prephdenglish - syllabus

8/18/2019 PrePhDENGLISH - Syllabus

1/17

Syllabi for Pre.PhD/Pre M.Phil W.e.f. 2010-2011 Batch

ENGLISH

PAPER-I

(Choose Any ONE Subject)

S.NO SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT CODE

1 WOMEN WRITERS 10EG101 2 RESERCH METHODOLOGY AND LITERARY 10EG102

CRITICISM

3 STUDY OF GENRE AND SPECIFIC AREA POETRY 10EG103 4 WRITERS OF DIASPORA 10EG104


2/17


ENGLISH

PAPER-II(Choose Any ONE Subject)

S.NO SUBJECTS NAME SUB

CODE

1. INDIAN NOVEL 10EG201

2. JUDAISM AND STUDY OF THE METAPHORS 10EG202

3. EPIC ELEMENT IN POETRY DURING THE RENAISSANCE 10EG203 AND NEO-CLASSICAL PERIODS - A CRITICAL STUDY.

4. ADVANCED TOPIC AND NARROW FILED ENGLISH 10EG204 LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERS AND

TECHNOCRATS.

5. AMERICAN NOVEL 10EG205

6. CURRICULAM OF ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE 10EG206

7. ELT COURSE DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10EG207

8. ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING 10EG208

9. INDO ANGLIAN FICTION -FEMILININE PERSPECTIVE 10EG209

10 INDOANGLIAN LITERATURE 10EG210

11 SPECIFIC AREA AND GENRE-FANTASY NOVEL 10EG211


3/17


Subject Code : 10EG101

WOMEN WRITERS

SECTION-1

The Development of the Novel-Prominent Trends - British Fiction-Aspects of the

English Novel Narraation. Plot, Character, Point of view, Atmosphere -Types of the Novels-

Women writers Feminist critiricism,-Problems peculiar to women-Gender and racialdiscrimination -Post colonial Perspective-Human Predicament -Familial

CrisisAutobiographical Element.

Colonial experience :

Sociological Aspect :

Human Predicament :

Stream of Consciousness

SECTION-II

Doris Lessing-The Grass is Singing

Margaret Drabble-The Millstone

Margaret Drabble-The Waterfall

: Margaret Drabble-The Needle‟s Eye.

A Critical study of the following Novels:

1. Chinua Achebe

2. Virginia Woolf

3. Alice Walker

4. Doris Lessing

5. Margent Drabble

Books Recommended:

: Things Fall Apart

: Mrs Dalloway

: The Meridian

: The Golden Notebook

: The Realms of Gold.

Lind Kaye : The Dilemma of Black women in the Fiction of Alice Walker.

Noble Dass Veena, ed., : Feminism and literature. (Prestige Books, New

Delhi,1995)

Bassenett, Susan : Feminist Experiences: The Women‟s Movement in for

cultures. (London, Allen and Vawin 1988)

Mukergee, Meenakshi: : The twice - born fiction.(Arnold Heinmann, New

Delhi,)

Elaine Showalter: A Literature of their own: British women Novelists from

Bronte Lessing (Princeton: Princeton UP,1977)

Martin Pugh:Perface to women and the women‟s Movement in Britain 1914 1959

Mac Million,1992)

Blair, V., Clements, P., Grundy 1: The Feminist companion tio Literature in

English . Women writers from the middle Ages to the present (Batsford,

London,1990)

Todd, J. Feminist Literary History.(Polity, Cambridge,1998)


4/17



RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND LITERARY CRITICISM

SECTION I:

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Documentation; tools of research: Planning and designing of a thesis : the MLA style sheet

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

Ronald B. Meckerow : An Introduction to Bibliography FOR Literary Students (Oxford)

Richard Alitick

George Wetson

James Thorpe

SECTION II:

LITERARY CONCEPTS:

: The Art of Literary Research

: The Literary Thesis: A Guide to Research (Longman)

: The Aims and Methods of Scholarship in Modern Language and

Literature (ASRC)

Realism and Naturalism Surrealism Romanticism and Classicism Symbolism

Structuralism Existentialism Time Expressionism

SECTION III:

