations, experience indicates that an

12 aggregate power budget (throughout the office areas) should not begreater than 1.0 w/sf, and preferably lower.

14 Psychological AspectsThe color of light seems to influence space and color perceptions. The

Is newer, triphosphor fluorescent lamps offer a broader spectraldistribution of light, thereby rendering skin tones, clothing colors and

18 architectural finishes in a "truer" or "more natural" fashion. Experienceindicates that perceived truer colors result in an impression of

20 increased brightness. Lamps with high color rendering and neutralwhite color should be considered.

22 ConclusionsBased on cited references and past experience, there are a variety of

24 lighting criteria targets which can provide a more comfortable, pleasingand productive work environment, while significantly reducing energy

26 resource expenditures. Table One summarizes these lighting criteriatargets. These criteria have been used to develop and review various

28 lighting system altematives for SLIC Building 9.

ENkW

LEIP Five Year Plap


Table One2 Recommended Lighting Criteria Targets

Criteria Design Targets

4 Illuminances Wambient horizontal -20 to 30 footcandles (fc) average,maintained at worksurface heightVambient vertical t20 fc at VDT screen heightVtask -20 to 50 fc average, maintained on the paper taskVminimum horizontal 21O fc average, maintained atworksurface heightVambient horizontal uniformity s2:1 (average-to-minimum)

Luminances Vgeneral room surfaces whe!re VDTfs are not prominent s750footLamberts (fL)Vgeneral room surfaces where VDrs are prominent s250 ftL

6 Luminance Ratios Vratio of any task, surface or area to any other task, surface orarea in facilities where VDT's are not prominent should be s10:1(ratio of brghter zone to darker zone)Vratio of any task, surface or area to any other task, surface orarea in facilities where VDrs are prominent should be s5:1(ratio of brighter zone to darker zone)

Surface Reflectances Toeiling -70%Twalls -30 to 50% (including window treatment)Vfloor -20%Vworksurfaces - 20 to 40%

8 Power Budget Vaggregate overall throughout work areas s1.0 wattnsquare foot(w/sf)

Miscellaneous Vfor direct lighting, luminaire luminances should be s750. 535.375, and 250 fL at cutoff anglels of 45., 55. 65- and 75-respectively where VDrs are not prominentVfor direct lighting, luminaire Iuminances should be s250. 100,and 50 fL at cutoff angles of 55! 655, and 75- respectivelywhere VDT's are prominentVballasts should be inaudible and flicker-free (high frequency)Vlamps should be warm-to-neutral to avoid cold, starkappearanceViamps should be capable of rendering many colors well forbetter chromatic contrast and improved brightness perception

-N


Fluorescent Lamps2 Lamps are the "heart" of any lighting system. Lamps are responsible

for:4 Vlighting system efficiency

Vhow much light is available initially and over timee Vcolor appearance of objects

Vextent of periodic maintenance required for optimal operation

e Lamp efficacy (often referred to as efficiency) is reported in lumens perwatt (LPW). Lumens are a measure of the total amount of light

10 produced by a lamp. Lamp efficacy changes over time. All lampsactually produce less light the longer they remain in use, and/or the

12 more frequently they are switched on/off. Incandescent lamps typicallylose about 5% of their light output over their useful life. Fluorescent

14 lamps lose about 15% of their light output over their useful life. Metalhalide lamps lose about 25% of their light output over their useful life.

16 Therefore, after about a year's worth of use, metal halide lamps areless efficient than fluorescent lamps. Of white light sources, fluorescent

18 lamps are of highest efficacy. 'White" high pressure sodium lamps donot offer near the efficiency of fluorescent lamps and are quite cost-

20 intensive.For interior office workspaces, fluorescent lamps offer the most

22 efficient, cost effective means of introducing white light.

Linear Fluorescent Lamps24 The T8 (tubular, 8/8th's inch - 1-inch - diameter) improved-efficiency,

triphosphor lamps are part of a significant global trend toward more26 efficient, more compact, and better-color light sources. The three major

benefits of this lamp are in its efficiency in producing light, efficiency in28 luminaire control (smaller size permits better optical control), and light

color quality.30 Efficiency in producing light is a direct result of a triphosphor

coating (3-phosphor coating - producing red, green, blue wavelengths

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LEIP Five Year Plan

Page 10 Phase l: Commerdal Buildings

which result in white light) used in a small-diamreter bulb. These lamps2 have efficacies of up to 95 LPW (without ballast loss). This is

compared to the standard, poorer-color, TI 2 (1 Y.-inch diameter)4 daylight fluorescent lamp efficacy of 61 LPW. In other words, the

better-color, T8 triphosphor fluorescent lamp hais an efficacy 56%e greater than the standard daylight fluorescent lamp! Recognize the

resultant cooling load reduction.a The T8 lamp approaches a theoretical line or linear source. With

appropriate reflectors, a linear source makes for a very efficient10 luminaire. So the lamp efficacy coupled with the luminaire efficiency

yields a potent, highly efficient lighting package. Recognize, however,12 that this high efficiency can lead to significant glare if the luminaire

reflectorAouver assembly is too shallow, of the wrong shape and/or14 finish, or if too many lamps are placed in one luminaire.

