Prepared by Mr. Shoup

Nutrition

Foods we eat and how the body uses the food to maintain proper body health.• Famine-food shortage-widespread hungry and death. ½

billion people• History: Rene Antoine-French-study cats and dogs. 18th

century.• Lazzaro Spallanzani-relates nutrition to human needs• Funk,Hopkins,Goldberg, relate nutrition to vitamins and

minerals there needs and harm to the body.

What are Nutrients?

• Food substances needed by the body to grow and function properly to maintain good health.

• Three functions of nutrients:1. Provide materials for building, repairing, or maintaining body

tissue2. Help body processes-examples glands, hormones, chemicals,

and body systems.3. Fuel to provide energy and maintain body health• Energy is measured in calories and a unit of energy produced by food is a calorie

What we eat directly affects our health in the short term and the long term of life.

Six Basic Nutrients

1. Carbohydrates

2. Fats

3. Proteins

4. Vitamins

5. Minerals

6. Water

Water

• 50%-75% of our body weight • Approximately 45 quarts in the total body• How much needed per day-2-3 quarts-Flush out the body-excretory system• Loss approximately 3 quarts per day• Food-20% of our water intake• Water/beverages-80% of our water intake• Females need 91 ounces 9 glasses per day• Males need 125 ounces 12 glasses per day• Average needed-8-12 glasses of fluid or foods that contain water per day• Sources: Get water from: fruits, juices, milk, soups, vegetables and many other food sources.• Water is found in urine, perspiration, bowel movements, and exhalation from the human body.• Lack of water-dehydration, constipation, fatigue, dry mouth, headaches, dizziness, dry skin and others

Carbohydrates-Chief Source of EnergyEnergy for the body-50%-60% of our diet.4 calories of energy per gram of foodExcess carbohydrates are stored as fat.Two Types:1. Simple Carbohydrates: provide calories but few vitamins and minerals. monosaccharide's disaccharidesExamples: Energy burned quicklyFructose Little vitamins and minerals-exceptionsFruits HoneyCorn sugar/syrup Examples: processed sugars-cakes, candyTable sugar sweet desserts, ketchup, Lactose in milk-galactose spaghetti sauce, popCane sugar 64 oz. drink-48 teaspoons Corn sweetener 1/3 of sugars consumed in beverages. 1/5 of all weight gain. Doubles dental caries.

Carbohydrates Continued

• Complex Carbohydrates-starches and fiber.• Polysaccharides• Changed to glucose and then glycogen stored in the liver and muscle. Glucose is converted to glycogen• Most of our calories should come from the complex

carbohydrates.• Provide energy and a lot of vitamins and minerals• Sources: grains such as breads, pasta, vegetables,

such as potatoes, whole cereals, and beans, rice, peas.

DrinksHow much sugar?

• Juice drinks-6oz-4tsp.• Flavored water-20oz-8tsp• Sports Drinks-20oz. 9tsp• Energy Drinks 8oz-7tsp 16oz-16tsp• Lemonade Ice Tea-16oz-13tsp• Orange soda 12oz-13tsp• Cola 12oz 10 tsp 20 oz-17tsp

If you drink one daily large Coca Cola at McDonalds (32 ounces), you consume 310 extra calories per day, or 113,150 extra calories per year at a cost of $1.00 per day or $365 per year.If you drink one daily medium Coca Cola at McDonalds (16 ounces), you consume 150 extra calories per day, or 54,750 extra calories per year at a cost of $1.00 per day or $365 per year.If you drink one daily 12 ounce can of Coke, you consume 140 extra calories per day or 51,100 extra calories per year, at a cost of.50 per day or $183 per year. http://weightloss.about.com/od/eatsmart/a/The-Daily-Cost-Of-Your-Soda-Habit.htm

Cost from sugar loaded Drinks-Disease/Disorders

• Type 2 diabetes• Obesity• Cardiovascular Diseases• Hypertension• Kidney Damage• Dental Issues• Cancer• Gout• Sleep Disorders-insomnia

Fiber-Two Types Soluble & Insoluble

• Fiber-the parts of the grains and plant foods that can not be digested. Roughage