APPROACHES TO CRITICISM:

Formalist: T.S. Eliot: The Function of Criticism: The New Critics : Mark Schorer: Techniques As

Discovery: Sociological ; George Orwell; Politics and English Language ; Jean Paul Sastre; Why

Write ; Archetypal ; Northorope Frye; The Archetypes of Literature; Richard Chase; Notes On the

Story of Myth: Psychoanalytical: Sigmund Freud Creative Writers and Day Dreaming Linoel Trilling :

Freud and Literature: Marxist : George Lukas: The Ideology of Modernism:Ralph Fox: Marxism and Literature:.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

T.S. Eilot : On Poetry and Poets

F.R. Leavis : The Common Pursuit

William Empson : The Structure of Complex words.

Cleanth Brooks : The Well - Wrought Urn. Chapter I. The Language of Paradox‟.

Northrope Frye : Archetypal Criticism in Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton)

Rochard Mackeon : The Philosophic Bases of Art and Criticism‟ in Critics and Criticism.

R.S. Crane : Critics and Criticism: Introduction

Warren and Welleck: Theory of LiteratureWilar Scott : Five Approaches of Literary Criticism

William J. Handy

and Max West Brook :Twentieth Century Criticism

David Lodge : Twentieth Century literary Criticism


5/17



STUDY OF GENRE AND SPECIFIC AREA POETRY

SECTION - I

The progress of po9etry in England, America and India - A study of movements like theClassical, Romantic and Motaphysical - A Study of the poetry of the periods like

Elizabethan and Modern.

Aspects of Poetry : Tone, Metre, Rhyme Scheme, Irony in poetry.

Types of Poetry:

Pastoral Eligy : Lycidas

Sonnet : Miltonic Sonnets (Sonnet on his blindness) And

Shakespearean Sonnet

(Sonnets 66 and 129)

Ode : Keats “ Ode to Nightingale and “Ode to Grecian Urn”

Satire : Dryden “ Absalom and Achitophel”

SECTION - II

Critical study of the following poets: T.S.

Eliot: “Four Quarters”

W.B.Yeats: “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and “Sailing to Byzantium”

W.H.Axden: “The Labyrinth” and “Shield of Achilles”

Walt Whitman: “Out of Cradle Rocking” and “I Celebrate Myself”

Frost: “A Blue Ribbon Amesbury” and “Lesson for Today”

Wallace Stevens: “The Emperor of Ice Cream” and “Modern Poetry”

Jayanta Mahapatra: “Indian Summer” and “A Missing Person”

Nissin Ezekiel: “Poet, Lover and Bird Watcher” and “Good bye Party to Miss Pushpa”

Kamala Das: “The Hot Room in Malabar” and “My Grand mother‟s House”.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

W.J. Courthrope : A History of English Poetry

F.R. Leavis : New Bearings in English Poetry

V.K. Gokak : Golden Tresury of Indian Poetry in English

Oscar Williams : Anthology of American Verse.


6/17



WRITERS OF DIASPORA

SECTION - I : Phases in the growth and development of post colonial fiction -

Commonwealth Literature - New literatures in English - predominant concerns -

history, nationalism, language, migrancy, ethnicity, feminism.

SECTION - II : Indian writers - their contribution-Fiction, Indian Diaspora writers,

major themes, crisis of human values, themes of alienation, quest for identity, conflict of

cultures

SECTION - III : Critical study of the fiction of Vikram Seth A Suitable Boy and An-

Equal Music; and Jhumpa Lahiri - The Namesake and short stories from „The Interpreter of

Maladies‟

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad Aijas (1997)

Ahmad, Aijas

And Helen Tiffin (1989)

Bhabha Homi (1994)

Fanon, Frantz (1990)

Iyebgar, Srinivasa 2001

Jeffares, A Norman (1965)

King. Bruce (1991)

Mishra, Vijay and Bob

Chrisman Hodge (1991)

: “The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality” In P Mongia(ed.) Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader

Delhi

: In Theory: Classes, Nations Literatures OUP. 276-93

Ashoroft, Bill, Gareth Griffith

: The Empire Strikes Back; Theory and Practice in

Postcolonial Literatures London Routledge. Nation

and Narration London

: Routledge. The Location of Culture. London outledge

Dhavan. R.K. Ezekiet, Nissim Postcolonial Indian

Literature in English Vision Books

: The Wretched of the Earth, trans, Constance arrington

Harmondsworth: Penguim (original French edition

1961)

: Indian Writing in English Sterling Writers of the Indian

Diaspora Jain Jasbir Rawat Publications Delhi

: „Introduction‟ IN John Press (ed.) Commonwealth

Literature: Unity and Diversity in a Common Cultures

London: Heinemann xi-xviii

: „Introduction‟ IN B King (ed.) The Commonwealth

Novel Since 1960 Houndmills: Macmillan. 1-6.Kothari,

Rita Translating India Feminist Spaces: Cultural reading

from India Lal, Malashri ed And Canada Allied

Publishers: „What is Post (-) Colonialism?‟ IN P. Williams and L.

: (eds.) Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A

Reader New York: Columbia UP.276-90.


7/17



INDIAN NOVEL

Section-I:

The Development of the Novel-Prominent trends-Indian Novel in English-Aspects of the

Novel-Narration -plot-character-point of view-atmosphere-types of novels-womenwriters-feminist criticism-problems peculiar to women-gender discrimination-post-

colonial perspective in Indo Anglian Women writing.

1. Sociological Aspect - Ruth Prawar Jhabvala: The Householder

2. Cultural Aspect - Anita Desai: Bye Bye Black Bird.

3. Stream of Consciousness - Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway.

Section-II

A critical study of he following Novels:

1. RK Narayan : The Guide2. Raja Rao : Untounchability

3. Anita Desai : Fire on the Mountain

4. Ruth Prawar Jhabvala : Heat and Dust

5. Chinua Achebe : Things Fall Apart

6. Githa Hariharan : The Vase Master

7. Kamala Das : My Story

8. Arundati Roy : The God of small Things

Books Recommended:

1. Beach J.W. : The Twentieth Century Novel

2. Booth Wayne : The Rhetoric of Fiction3. Forster E M : Aspects of the Novel

4. Lubbock Percy : The Craft of Fiction

5. Srinivasa lyengar, KR : Indian Writing in English

6. Dhawan, RK : Indian Women Novelists

7. Krishna Swamy, Shanta : The Women in Indian Fiction in English

----1980. New Delhi, AshishPublishingHouse.

8. Mukherji Meenakshi : Realism and Reality: The Novel and the

----- in India, Delhi, Oxford University

Press.


8/17



JUDAISM AND STUDY OF THE METAPHORS

PART ‘A’:

The Concept of Judaism - the Mosaic Law - the Birth, --- and the gospel of Jesus - theSermon on the Mount-the Cru ------ and the Resurrection - the Seven Words of Jesus on the

Cross- the ---- of the Trinity and Satan.

A study of the metaphors Jesus used

A study of the social, economic and political conditions of ------ in America -

beginnings of the Black American Fiction - in----- Major trends in the Black American

fiction.

PART ‘B’:

A detailed study of the following works

1. James Baldwin :

2. Richard Wright :

3. Ralph Ellison :

REFERENCES:

1. The Holy Bible

GO TELL IT ON THE MOU

NATIVE SON

INVISIBLE MAN

2. Martin Luther King Jr. STENGTH TO LOVE

3. Albert Luthili. LET MY PEOPLE GO.


9/17



EPIC ELEMENT IN POETRY DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND

NEO-CLASSICAL PERIODS - A CRITICAL STUDY.

PART-I:

THE GENRE OF EPIC:

The Origins of epic- a definition of the epic - Homer‟s example and influence-the

conventions of the epic - its purpose - types of the epic- the epic of growth or folk, art or literary,

and mock.