Preheat, switch start, triphosphor fluorescent lamps are available inla Europe for 220v operation, and offer 12,000 houlrs life (a life

improvement of 33% over the standard Ti 2, switch start, daylightis fluorescent lamp now in use). These lamps are just now becoming

available in Pakistan because of market pressure.20 Preheat, rapid start triphosphor fluorescent lamps are available in

the United States for 200v - 320v operation, and offer 20,000 hours life22 (a life improvement of 122% over the standard T'l 2, switch start,

daylight fluorescent lamp now in use).24 Because of the significant energy savings possible, and because of

the potential light quantity and quality improvements, T8 linear lamps26 are recommended for consideration in SLIC Building 9 general offices.

Compact Fluorescent Lamps2e Compact fluorescent lamps have been made possible only because of

the use of the triphosphor coating technology. Hence these lamps30 have excellent efficiency and color qualities. In correctly designed

luminaires, they are effective substitutes for incan(descent lamps.32 Downlights, task lights and wall sconces can use these compact


fluorescent lamps resulting in significant energy use reductions and2 lessening cooling load requirements. In general, however, compact

fluorescent lamps are less efficient and more costly than T8 triphosphor4 lamps for lighting of large office spaces.

Energy-Saving Fluorescent Lamps6 The energy crises of the 1970's resulted in knee-jerk reactions from

lamp manufacturers. So-called energy saving lamps were introduceda which used less wattage, but also resulted in lower light output. In

environments which had 100 footcandles or more, reduction in light10 levels was appropriate if not necessary. Today, however, these lamps

are not nearly as energy effective as the higher-efficiency T8 and12 compact fluorescent lamps described above. So-called energy-saving

lamps are not recommended for consideration, since they are less14 efficient than the new technology triphosphor lamps, and cost nearly as

much.

Is Full-Spectrum Fluorescent LampsSo-called full-spectrum fluorescent lamps have been promoted as a

In healthy altemative to almost all other "artificial" light. Unfortunately,repetitive conclusive studies have not been forthcoming to substantiate

20 the many claims made for these lamps. Lawrence Berkeley Labs in theUSA has done exhaustive studies to no avail. The manufacturers of

22 "full-spectrum" lamps are under a USAIFDA (Food and DrugAdministration)-initiated injunction prohibiting them from making health

24 claims about these lamps. What can be said, however, is that theselamps typically are much less efficient than the improved-efficiency,

D. triphosphor fluorescent lamps and more costly (both initially and overlife). Further, these "full-spectrum" lamps produce a rather gloomy

a environment because of the strong blue/ultraviolet component presentin their output.

30 Triphosphor lamps, by their very nature, produce a broader visiblespectrum of light than traditional fluorescent lamps and are seen as

LEIP Five Year P. 71


providing a "truer," "crisper" light than even the 'full-spectrum" lamps.2 Therefore, "full-spectrum" lamps are not recommended for

consideration.

4 BallastsBallasts are required to operate fluorescent lamps. There are two basic

f types of ballasts:.electromagnetic

a Velectronic

Electromagnetic Ballasts.0 Electromagnetic ballasts have been the industry-standard for about fifty

years. These ballasts operate at 50 Hertz, thereby causing flicker12 noticeable to some occupants as well as some audible hum noticeable

to most occupants. Additionally, electromagnetic ballasts for switchstart lamps require at least one other component, the starter. If highpower factor is desired - and it is highly recommended - to minimize

ie demand charges and line noise, then a filter is required as part of theballast circuitry. Electromagnetic ballasts consume energy in order to

is operate lamps. Typically, a 40-watt, T12 lamp will require a ballastwhich itself consumes between 4 and 1 0-watts, for a total load of up to

20 50-watts. Because of their inherent inefficiencies, electromagneticballasts are not considered in this study.

22 Electronic BallastsElectronic ballasts are relative new-comers to the commercial

24 fluorescent lighting market. Although solid-state ballasts have beenaround for over a decade, their earlier very highi initial cost and low

25 reliability limited their application. In the past two years, ballastmanufacturers have begun mass producing electronic ballasts,

28 resulting in lower costs and presumably in long-term reliability. Thehigh-frequency operation also results in very efficient operation of the

30 fluorescent lamps, so an electronic ballast operating one 36-watt T8

ENERCON


lamp technically consumes just 1-waft itself for a total load of 37-watts.2 This is an energy reduction of at least 26% compared to the standard

low-power-factor electromagnetic ballasts operating standard T124 daylight fluorescent lamps at SLIC Building 9. Couple this ballast

energy savings with the improved lamp efficacy of the T8 trphosphore fluorescent lamp, and total lamp/ballast efficiency improves by 90%!

Because the electronic ballast operates cooler, ballast life isa expected to increase. Additionally, the lower wattage results in a lower

cooling load requirement. Finally, as noted previously, electronic10 ballasts can operate two lamps, resulting in less ballast material and

reduced maintenance where two lamps are located within a single12 luminaire.

Key specification qualities for electronic ballasts should include:14 Vpower factor (should be 0.9 or greater)

Vharmonics (should be less then 0.3 and preferably less than 0.15)Vvoltage fluctuation tolerances (for Pakistan, should maintain constant

light output over a range of 200v to 240v)Vlamp current crest factor (less than 1.7 for rapid start lamps)Vfrequency of operation greater than or equal to 20,000 Hz)

!O Vno polychlorinated biphenyis (PCB's)

D4M

prepared by gary steffy lighting design, inc. ann arbor ... · mr. steffy is president of gary...

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