• Soluble fiber-dissolve in water• Helps to lower heart diseases• Lowers level of cholesterol in your blood• Sources: oatmeal, oat bran, nuts, beans, peas, barley,

seeds, lentils, apples, oranges, pears, oat bran, strawberries, nuts, flaxseeds, beans, blueberries, cucumbers, celery, and carrots

Insoluble Fibers• Do not dissolve in water• Gut-healthy fiber• Help produce bowel movements• Helps to prevent constipation• Diverticulitis may reduce by 40%• No proof to reduce colon cancer but may• Sources: leafy green vegetables, fruits, whole

wheat, whole grains, wheat bran, corn bran, seeds, nuts, barley, brown rice, zucchini, celery, broccoli, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers, green beans, raisins, grapes, fruit, rye, oats, popcorn.

Fats/Lipids• A nutrient that provides energy and helps the body store

and use vitamins.• Two Types Saturated and Unsaturated • Diet should include 10% saturated fat, 20% unsaturated

fats. 30% of diet should include fats. 65 grams per day.• Stored energy• 1 gram of fat supplies nine calories of energy• Fats contribute to taste and texture of our food.• Body needs fats to maintain body heat, maintain an energy

reserve, and build brain and nerve tissues.• Need for brain cells, hormones, sex cells, surround body

organs, help with fat soluble vitamins A D K E.

Saturated Fats

• Fats found in animal sources: meats and dairy products.

• Solid at room temperature: example-bacon fat• Not a fat-LDLs bad cholesterol-low density

lipoproteins• Cholesterol- a waxy sticky substance found mostly in

animal sources.• Leads to heart disease-atherosclerosis, strokes, blood

clots, endometrial cancer, no proof to breast cancer.Saturated fats: coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil-bake goods, lard, cheese, ice cream, egg yolk, butter, poultry skin, animal red meats.

Unsaturated Fats

• Comes from plant sources• Liquid at room temperature• Decrease chances of heart disease• HDLs-high density lipoproteins-good cholesterol• Two types:• Polyunsaturated fats-sunflower oil/seeds, corn oil,

soybean oil, vegetable oils, peanut oil• Monounsaturated fats-olive oil, canola oils.• Omega 3 fatty acids-1 gram per day decrease heart

attacks by 25%. AHA-recommends 1-2 fish products per week.

Trans-fatting Acids• Trans Fats produced by heating liquid vegetables oils in

the presence of hydrogen atoms. Hydrogenation-using hydrogen and heat to produce a fat. The more hydrogen and heat the harder the fat product.Ex: margarine, vegetable shortening or “partially hydrogenated vegetable oil”vegetable shortening, margarines, crackers, cookies, donuts, snack foods, french fries, onion rings.Concerns: Raises blood cholesterol, increases heart diseases, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Proteins• Needed for growth, and to build and repair body tissues.• Needed to regulate body processes and to supply energy. • Contraction of muscles• Proteins are found in every cell of the body.• Proteins help your body maintain strength and resist against infections.• 1 gram of proteins provide 4 calories • 9 grams per 20lbs of your weight.• 100lb = 45 grams, 200lbs=90grams• Essential amino acids-9 body can not produce. Soybean is the only plant food that contains all the nine amino acids• Non essential amino acids-11 body can produce.• Found in albumin-maintains body fluid• Hemoglobin-found in red blood cells.• Antibodies-proteins in the blood that fight infections.• Hormones-contain proteins in them

Two Types of Proteins

• Complete proteins:• Come from animal sources• Contains all the 9 essential amino acids• Sources:• Meat, fish, poultry, milk, yogurt, eggs

• Incomplete proteins:• Come from plant sources• Does not contain all the essential amino acids• Sources: grains, pastas, peas, beans, nuts and seeds

Proteins• Lack of: may or will cause:• Kwashiorkor disease• Growth failure• Loss of muscle mass• Decrease immune system• Cancer?

Vitamins

• Nutrient that helps the body use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

• Vitamins help maintain proper body growth and function

Two types of vitamins:• Fat Soluble-A D K E Body stores them-liver• Water Soluble- Bs C Body eliminates them-

urine.