PART-II:

SPECIFIC EPIC POETS:

A critical study of the works of certain epic poets as given below:

1. Faerie Queene : Edmond Spenser

2. Paradise Lost : John Milton

3. Rape of the Lock : Alexander Pope

4. Sohrab and Rustum : Mathew Arnold

REFERENCE:

1. Northrop Frye - Anatomy of Criticism

2. C.M. Bowra - Heroic Poetry

3. E.M.W. Tillyard “The English Epic and its Background 4. C.S. Lewis - A Preface to Paradise Lost.

5. Greene Thomas - The Norms of Epic.

6. Pitcher Seymour M - Epic Theory.

7. Newman, J.Kevin - The Theory Classical Epic Tradition.

8. H.T. Swedenberg - The Theory of the Epic in English.

9. Likacs, Georg - A Historical - Philosophical Essay in the forms of Great Epic

Literature.

10. Homer - Iliad.

11. Kamala Subramaniam - Ramayana and Mahabharata.


10/17



ADVANCED TOPIC AND NARROW FILED ENGLISH LANGUAGE

AND ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERS AND TECHNOCRATS.

1. Language, its nature horizon, growth and functions “A.C. Baugh”. A history of

the English Language.1

2.

General principles of language learning and language skills (LSRW) : “A.L. Kohili.” Techniques of teaching English.

3. The importance of learning English in India, “K. Venugopala Rao”, Methods of

teaching English.

4. English for communication, “C. Paul Verghies”, Teaching English as a Second

Language.

5. Syllabus Designing; “S.C. Sood”; New Directions - English Language Literature

Teaching in India

6. Our learning and their needs, “S.C. Sood”; New Directions - English Language

Literature Teaching in India

7. Language Pedagogy and Teaching of English; “N Krishna Swamy, Lalitha

Krishna Swamy”, Teaching English, approaches, Methods and Techniques.

8.

Objective of teaching English ; “K. Venugopala Rao”, Methods of teachingEnglish.

9. Keeping up professionally, “N Krishna Swamy, Lalitha Krishna Swamy”,

Teaching English, approaches, Methods and Techniques.

10. English in India today; “A.L. Kohili.” Techniques of teaching English.

11. Tests and Examinations in English; “A.L. Kohili.” Techniques of teaching

English.

Recommended:

1. A.C. Baugh & T Cable: A History of the English Language

2.

S.K. Verma and N. Krishna Swamy Modern Linguistics

3. N. Krishna Swamy & Lalitha Krishna swamy: Teaching English Approaches,

methods and techniques.

4. K. Venu Gopal, Methods of teaching English.

5. Geifferey & Jansvantvi: A Communicative Grammar of English

6. C. Paul Verghese : Teaching English as a second language

7. A.L. Kohli : Techniques of Teaching English

8. Geetha Nagarjun - English Language teaching

9. Tickoo - A hand book for English teachers.


11/17



AMERICAN NOVEL

PART-A

Major Trends in American Novel-The Naturalistic Novel, the Front. Novel, the

Picaresque Novel and the Modern Novel.

Important Influences on American Novel---Existentialism, Ethnicism, Ideal

Techniques of the Novel--- Narrative Technique, plot, Characterization, --------

PART-B

Detailed Study of the following Novels:

1. Mark Twain :

2. John Steinbeck :

3. Hemingway :4. Saul Bellow :

Books Recommended:

The Adventures of Huckleberry ---

The Grapes of Warth

The Old Man and the SeaHerzog

1. Beach J.W. The Twentieth Century Novel

2. Booth, Wayne: The Rhetoric of Friction

3. Richard Chase: American Novel and its Tradition

4. Labbock Percy: The Craft of Fiction


12/17



CURRICULUM OF ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE

PART - A

ELT: Concepts, Principles and Problems

The role of English in India; the objective of studying English at the higher a tertiary level); bridge and remedial courses; theories of language learning and ELT; First and Second

language learning; Attitudes to error and error correction, language in contact, linguistic

groups, attitude and motivation for language learning.

PART - B

Syllabus, Methods, Materials

1. Approaches to syllabus Design in ELT

A. Structural B. Situational

C. Functional D. Communicative

2. Classroom strategies, teaching large classes, group teaching, teaching language

skills (LSRW), Using Teaching Aids.3. Technology for language learning.

