preposition, conjunction and participles

8/13/2019 Preposition, Conjunction and Participles

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Kelompok 2:

Audrey Monica

Brigitta Josopandojo

Calvin D Chandra

Christiane Karen

Malvin Juan Sebastian


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A preposition is a word which precedes

a noun or a pronoun to show the noun's

or the pronoun's relationship to anotherword in the sentence. The word

preposition comes from the idea of

being positioned before. It is not true tosay that a preposition always precedes

a noun or a pronoun, but it does most

of the time.


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In English, some prepositions are short, mostly containing six letters or

fewer. There are, however, many multi-word prepositions. Throughout

the history of the English language, new prepositions have come intouse, old ones have fallen out of use, and the meanings of existing

prepositions have changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed

class(is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that

usually contains a relatively small number of items).

Single Words Preposition Multiple Words Preposition

- Two words

- Three words- Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition


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In- Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:

She always reads newspapers in the morning.

- Used to indicate a location or place:

My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.

- Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:This painting is mostly in blue.

- Used to express while doing something:

In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.

- Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:

I believe in the next life.


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a,across,against,along,around,before,between,but,by,for,from,in,into,over,since,than,towards,with,within,etc.

- Some examp les o f Sing le Words Preposi t ion

The rain pounds againstthe window.

The shuttle runs betweenthe town and the airport.

They fought fordays over a silly pencil.

I prefer the purple overthe pink.

I have known her sincelast year.

Leave here withinthree days.


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Two words: next to,instead of,outof,rather than,etc.

When you start the next tothe last roll, get some

more paper. He walked to school instead oftaking the car.

I'd like a dog rather thana cat.

They will soon be out ofbusiness.


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Conjungtion is a part of speech that

connects two

words, sentences, phrases or clauses. A

discourse connective is a conjunction joiningsentences. This definition may overlap with

that of other parts of speech, so what

constitutes a "conjunction" must be definedfor each language. In general, a conjunction

is an invariable grammatical particle, and it

may or may not stand between the items it


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1. Coordinative Conjunctions

2. Subordinating Conjunctions


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Also called coord inators.

Coordinative conjunctions are

conjunctions that join,or coordinate, two or more items

(such as words, main clauses, or

sentences) of equal syntactic

importance.


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Types of Coordinative conjunctions:

Cumulative ex : and, also, as well as,

both ... and ..., not only..., but also ..., in

addition, moreover, furthemoreAlternative ex : or, either ... or ...,

neither ... or ..., whether ... or ...

Adversative

ex : but, yet, still, as Illative ex : so, therefore, thus, hence,

consequently, as the result, accordingly


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Also called subordinators

Subordinating conjunctions are

conjunctions that join an independentclause and a dependent clause.


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Types of Subordinative conjunctions:

Cause ex : because, since, as, for

Contrast

ex : although, eventhough, however, though, while,

whereas

Condition

ex : if, unless, provided,

whether

Manner ex : as, how, in that


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Time ex : before, since, until,

as,when, as long as, while, as soonas

Place

ex : where, whereas Purpose ex : so that, that,

such...and...that, in order to, in order

that comparison ex : as...as,

adj+er...than..., more...than...


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The two types of participle in English are

traditionally called the present participle

(forms such as writing, singingand raising;

these same forms also serve as gerundsand verbal nouns), and the past participle

(forms such as written, sungand raised;

regular participles such as the last, as wellas some irregular ones, have the same form

as the finite past tense).


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The present participle, also sometimes called

the active, imperfect, or progressive

participle, takes the ending -ing. It is identical in

form to the gerund (and verbal noun); the termpresent participle is sometimes used to include

the gerund, and the term "gerundparticiple" is

also used.

The past participle, also sometimes called thepassiveor perfect participle, is identical to the

past tense form (in -ed) in the case of regular

verbs, but takes various forms in the case of

irregular verbs, such as sung, written,put, gone,


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to form the progressive (continuous) aspect: Jim was

sleeping.

as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: The

man sitting over there is my uncle.

adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same

as that of the main clause: Looking at the plans, I

gradually came to see where the problem lay.

similarly, but with a different subject, placed before the

participle (the nominative absolute construction): He and

I having reconciled our differences, the project then

proceeded smoothly.

more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: Broadly

speaking, the project was successful.


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to form the perfect aspect: The chicken has

eaten.

to form the passive voice: The chicken was

eaten. as an adjective phrase: The chicken eaten by the

children was contaminated.

adverbially: Seen from this perspective, theproblem presents no easy solution.

in a nominative absolute construction, with a

subject: The task finished, we returned home.


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Both types of participles are also often used as pure

adjectives. Present participles are used in their active

sense ("an exciting adventure", i.e. one that excites), while

past participles are usually used passively ("the attached

files", i.e. those that have been attached), although thoseformed from intransitive verbs may sometimes be used with

active meaning ("our fallen comrades", i.e. those who have

fallen). Some such adjectives also form adverbs, such as

interestingly and excitedly.The gerund is distinct from the present participle in

that it (or rather the verb phrase it forms) acts as a noun

rather than an adjective or adverb: "I like sleeping'";

"Sleeping is not allowed." There is also a pure verbal nounwith the same form ("the breaking of one's vows is not to be

preposition, conjunction and participles

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