Fat Soluble Vitamin-4 A, D, K, E

• Vitamin A: Beta Carotene • Antioxidant• Need for the eyes, hair and skin health• Sources: carrots, green/yellow vegetables, dairy

products, eggs, and organ meats, sweet potatoes• Lack of: night blindness, increase eye infections,

loss of smell and appetite.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin D Sunshine Vitamin 15 minutes-sun• Needed for: calcium and phosphorus for bones

and teeth. • Sources: dairy products-milk, cheese, fish, tuna,

meats, eggs, mushrooms, cereals, oysters, cod oil.• Lack of: Rickets, Knobs, Rosary Ribs, Funnel Chest

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin K• Needed for blood clotting• Helps form and maintain cellsSources: green vegetables, cauliflower, eggs, spinach, whole grain cereals, cabbage, broccoli, onions, brussel sprouts, asparagus cucumbers.asparagus, cucumbersLack of: Nose bleeds, Bruise easier, Blood clots slower or not at all.

Fat Soluble Vitamins• Vitamin E • May help to prevent cataracts.• Cell membranes• Antioxidant• Sources: spinach, fish, tofu, grains, green

vegetables, broccoli, olive oil, nuts, squash, fruits, whole grain cereals.

• Lack of: Dry Skin

Water Soluble Vitamins

• All the B vitamins & C vitamin• B1, Thiamin• B2, Riboflavin• B3-Niacin• B6-Pyridoxine• B12 Cobalamin• Folic Acid• More B vitamins-these are just a few• Vitamin C-Ascorbic Acid

Water Soluble-B1

• B-1 Thiamin• Need for the central nervous system, muscles and heart

functions.• Aids in the digestion of carbohydrates• Sources: fish, seeds, pork ,nuts, peas, vegetables, whole

grains, poultry, whole breads, squash, asparagus, beans.• Lack of: Beri-Beri-means I can not.• Stiffness in the limbs, paralysis, pain of the limbs• Muscles breakdown.• May be found in alcoholics.

Vitamin B-2

• B-2-Riboflavin• Aids in the formation of Antibodies• Aids in the formation of Red Blood Cells• Immune system and circulatory system• Sources: Green vegetables, dairy products, whole

grains, egg, nuts, fish, beef, lamb.• Lack of: chapped lips, sore tongue, scaly skin

Niacin-B-3

• Maintains Nervous System-Mental State• Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins• Sources: Green vegetables, dairy products, whole grains,

egg, nuts, fish, lean meats, poultry.• Lack of: Pellagra• Weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, indigestion,• Dermatitis-inflammation of the skin, tongue swollen,

lesions on skin, sleeplessness, psychosis.

B-6-Pyridoxine

• Necessary to break down proteins-amino acids• Aids in the formation of antibodies-immune system• Healthy nervous system, skin, maintains balance of sodium

and phosphorus in the body, senses.• Cancer Therapy-relieves nausea and vomiting• Sources: fish, nuts, seeds, poultry whole grains, vegetables,

organ meats, banana, avocadoes spinach• Lack of: Nervousness, skin eruptions, mouth sores, loss of

hair, slow learning.

B-12-Cobalamin

• Needed for the formation of Red Blood Cells.• Helps to prevent anemia• Sources: fish, dairy products, poultry, pork, whole

grains, vegetables, clams, soy products• Lack of: Pernicious Anemia, poor appetite, growth

failure, brain damage, neuritis

Folic Acid-B Vitamin

• Need for the formation of:• DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA-Ribonucleic Acid• Growth and reproduction of body cells • Pregnancy• Sources: Fruits, organ meats, whole grains, salmon, dairy products, green leafy veg's.• Lack of: Birth Defects: Spinal Bidfida, anencephaly-baby’s brain

development, Neural Tube defects. Premature gray hair.

Vitamin C

• Vitamin C-Ascorbic Acid• Healthy gums

• Scar tissue healing-collagen-protein-wound healing.• Healthy blood vessels• Healthy tendons, ligaments• Decrease risk of cancers?• Sources: Fruits, limes, lemons, cantaloupe, cabbage,

strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, green peppers, kiwi, berries, oranges, cauliflower

• Lack of: Scurvy-sore and swollen bleeding gums.• Bruise easier and slower process of wounds healing• Nose bleeds

Minerals

• Minerals are inorganic elements that originate in the earth and cannot be made in the body. They play important roles in various bodily functions and are necessary to sustain life and maintain optimal health, and thus are essential nutrients

• Macro minerals-higher level of need Examples: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur, magnesium.• Micro minerals-smaller level of need• Examples: iron, iodine, copper, selenium, fluoride, zinc, cobalt, manganese.• Both are needed to maintain proper body growth and functions.