4. English for specific puposes.

5. Teaching of literature

6. Materials Development. Supplementing teaching materials, preparing

teaching/testing items;

7. Methods of teaching (Audio-lingual, grammar-translation; Direct, learning ----

learner based.

8. Language testing, student evaluation.

9. Teacher Development; Action research, self-reflective approaches, ----------

learning.

Recommended Reading:

1. Brumfit, C.J.ed 1984 General English Syllabus Design, Oxford: Pergam--

2. Brumfit, C.J.1984 Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching: The

Roles of Fluency and Accuracy, Cambridge: C.U.P.

3. Candlin, C and Murphy eds 1987 Language Learning Tasks: Eaglewood Cliffs,

NJ.Prentice-Hall.

4. Finnocchiaro, M and C.J.Brumfit 1983. The Functional-National Approaches

From Theory to Practice. Oxford University Press.

5. Krashen, S.1981 Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning

Oxford:

6. Krashen, S. 1982 Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition

Oxford:

7. Rodgers, Theodre S. & Jack Richards Approaches & Methods in Language

Teaching.

8. Stern, H.H. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching Oxford O.U P

9. Reason, Peter & John Rowan(1981) Human Enquiry; a source book of new paradigm Research Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.


13/17



ELT COURSE DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SECTION - I :

EFL/ESL course design

Books Recommended:

1. Munby, John 1978. Communicative Syllabus Design. London CUP

2. Brumfit, C.J.(ed.)1984. General English Syllabus Design. ELT Documents 118.

Oxford: Pergamon.

3. Hutchinson, T and Waters. A. 1987. English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge:

CUP

4. Dubin, F and Olshtain, E. 1986. Course Design. Cambridge: CUP

5. Sheldon, L.E. (ed.) 1987. ELT Textbooks and Materials: Problems in Evaluation

and Development (ELT) Documents 126) London: Modern English Publications

and The British Council.6. Nunan, David. 1988. Syllabus Design. Oxford: OUP

7.

Tomlinson, Brian. (ed.). 1998 Materials Development in Language Teaching

Cambridge: CUP

SECTION - II :

1. Research paradigms2. A paradigm for second language research

3. The preparatory stages of research, data gathering procedures, interpretation of

results

4. Trustworthiness criteria : reliability (internal and external) and validity (internal

and external)5. Research designs

Books Recommended:

1.

Seliger, H.W. and E. Shohamy, 1989, Second Language Research Methods.

Oxford: OUP

2. Nunan, David. 1992. Research Methods in Learning Cambridge: CUP.


14/17



ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

Section-I: Principle of English Language Teaching

1. Principle and Theory of Language Learning

2. Approaches and Methods of Enjgolish Language Teaching

3. Communicative Langiage Teaching

Books Recommended:

1. Approaches and methods in Languagse Teachong - Jack C.Richards and

Theodsors Rodgers: Cambridge University Press.1986

2. Communicative Language Teaching - William Littlewood: Cambridge

University Press. 1981

3. Teaching Language as Communication - Widdowson Oxford University

Press 1978

4. English as Global Language - David Crystal, Combridge University Press

1977

5. Communication in the Classroom -Xeith Johnson and Keith Morrow

(eds) EEBS Longman.

6. Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching -C.J.Brumfit,Combridge,1984

7. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching - H.H Stern, OxfordUniversity Press

SECTION-II: Syllabus Design in ELT (with special Reference to the Indian

situation)

1. The context of second Language Teaching

2. Skills in Language Learning and Use.

3. Materials for the Development of Language Skolls.

4. Language Learning Strategies

Books Recommended

1. The Practice of English Language Teaching - Jeremy Harmer, Longman.

2. The Communicative Syllabus Design - John Munby, Cambridge

University Press.

3. Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching - Janice Yalden,

Cambridge University Press, 1997.

4. The Second Language Curriculum - Johnson, Robert Keith, Cambridge.

5. The Learner-Centred Curriculum: A Study in SLT - David Numan.

Section-III: English For Specific purposes (ESP) Courses

1. The Emergence of ESP

2. ESP courses in India with reference to EST.3. General English Courses at +2 and UG level

Books Recommended:

1. English for Sciences and Technology: A Discourse Approach Cambridge

University Press.

2. English for Specific Purposes - Tom Huchinson and Alan Waters

3. Modern Spoken English - Crowell Thomas Lee Jr. New York Me


15/17



INDO-ANGLIAN FICTION PERSPECTIVE

Section - I

1. Achievement of Indo-Anglian Fiction.

2. Realism and Reality in Indo-Anglian Fiction.

3. Feminism in Indo-Anglian Fiction.

Section - II

Themes

a. Autobiography

b. Gender discrimination

c. Anxiety in women‟s writing

d. The Independent woman

e. Feminist criticism

f. Post-Colonial perspectives in Indo-Anglian women‟s writing.

Books Recommended:

Abraham John E: Feminism and Fiction, Feminism and Indo English Fiction, (ed)

P.M.Nayak and Swain, S.P.,Bareilly Prakash Book Depot.

Coole Albert: The Specialising Sensibility. The Meaning of Fiction. Detroit: Wayne

Sate University Press.

Krishna Swamy, Shanta: The Woman in Indian Fiction in English (1952-1980) New

Delhi, Ashish Publishing House.

Mukherji Meenakshi: Realism and Reality: The Novel and the Society in India. Delhi,

Oxford University Press.

Considerations

Naik.M.K: Achievement of Indian English Fiction Dimensions of Indian English

Literature, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd.A History of Indian English Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Academy

Singh, Sushila: (ed) Feminism and Recent Fiction in English New Delhi, Prestige

Books.

Section - III

1. Virginia Woolf: A Room of Ones Own

2. Anita Desai: Cry the Peacock

3. Kamala DAs: My Story

4. Bharati Mukherji: Jasmine

5. Kamala Markandaya: Nectar in a Sieve

6. Arundhati Roy: The God of small Things7. Githa Hariharan: The Thousand Faces of Night

8. Shashi Deshpande: The Long Silence

Books Recommended:

Dhawan R.K.: Indian Women Novelists (2sets)

Asha Kanwar: The Novels of Virginia Woolf and Anita Desai, A Contemporary Study.

Tyengar, Srinivasa: Indian Writing in English.


16/17



INDO-ANGLIAN LITERATURE

PART-A:

Major trends Indian Novel in English-Early novels---Historical novel--------- novel---Political novels--- Psychological novel---Spiritual novel

Important influences on Indian novel in English-Myth, Indian philosophy, the --- modern

novel-Techniques of the novel: Narrative, plot, Characterisation.

Major trends in Indian novel in English-Historical, Political, Psychological Sociological

novel.

PART-B:

A detailed study of the following novels:

Raja Rao

R. K. Narayan

Premchand

Arundati Roy

Malk Raj, Anand

Unnava Lakshminarayana

Books Recommended:

K.R. Srinivasa Iyenger

E.M. Foster

Percy Lubbock

: The Serpent and the Rope

: The Guide

: Godan

: A God of Small Things

: Untouchability, Coolic

: Malapally

: Indian Writing in English

: Aspects of Novel

: The craft of Fiction.


17/17



SPECIFIC AREA AND GENRE - FANTASY NOVEL.

PART - A

1.

Fantasy - Definition and Classification-2. Myth and Faery Tale Fantasy-

3. Gothic Fantasy-

4. Science Fantasy-

5. Sword and Sorcery Fantasy-

6. Heroic Fantasy-

7. All - Ages High Fantasy-

8. Current Development & Trends in Fantasy-

PART - B

Detailed study of the following novels:-

1. Terry Brooks - The Sword of Shamara.

2. Piers Anthony - A Spell for Chameleon.

3. Frank L. Baum - The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

4. Lewis Carroll - Alice in Wonderland.

5. J.K. Rowling - Harry Potter and the Philosopher‟s Stone.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

1. Lui Carter - Imaginary Worlds - The Art of Fantasy.

2. Jane Mobley - Toward a Definition of Fantasy Fiction.

3. Gary K. Wolfe - Symbolic Fantasy.