Calcium

• Builds and maintain strong bones and teeth• Important for normal kidney functions.• Sources: green leafy vegetables, dairy products,

grains, nuts, bone meal• Lack of: osteoporosis, softening of the teeth,

brittle bones, poor growth.

Phosphorus

• Need for the teeth and bones• Helps with usable forms of energy for the body.• Sources: meat, poultry, dairy products, nuts• Lack of: soft bones and teeth, weakness, malaise

fish Tofu

Sodium• Helps regulate body fluids• Helps to prevent muscle cramps• Sources: Table salt, celery, sea foods processes foods.Lack of: dehydration, muscle cramps, feeling of weakness, headache

Chloride• Forms part of gastric juice necessary for digestion-HCL in

the stomach• Health connective tissues• Prevention of diarrhea• It is necessary for the proper functioning of the liver and for

healthy joints and tendons.• Sources: table salt, sea foods, meats, olives, canned/frozen foods.• Lack of: Chloride deficiency is essentially unheard of in the

developed world. Excess vomiting or acute acid-base disorders may lead to symptoms such as digestive problems, muscle issues, hair loss, tooth loss and even coma.

Potassium

• Helps regulate body fluids• Important in the transmission of body fluids• Sources: bananas, tomatoes, citrus fruits, potatoes, yellow vegetables, meats.Lack of: Weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, drowsiness, irrational behavior

fish

Magnesium

• Researchers estimate that the average person’s body contains about 25 grams of magnesium, and about half of that is in the bones.

• Magnesium is important in more than 300 chemical reactions that keep the body working properly

• Magnesium is required for the proper growth and maintenance of bones. • Magnesium is also required for the proper function of nerves, muscles, and

many other parts of the body. In the stomach, magnesium helps neutralize stomach acid and moves stools through the intestine.

• Sources: legumes, whole grains, vegetables (especially broccoli, squash, and green leafy vegetables), seeds, and nuts (especially almonds). Other sources include dairy products, meats, chocolate, and coffee. Water with a high mineral content, or “hard” water

• Magnesium is also used as a laxative for constipation

• Lack of: vascular calcification, risk factor for death in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and hypertension

Iron

• Needed for the Red Blood Cell-Hemoglobin• Hemoglobin comprises about 85%; myoglobin approximately

10%; the enzymes approximately 1%. • Myoglobin, a protein that provides oxygen to muscles.• Iron is also necessary for growth, development, normal

cellular functioning, and synthesis of some hormones and connective tissue.

• Lack of: Anemia• Risk groups: Pregnant women, Infants and young children,

People with cancer, People who have gastrointestinal disorders or have had gastrointestinal surgery, People with heart failure

Iodine

• Your body requires iodine for the proper functioning of your thyroid hormones.• Iodine is required by your body for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones

thyroxine also known as T4, and triiodothyronine, also known as T3.• Functions as an antibacterial in your body.• Commonly used as a skin disinfectant and in water purification• Help in the prevention of fibrocystic breast disease, a disorder characterized by

painful swelling in your breasts• Sources: salt, sea foods, vegetables, yogurt, cow's milk, eggs, strawberries and

mozzarella cheese• Lack of: Goiter, a disorder causing an enlargement of your thyroid gland. Iodine

deficiency can also lead to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, weakness and depression. Hypothyroidism in newborns can also cause severe mental retardation, stunted physical growth, deafness and spasticity.

• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, rapid heartbeat and appetite fluctuations.

Fluoride

• Fluoride, the 13th most abundant element on the earth's crust, is a chemical ion of the element fluorine - fluoride has one extra electron that gives it a negative charge.

• Fluoride is found naturally in soil, water, foods, and several minerals, such as fluorapatite and fluorite.

• Olean Water Supply: natural range is typically between 0.01 to 0.3 ppm. In the early 1930s, scientists found that people who were brought up in areas with naturally fluoridated water had up to two-thirds fewer cavities compared to those who lived in areas where the water was not fluoridated.

• Synthesized fluoride is commonly added to drinking water, toothpaste, mouthwashes and various chemical products.

• Protection from demineralization - when bacteria in the mouth combine with sugars they produce acid. This acid can erode tooth enamel and damage our teeth. Fluoride can protect teeth from demineralization that is caused by the acid.

• Remineralization - if there is already some damage to teeth caused by acid, fluoride accumulates in the demineralized areas and begins strengthening the enamel, a process called remineralization.

Fluoride continued• Several people, especially those at higher risk of tooth

decay, benefit from fluoride treatment. • This includes individuals who have:• Snacking habits• Poor dental hygiene• No (or little) access to a dentist• Diets that are high in sugars/carbohydrates• Bridges, crowns, braces, and other restoration procedures• A history of tooth decay (cavities)

Fluoride continued• Sources of Fluoride• Dental Products: Many dental products now contain fluoride, including over 95% of toothpaste. • Processed Beverages & Foods: Even if you don’t live in a community that adds fluoride to its water supply, you will still be

exposed to fluoridated drinking water. This is because once fluoride is added en masse to water it winds in almost all processed beverages and foods. In the U.S., studies have shown that sodas, juices, sports drinks, beers, and many other processed foods, including infant foods, now have elevated fluoride levels.

• Pesticides: Due its toxicity, fluoride is used in some pesticides to kill insects and other pests. As a result of fluoride pesticide use, some food products–particularly grape products, dried fruit, dried beans, cocoa powder, and walnuts–have high levels of fluoride.

• Tea Drinks: Tea plants absorb fluoride from the soil. As a result, tea leaves–particularly old tea leaves–contain high levels of fluoride. Brewed black tea averages about 3 to 4 parts ppm fluoride, while commercial iced tea drinks contain between 1 and 4 ppm. As a result of these elevated levels, numerous studies have linked excessive tea consumption to a bone disease (skeletal fluorosis) caused by too much fluoride intake.

• Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals: Many pharmaceuticals are fluorinated, meaning they contain a carbon-fluorine bond. fluorine.” Although the carbon-fluoride bond in most drugs is strong enough to resist breaking down into fluoride within the body, this is not always the case as research has found that some fluorinated drugs, including cipro, do break down into fluoride and can thus be a major source of fluoride exposure for some individuals.

• Mechanically Deboned Meat: Foods made with mechanically separated meat (e.g., chicken fingers, nuggets, etc), contain elevated levels of fluoride due to the contamination from bone particles that occurs during the mechanical deboning processed. Mechanically processed chicken meats have the highest levels, with chicken sticks containing an average of 3.6 ppm.

• Teflon Pans: Cooking food, or boiling water, in teflon pans may increase the fluoride content of food. In one study, it was found that boiling water in a teflon pan for just 15 minutes added an additional 2 ppm of fluoride to the water, thus bringing the final concentration to 3 ppm. (Full & Parkins 1975).

• Workplace Exposure: Fluoride is a common air contaminant in industrial workplaces. As a result, workers in many heavy industries — including the aluminum, fertilizer, iron, oil refining, semi-conductor, and steel industries — can be routinely exposed to high levels of fluoride exposure. In addition to being a significant risk factor for respiratory disease; airborne fluorides can be a huge daily source fluoride intake.

http://fluoridealert.org/issues/sources/

Fluoride continued

Fluoride continued

Too much fluoride in your diet

Fluoride continued

• Source New York State Coalition Opposed to Fluoridation also reported that: Women who avoided fluoride were less likely to develop anemia during pregnancy, had a lower risk of giving birth prematurely, and gave birth to heavier babies.

• Fluoride was found to be linked to gum disease, according to an article published in the Indian Journal of Dental Research.

• The ADA says that fluoridation of community water supplies is only an adjustment of the naturally-occurring fluoride levels in drinking water to an ideal level recommended by the US Public Health Service

- 0.7 to 1.2 parts per million.

Selenium

• Selenium was discovered as an element in 1817 by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius,

• Skeletal muscle is the major site of selenium storage• Without it the heart, joints, eyes, immune system or

reproductive system can suffer• Human and animal research has found selenoproteins are

involved in embryo development, thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defense, sperm production, muscle function and the immune system's response to vaccinations.

• Selenium is one of several nutrients known to have antioxidant properties, meaning selenium plays a part in chemical reactions that stop free radicals from damaging cells and DNA

Selenium continued

• Sources: breads, grains, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, seafood's, organ meats, cereals, grains, dairy products, oatmeal, cottage cheese• Lack of: Soil in some areas of China and Russia is naturally

low in selenium. Selenium deficiencies in the Keshan region in northeast China were severe enough to spur a form of heart disease called cardiomyopathy, now called Keshan's disease. http://www.livescience.com/43566-selenium-supplements-facts.html

• US Rare disorders-Antioxidant supplements including selenium, are often considered to help prevent heart disease, cancer and vision loss.

Selenium continued• Selenium supplements in particular are purported to

help people with asthma, and reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. Selenium levels drop with age, so some have claimed selenium can slow the aging process, cognitive decline and dementia. Low selenium levels are also implicated in depression, male infertility, weak immune systems and thyroid problems.

http://www.livescience.com/43566-selenium- supplements-facts.html

Zinc

• Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, animals and plants. • It is vital for many biological functions and plays a crucial role in more than 300

enzymes in the human body. The adult body contains about 2-3 grams of zinc. • Zinc is found in all parts of the body: it is in organs, tissues, bones, fluids and cells.

Muscles and bones contain most of the body’s zinc (90%). Particularly high concentrations of zinc are in the prostate gland and semen.

• Zinc - vital for growth and cell division-Zinc is especially important during pregnancy,• Zinc – vital for fertility

Zinc plays a vital role in fertility. In males, zinc protects the prostate gland from infection (prostatitis) and ultimately from enlargement (prostatic hypertrophy). Zinc helps maintain sperm count and mobility and normal levels of serum testosterone.In females, zinc can help treat menstrual problems and alleviate symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

• Zinc – vital for the immune system-Zinc plays a unique role in the T-cells. An increase of the zinc level has proven effective in fighting pneumonia and diarrhea and other infections. Zinc can also reduce the duration and severity of a common cold.

Zinc Continued

• Zinc – vital for taste, smell and appetiteZinc activates areas of the brain that receive and

process information from taste and smell sensors.• Levels of zinc in plasma and zinc’s effect on other nutrients, like copper and manganese, influence appetite and taste preference.• Zinc is also used in the treatment of anorexia.

• Zinc – vital for skin, hair and nailsZinc accelerates the renewal of the skin cells. Zinc creams are used for babies to soothe diaper rash and to heal cuts and wounds. Zinc has also proven effective in treating acne, a problem that affects especially adolescents, and zinc has been reported to have a positive effect on psoriasis and neurodermitis.

• Zinc is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent and can help sooth the skin tissue, particularly in cases of poison ivy, sunburn, blisters and certain gum diseases.

• Zinc is important for healthy hair. Insufficient zinc levels may result in loss of hair, hair that looks thin and dull and that goes grey early. There are also a number of shampoos which contain zinc to help prevent dandruff.

• Zinc – vital for vision-High concentrations of zinc are found in the retina. With age the retinal zinc declines which seems to play a role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which leads to partial or complete loss of vision. Zinc may also protect from night blindness and prevent the development of cataracts.

Vegetarian-Strict Vegetarian“Veggie”

• Vegan• Food from plant sources only• Excludes all animal flesh-meat, poultry, fish and

sea foods. • Animal products-eggs and dairy and usually

exclude honey and the wearing and use of animal products-leather, silk, wool, lanolin, gelatin.

• Some vegan may use honey and some refuse to eat yeast products.

Ovo-Lacto Vegetarianovo=eggs lacto=dairy

• Same as vegan but eats eggs and milk products. • Excludes fish, poultry, and read meats, sea

foods.• Excludes animal products-leather, silk, wool,

lanolin, gelatin

Ovo-VegetarianOvo=eggs

• Same as vegan with animal products- meats and animal products-leather, etc.-will not use.

• Will eat eggs and foods from plants• Fortified soy milk and soy cheese are substitutes

for dairy products.

Lacto VegetarianDairy=lacto

• Excludes: animal products and meat products• Will eat dairy foods in addition to foods from

plant sources.• Same as vegan with meats and animal

products

Pseudo-Vegetarian

• Claims to be a vegetarian, but is not.• May be called semi-vegetarian

Fruitarian

• Same as a vegan• Only eats foods that do not kill the plant• Example: apples can be picked without killing

plant. Carrots can not